Did you mean: oncolyticvirotherapy
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Trends in Cancer Feb 2023Oncolytic viruses (OVs) provide novel and promising therapeutic options for patients with cancers resistant to traditional therapies. Natural or genetically modified OVs... (Review)
Review
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) provide novel and promising therapeutic options for patients with cancers resistant to traditional therapies. Natural or genetically modified OVs are multifaceted tumor killers. They directly lyse tumor cells while sparing normal cells, and indirectly potentiate antitumor immunity by releasing antigens and activating inflammatory responses in the tumor microenvironment. However, some limitations, such as limited penetration of OVs into tumors, short persistence, and the host antiviral immune response, are impeding the broad translation of oncolytic virotherapy into the clinic. If these challenges can be overcome, combination therapies, such as OVs plus immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, or CAR natural killer (NK) cells, may provide powerful therapeutic platforms in the clinic.
Topics: Humans; Oncolytic Viruses; Immunotherapy; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Neoplasms; Killer Cells, Natural; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 36402738
DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.10.003 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Oct 2020Oncolytic viruses have been taking the front stage in biological therapy for cancer recently. The first and most potent virus to be used in oncolytic virotherapy is... (Review)
Review
Oncolytic viruses have been taking the front stage in biological therapy for cancer recently. The first and most potent virus to be used in oncolytic virotherapy is human adenovirus. Recently, ongoing extensive research has suggested that other viruses like herpes simplex virus (HSV) and measles virus can also be considered as potential candidates in cancer therapy. An HSV-based oncolytic virus, T-VEC, has completed phase Ш clinical trial and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in biological cancer therapy. Moreover, the vaccine strain of the measles virus has shown impressive results in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Considering their therapeutic efficacy, safety, and reduced side effects, the use of such engineered viruses in biological cancer therapy has the potential to establish a milestone in cancer research. In this review, we summarize the recent clinical advances in the use of oncolytic viruses in biological therapy for cancer. Additionally, this review evaluates the potential viral candidates for their benefits and shortcomings and sheds light on the future prospects.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses
PubMed: 32078405
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1723363 -
Discovery Medicine Jan 2019Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide after cardiovascular diseases, predominantly due to the lack of early symptoms and early diagnosis, and high... (Review)
Review
Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide after cardiovascular diseases, predominantly due to the lack of early symptoms and early diagnosis, and high relapse rate after radical surgery and conventional therapies. Therefore, novel approaches such as gene therapy have raised hope to significantly improve the survival rate of patients with cancers. This review aims to provide up-to-date information concerning gene therapy including improved vectors, suicide genes, cancer suppressor genes, anti-tumor angiogenesis, gene silencing, oncolytic virotherapy, and gene-editing technology. Although specific issues still exist before gene therapy can completely cure cancers, here we highlight the potential of gene therapy in cancer treatment and expect to see continuous breakthroughs in techniques and methodologies of gene therapy.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Combined Modality Therapy; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy
PubMed: 30721651
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Medicine & Research Sep 2006The broad field of gene therapy promises a number of innovative treatments that are likely to become important in preventing deaths from cancer. In this review, we... (Review)
Review
The broad field of gene therapy promises a number of innovative treatments that are likely to become important in preventing deaths from cancer. In this review, we discuss the history, highlights and future of three different gene therapy treatment approaches: immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapy and gene transfer. Immunotherapy uses genetically modified cells and viral particles to stimulate the immune system to destroy cancer cells. Recent clinical trials of second and third generation vaccines have shown encouraging results with a wide range of cancers, including lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and malignant melanoma. Oncolytic virotherapy, which uses viral particles that replicate within the cancer cell to cause cell death, is an emerging treatment modality that shows great promise, particularly with metastatic cancers. Initial phase I trials for several vectors have generated excitement over the potential power of this technique. Gene transfer is a new treatment modality that introduces new genes into a cancerous cell or the surrounding tissue to cause cell death or slow the growth of the cancer. This treatment technique is very flexible, and a wide range of genes and vectors are being used in clinical trials with successful outcomes. As these therapies mature, they may be used alone or in combination with current treatments to help make cancer a manageable disease.
Topics: Clinical Trials as Topic; Female; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Therapy; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Immunotherapy; Male; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy
PubMed: 16988102
DOI: 10.3121/cmr.4.3.218 -
Pharmacology 2023Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a WHO grade 4 glioma and the most common malignant primary brain tumour. Recently, there has been outstanding progress in the treatment... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a WHO grade 4 glioma and the most common malignant primary brain tumour. Recently, there has been outstanding progress in the treatment of GBM. In addition to the newest form of GBM removal using fluorescence, three-dimensional (3D) imaging, tomoradiotherapy, moderate electro-hyperthermia, and adjuvant temozolomide (post-operative chemotherapy), new developments have been made in the fields of immunology, molecular biology, and virotherapy. An unusual and modern treatment has been created, especially for stage 4 GBM, using the latest therapeutic techniques, including immunotherapy and virotherapy. Modern oncological medicine is producing extraordinary and progressive therapeutic methods. Oncological therapy includes individual analysis of the properties of a tumour and targeted therapy using small-molecule inhibitors. Individualised medicine covers the entire patient (tumour and host) in the context of immunotherapy. An example is individualised multimodal immunotherapy (IMI), which relies on individual immunological tumour-host interactions. In addition, IMI is based on the concept of oncolytic virus-induced immunogenic tumour cell death.
SUMMARY
In this review, we outline current knowledge of the various available treatment options used in the therapy of GBM including both traditional therapeutic strategy and modern therapies, such as tomotherapy, electro-hyperthermia, and oncolytic virotherapy, which are promising treatment strategies with the potential to improve prognosis in patients with GBM.
KEY MESSAGES
This newest therapy, immunotherapy combined with virotherapy (oncolytic viruses and cancer vaccines), is displaying encouraging signs for combating GBM. Additionally, the latest 3D imaging is compared to conventional two-dimensional imaging.
Topics: Humans; Glioblastoma; Glioma; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Temozolomide; Brain Neoplasms
PubMed: 37459849
DOI: 10.1159/000531319 -
Journal of Hematology & Oncology Jun 2020In this review, we discuss the use of oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy treatments in general, with a particular focus on adenoviruses. These serve as a model to... (Review)
Review
In this review, we discuss the use of oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy treatments in general, with a particular focus on adenoviruses. These serve as a model to elucidate how versatile viruses are, and how they can be used to complement other cancer therapies to gain optimal patient benefits. Historical reports from over a hundred years suggest treatment efficacy and safety with adenovirus and other oncolytic viruses. This is confirmed in more contemporary patient series and multiple clinical trials. Yet, while the first viruses have already been granted approval from several regulatory authorities, room for improvement remains.As good safety and tolerability have been seen, the oncolytic virus field has now moved on to increase efficacy in a wide array of approaches. Adding different immunomodulatory transgenes to the viruses is one strategy gaining momentum. Immunostimulatory molecules can thus be produced at the tumor with reduced systemic side effects. On the other hand, preclinical work suggests additive or synergistic effects with conventional treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In addition, the newly introduced checkpoint inhibitors and other immunomodulatory drugs could make perfect companions to oncolytic viruses. Especially tumors that seem not to be recognized by the immune system can be made immunogenic by oncolytic viruses. Logically, the combination with checkpoint inhibitors is being evaluated in ongoing trials. Another promising avenue is modulating the tumor microenvironment with oncolytic viruses to allow T cell therapies to work in solid tumors.Oncolytic viruses could be the next remarkable wave in cancer immunotherapy.
Topics: Adenoviruses, Human; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity; Combined Modality Therapy; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Immunologic Factors; Lymphocyte Activation; Lymphocyte Subsets; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Therapeutics; Transgenes; Tumor Microenvironment; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 32600470
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00922-1 -
Journal of Hematology & Oncology Sep 2021Immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) have revolutionized cancer treatment, especially in patients whose disease was... (Review)
Review
Immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) have revolutionized cancer treatment, especially in patients whose disease was otherwise considered incurable. However, primary and secondary resistance to single agent immunotherapy often results in treatment failure, and only a minority of patients experience long-term benefits. This review article will discuss the relationship between cancer immune response and mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy. It will also provide a comprehensive review on the latest clinical status of combination therapies (e.g., immunotherapy with chemotherapy, radiation therapy and targeted therapy), and discuss combination therapies approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. It will provide an overview of therapies targeting cytokines and other soluble immunoregulatory factors, ACT, virotherapy, innate immune modifiers and cancer vaccines, as well as combination therapies that exploit alternative immune targets and other therapeutic modalities. Finally, this review will include the stimulating insights from the 2020 China Immuno-Oncology Workshop co-organized by the Chinese American Hematologist and Oncologist Network (CAHON), the China National Medical Product Administration (NMPA) and Tsinghua University School of Medicine.
Topics: Animals; Cancer Vaccines; Combined Modality Therapy; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy
PubMed: 34579759
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01164-5 -
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy Apr 2023Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have attracted growing awareness in the twenty-first century, as they are generally considered to have direct oncolysis and cancer immune... (Review)
Review
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have attracted growing awareness in the twenty-first century, as they are generally considered to have direct oncolysis and cancer immune effects. With the progress in genetic engineering technology, OVs have been adopted as versatile platforms for developing novel antitumor strategies, used alone or in combination with other therapies. Recent studies have yielded eye-catching results that delineate the promising clinical outcomes that OVs would bring about in the future. In this review, we summarized the basic principles of OVs in terms of their classifications, as well as the recent advances in OV-modification strategies based on their characteristics, biofunctions, and cancer hallmarks. Candidate OVs are expected to be designed as "qualified soldiers" first by improving target fidelity and safety, and then equipped with "cold weapons" for a proper cytocidal effect, "hot weapons" capable of activating cancer immunotherapy, or "auxiliary weapons" by harnessing tactics such as anti-angiogenesis, reversed metabolic reprogramming and decomposing extracellular matrix around tumors. Combinations with other cancer therapeutic agents have also been elaborated to show encouraging antitumor effects. Robust results from clinical trials using OV as a treatment congruously suggested its significance in future application directions and challenges in developing OVs as novel weapons for tactical decisions in cancer treatment.
Topics: Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses
PubMed: 37041165
DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01407-6 -
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy Apr 2022Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potentially useful platforms in treatment methods for patients with tumors. They preferentially target and kill tumor cells,... (Review)
Review
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as potentially useful platforms in treatment methods for patients with tumors. They preferentially target and kill tumor cells, leaving healthy cells unharmed. In addition to direct oncolysis, the essential and attractive aspect of oncolytic virotherapy is based on the intrinsic induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. To further augment this efficacious response, OVs have been genetically engineered to express immune regulators that enhance or restore antitumor immunity. Recently, combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) and autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), have led to promising progress in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the intrinsic mechanisms of OVs, describes the optimization strategies for using armed OVs to enhance the effects of antitumor immunity and highlights rational combinations of OVs with other immunotherapies in recent preclinical and clinical studies.
Topics: Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Receptors, Chimeric Antigen
PubMed: 35387984
DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00951-x -
Cancer Science Oct 2016Oncolytic virus therapy is perhaps the next major breakthrough in cancer treatment following the success in immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors. Oncolytic... (Review)
Review
Oncolytic virus therapy is perhaps the next major breakthrough in cancer treatment following the success in immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors. Oncolytic viruses are defined as genetically engineered or naturally occurring viruses that selectively replicate in and kill cancer cells without harming the normal tissues. T-Vec (talimogene laherparepvec), a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) armed with GM-CSF, was recently approved as the first oncolytic virus drug in the USA and Europe. The phase III trial proved that local intralesional injections with T-Vec in advanced malignant melanoma patients can not only suppress the growth of injected tumors but also act systemically and prolong overall survival. Other oncolytic viruses that are closing in on drug approval in North America and Europe include vaccinia virus JX-594 (pexastimogene devacirepvec) for hepatocellular carcinoma, GM-CSF-expressing adenovirus CG0070 for bladder cancer, and Reolysin (pelareorep), a wild-type variant of reovirus, for head and neck cancer. In Japan, a phase II clinical trial of G47∆, a third-generation oncolytic HSV-1, is ongoing in glioblastoma patients. G47∆ was recently designated as a "Sakigake" breakthrough therapy drug in Japan. This new system by the Japanese government should provide G47∆ with priority reviews and a fast-track drug approval by the regulatory authorities. Whereas numerous oncolytic viruses have been subjected to clinical trials, the common feature that is expected to play a major role in prolonging the survival of cancer patients is an induction of specific antitumor immunity in the course of tumor-specific viral replication. It appears that it will not be long before oncolytic virus therapy becomes a standard therapeutic option for all cancer patients.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Genetic Engineering; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Immunotherapy; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27486853
DOI: 10.1111/cas.13027