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Neuropsychologia Mar 2018Given that eye movement control can be framed as an inferential process, how are the requisite forces generated to produce anticipated or desired fixation? Starting from...
Given that eye movement control can be framed as an inferential process, how are the requisite forces generated to produce anticipated or desired fixation? Starting from a generative model based on simple Newtonian equations of motion, we derive a variational solution to this problem and illustrate the plausibility of its implementation in the oculomotor brainstem. We show, through simulation, that the Bayesian filtering equations that implement 'planning as inference' can generate both saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements. Crucially, the associated message passing maps well onto the known connectivity and neuroanatomy of the brainstem - and the changes in these messages over time are strikingly similar to single unit recordings of neurons in the corresponding nuclei. Furthermore, we show that simulated lesions to axonal pathways reproduce eye movement patterns of neurological patients with damage to these tracts.
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Biomechanical Phenomena; Brain Stem; Computer Simulation; Eye; Eye Movements; Humans; Models, Neurological; Motion; Neurons; Ocular Motility Disorders; Oculomotor Muscles; Ophthalmoplegia
PubMed: 29407941
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.01.041 -
Medical Archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and... Apr 2023Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles ( CFEOM) is a group of genetically defined eye-moving disorders. The syndrome is clinically characterized by congenital...
BACKGROUND
Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles ( CFEOM) is a group of genetically defined eye-moving disorders. The syndrome is clinically characterized by congenital non-progressive ophthalmoplegia caused by dysinervation of the cranial nerves with or without ptosis. As a main sign of a CFEOM, extraocular muscles get shrunken and fibrotic, which makes surgery more technically demanding and the result more unpredictable, which makes the treatment challenging and highly customized. Our paper presents variations of the clinical picture and treatment cases of CFEOM1.
OBJECTIVE
To outline the importance of the clinical examination with the exact measurement of deviations for the patients with ocular fibrosis and passive duction test under general anesthesia, establishing them as the main criteria for treatment.
METHODS
We treated seven patients (14 eyes) with CFEOM1. The decision of the treatment was based on the measurement of the eye position in the primary position (PP), the severity of compensatory head position (CHP), restriction of motility, and passive motility test performed before surgery in general anesthesia. In 3 cases, patients were treated conservatively with the treatment of refractive error and amblyopia. However, in 4 patients, CHP and position of the eyes in PP were not acceptable, motility was severely impaired, and patients underwent surgery. The first surgery was performed on eye muscles: recession of inferior rectus muscle (IRM), anteposition, and resection of superior rectus muscle (SRM). As a second step procedure, ptosis surgery was performed. When the muscle was too tight, and it wasn't possible to have a satisfying result with conventional surgery, we used a tissue expander to improve the position and motility of the affected eyes.
RESULTS
In all operated cases, CHP has significantly improved and the position of the eyes in PP.
CONCLUSION
Exact eye and head position measurements and a passive motility test during general anesthesia should guide the surgery. In the case when conventional surgery is not possible, implantation of a bovine pericard is a safe and effective method.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Cattle; Oculomotor Muscles; Ocular Motility Disorders; Fibrosis; Ophthalmoplegia
PubMed: 37260807
DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2023.77.137-141 -
British Medical Journal Dec 1978
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Ophthalmoplegia; Prednisone; Thyroid Function Tests
PubMed: 728714
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.6151.1534-a -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology May 1982
Topics: Adult; Eye Diseases; Eye Foreign Bodies; Humans; Male; Ophthalmoplegia; Tetanus
PubMed: 7174064
DOI: No ID Found -
Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders Jul 2022Internuclear ophthalmoparesis (INO) occurs in 15-52% of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and is reliably detected by infrared oculography. Methods for diagnosing...
BACKGROUND
Internuclear ophthalmoparesis (INO) occurs in 15-52% of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and is reliably detected by infrared oculography. Methods for diagnosing INO with infrared oculography and the association between INO and MS characteristics need confirmation. We aimed to describe INO prevalence and the clinical characteristics of individuals with MS and INO in a population-based cohort of individuals with MS born in the year 1966 (Project Y).
METHODS
Previously described thresholds for the versional dysconjugacy index (VDI), assessed with standardized infrared oculography, were used to detect INO in participants of project Y. Clinical characteristics, visual functioning and complaints were compared between individuals with MS with INO and individuals with MS without INO.
RESULTS
Two-hundred-twenty individuals with MS and 110 healthy controls were included. VDI values exceeding the threshold for INO presented in 53 (24%) individuals with MS and 19 controls (13%). INO was associated with male sex, greater disability, worse cognition and worse arm function in individuals with MS. There was no association with disease duration, visual functioning or complaints.
CONCLUSIONS
INO is prevalent among individuals with MS aged fifty-three and related to clinical characteristics of MS. INO was more frequently detected in healthy controls than previous studies, implying that oculography based diagnosis of INO requires further refinement.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Male; Multiple Sclerosis; Ocular Motility Disorders; Ophthalmoplegia; Prevalence; Saccades
PubMed: 35490450
DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103824 -
Neurology India 2020Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) is a slowly progressive myopathy characterized by extraocular muscles involvement, leading to frozen eyes without diplopia.... (Review)
Review
Progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO) is a slowly progressive myopathy characterized by extraocular muscles involvement, leading to frozen eyes without diplopia. The pattern of inheritance may be mitochondrial, autosomal dominant or, rarely, autosomal recessive. Sporadic forms were also reported. Muscular involvement other than extraocular muscles may occur with varying degrees of weakness, but this mostly happens many years after the disease begins. There are also scattered data about systemic signs besides ophthalmoplegia. This article aims to review non-ophthalmic findings of PEO from a clinicogenetical point of view.
Topics: DNA, Mitochondrial; Diplopia; Humans; Oculomotor Muscles; Ophthalmoplegia; Ophthalmoplegia, Chronic Progressive External
PubMed: 32859811
DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.293454 -
BMC Ophthalmology Jul 2016There are limited data on the epidemiology and risk factors of ophthalmoplegia among diabetic patients. This study aims to determine the prevalence and important risk... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
There are limited data on the epidemiology and risk factors of ophthalmoplegia among diabetic patients. This study aims to determine the prevalence and important risk factors related to ophthalmoplegia among diabetic patients.
METHODS
This is an observational registry-based study using the Saudi National Diabetes Registry (SNDR) database to select diabetic patients regardless of their diabetes type. A total of 64,351 Saudi diabetic patients aged more than 18 years and registered in SNDR between January 2000 and December 2010 were analyzed to identify ophthalmoplegic cases. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters were studied and STROBE guidelines were used to design and report the results of this study.
RESULTS
The overall prevalence of ophthalmoplegia cases was 0.32 %, further distributed into: 53.11 %, 36.36 %, and 2.8 % for cranial nerves VI, III, IV palsies respectively. Ophthalmoplegic cases were predominantly type 2 diabetic males with older age and longer diabetes duration. The most important and significant risk factors were age ≥ 45 years, diabetes duration ≥ 10 years, male gender and presence of retinopathy and nephropathy.
CONCLUSIONS
Ophthalmoplegia is a rare entity associated mainly with type 2 diabetes. Clinicians have to consider its risk factors when screening or planning for prevention of this condition.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cranial Nerve Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Retinopathy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ophthalmoplegia; Prevalence; Registries; Risk Factors; Saudi Arabia; Young Adult
PubMed: 27449153
DOI: 10.1186/s12886-016-0272-7 -
Neurology(R) Neuroimmunology &... Sep 2020
Topics: Adult; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Female; Humans; Hypothalamus; Middle Aged; Ophthalmoplegia; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32587102
DOI: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000823 -
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and... May 1992A girl developed progressive weakness of bulbar and ocular muscles starting before the age of two years. Electromyography revealed a widespread subclinical myopathy. An...
A girl developed progressive weakness of bulbar and ocular muscles starting before the age of two years. Electromyography revealed a widespread subclinical myopathy. An intercostal muscle biopsy showed complex abnormalities including occasional neurofilamentous accumulations and honeycomb-like membranous material in terminal axons. Endplates were small and some secondary synaptic clefts were abnormally deep. Acetylcholine receptors extended unusually deeply into the clefts of the junctional folds. Muscle fibres showed subsarcolemmal vacuolation at some places. This form of congenital oculo-bulbar palsy does not appear to have been described previously.
Topics: Axons; Biopsy; Blepharoptosis; Bulbar Palsy, Progressive; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Intercostal Muscles; Intermediate Filaments; Microscopy, Electron; Neurologic Examination; Ophthalmoplegia; Receptors, Cholinergic
PubMed: 1602315
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.55.5.404 -
Cephalalgia : An International Journal... Jan 2023Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy, previously known as Ophthalmoplegic Migraine, is a poorly characterized disorder mainly because there are few cases... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy, previously known as Ophthalmoplegic Migraine, is a poorly characterized disorder mainly because there are few cases described. We report a new case of Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy and a review of the literature to contribute to increasing the knowledge of the clinical features of this disorder.
CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A 45-year-old woman presented with adult-onset recurrent attacks of abducens and oculomotor palsy associated with diplopia followed by headache. Most notably, pain always presented many days after oculomotor impairment, a feature never described in the literature. A diagnosis of possible Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy was made after excluding other possible mimicking disorders. Symptoms usually resolved gradually with corticosteroid therapy, albeit without a clear-cut benefit.Clinical data collected from 1989 to 2022 showed that adult onset in Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy is not uncommon. While III cranial nerve palsy is typical, VI and IV nerve palsy have also been described.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS
Several hypotheses have been proposed, including nerve compression, ischemia or inflammation/demyelination, but none has been completely accepted.Diagnosis remains of exclusion; magnetic resonance imaging and blood exams are key in differential diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS
Our case gives us the possibility to expand the clinical features of Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy, also contributing to updating the pathophysiological hypotheses.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Ophthalmoplegia; Ophthalmoplegic Migraine; Headache; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 36694449
DOI: 10.1177/03331024221133386