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Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences Jun 2020To investigate the effect of intravitreal golimumab on rabbit retina histopathology.
BACKGROUND/AIM
To investigate the effect of intravitreal golimumab on rabbit retina histopathology.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixteen albino New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups. The right eye of each rabbit in groups I, II, and III received a single intravitreal injection of 5 mg/0.05 mL (6 eyes), 10 mg/0.1 mL (6 eyes), or 20 mg/0.2 mL (4 eyes) golimumab, while left eyes served as controls with the same volume of a balanced salt solution injection. All animals were examined using slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy before and after intravitreal injection and at days 1 and 7. Animals were euthanized on day 7 and the eyes were enucleated for immunohistochemistry evaluation and electron microscopic examination of the retinas.
RESULTS
For groups I, II, and III, the number of cells in the outer nuclear layer and the inner nuclear layer was decreased compared to those in the control groups. In group I, the percentage of caspase-3 staining of the outer nuclear layer was significantly higher than that in the control. For groups II and III, TUNEL and caspase-3 staining percentages in the outer and inner nuclear layers were found to be significantly higher than those for the control groups. In the ganglion cell layer, for groups I, II, and III, neither TUNEL nor caspase-3 staining percentages showed any significant difference between two groups. No significant dose-dependent relationship was found for increasing doses of golimumab in all layers. Myelin figures and karyorrhexis in the photoreceptor cells were prominent in electron microscopy of the golimumab-injected eyes.
CONCLUSION
Golimumab caused apoptosis in both photoreceptors and bipolar cells of the rabbit retina. Potential retinal toxicity of intravitreal golimumab should be considered if an intravitreal administration is planned.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Apoptosis; Disease Models, Animal; Intravitreal Injections; Ophthalmoscopy; Rabbits; Slit Lamp; Toxic Optic Neuropathy
PubMed: 32151118
DOI: 10.3906/sag-1911-11 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Oct 1981A system of television ophthalmoscopy has been developed using commercially available colour television cameras and a specially designed high-sensitivity monochrome...
A system of television ophthalmoscopy has been developed using commercially available colour television cameras and a specially designed high-sensitivity monochrome television camera. Funduscopy and fluoroscopy can be performed at low light levels and recorded on standard video tape for clinical evaluation and also as a teaching aid. A computerised television stereo ophthalmoscope image processor is being developed for real-time volumetric recording the volume of the optic disc cup in glaucoma.
Topics: Fluorescein Angiography; Fluoroscopy; Ophthalmoscopes; Television
PubMed: 7317322
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.65.10.702 -
Translational Vision Science &... Feb 2022The purpose of this study was to characterize the benign biological variance of fixational microsaccades in a control population using a tracking scanning laser...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to characterize the benign biological variance of fixational microsaccades in a control population using a tracking scanning laser ophthalmoscope (TSLO), accounting for machine accuracy and precision, to determine ideal testing conditions to detect pathologic change in fixational eye motion (FEM).
METHODS
We quantified the accuracy and precision of the TSLO, analyzing measurements made by three operators on a model eye. Repeated, 10-second retinal motion traces were then recorded in 17 controls, 3 times a day (morning, afternoon, and evening), on 3 separate days. Microsaccade metrics (MMs) of frequency, average amplitude, peak velocity, and peak acceleration were extracted. Trace to trace, interday, and intraday variability were calculated across all subjects.
RESULTS
Intra-operator and machine variation contributed minimally to total variation, with only 0.007% and 0.14% contribution for frequency and amplitude respectively. Bias was detected, with lower accuracy for higher amplitudes. Participants had an average (SD) microsaccade frequency of 0.84 Hz (0.52 Hz), amplitude of 0.32 degrees (0.11 degrees), peak velocity of 43.68 degrees/s (14.02 degrees/s), and peak acceleration of 13,920.04 degrees/s2 (4,186.84 degrees/s2). The first trace recorded within a session significantly differed from the second two in both microsaccade acceleration and velocity (P < 0.05), and frequency was 0.098 Hz higher in the evenings (P < 0.05). There was no MM difference between days and no evidence of a session-level learning effect (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The TSLO is both accurate and precise. However, biological inter- and intra-individual variance is present. Trace to trace variability and time of day should be accounted for to optimize detection of pathologic change.
Topics: Fixation, Ocular; Humans; Lasers; Motion; Ophthalmoscopes; Retina
PubMed: 35201339
DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.2.35 -
Journal of Vision Oct 2021Due to the dramatic difference in spatial resolution between the central fovea and the surrounding retinal regions, accurate fixation on important objects is critical...
Due to the dramatic difference in spatial resolution between the central fovea and the surrounding retinal regions, accurate fixation on important objects is critical for humans. It is known that the preferred retinal location (PRL) for fixation of healthy human observers rarely coincides with the retinal location with the highest cone density. It is not currently known, however, whether the PRL is consistent within an observer or is subject to fluctuations and, moreover, whether observers' subjective fixation location coincides with the PRL. We studied whether the PRL changes between days. We used an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope to project a Maltese cross fixation target on an observer's retina and continuously imaged the exact retinal location of the target. We found that observers consistently use the same PRL across days, regardless of how much the PRL is displaced from the cone density peak location. We then showed observers small stimuli near the visual field location on which they fixated, and the observers judged whether or not the stimuli appeared in fixation. Observers' precision in this task approached that of fixation itself. Observers based their judgment on both the visual scene coordinates and the retinal location of the stimuli. We conclude that the PRL in a normally functioning visual system is fixed, and observers use it as a reference point in judging stimulus locations.
Topics: Fixation, Ocular; Fovea Centralis; Humans; Ophthalmoscopes; Retina; Scotoma; Visual Fields
PubMed: 34643658
DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.11.9 -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... Aug 2013Fundus autofluorescence was quantified (qAF) in subjects with healthy retinae using a standardized approach. The objective was to establish normative data and identify... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
PURPOSE
Fundus autofluorescence was quantified (qAF) in subjects with healthy retinae using a standardized approach. The objective was to establish normative data and identify factors that influence the accumulation of RPE lipofuscin and/or modulate the observed AF signal in fundus images.
METHODS
AF images were acquired from 277 healthy subjects (age range: 5-60 years) by employing a Spectralis confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO; 488-nm excitation; 30°) equipped with an internal fluorescent reference. For each image, mean gray level was calculated as the average of eight preset regions, and was calibrated to the reference, zero-laser light, magnification, and optical media density from normative data on lens transmission spectra. Relationships between qAF and age, sex, race/ethnicity, eye color, refraction/axial length, and smoking status were evaluated as was measurement repeatability and the qAF spatial distribution.
RESULTS
qAF levels exhibited a significant increase with age. qAF increased with increasing eccentricity up to 10° to 15° from the fovea and was highest superotemporally. qAF values were significantly greater in females, and, compared with Hispanics, qAF was significantly higher in whites and lower in blacks and Asians. No associations with axial length and smoking were observed. For two operators, between-session repeatability was ± 9% and ± 12%. Agreement between the operators was ± 13%.
CONCLUSIONS
Normative qAF data are a reference tool essential to the interpretation of qAF measurements in ocular disease.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Lipofuscin; Male; Melanins; Middle Aged; Ophthalmoscopes; Ophthalmoscopy; Optical Imaging; Racial Groups; Reference Values; Retina; Retinal Pigment Epithelium; Young Adult
PubMed: 23860757
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12445 -
BioMed Research International 2022A total of 1134 examinations with Optomap 200Tx were performed for 318 children who were clinically diagnosed with RB in the Ophthalmology Department of Tianjin Medical...
METHODS
A total of 1134 examinations with Optomap 200Tx were performed for 318 children who were clinically diagnosed with RB in the Ophthalmology Department of Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, China, between July 2015 and July 2017, and achieved stable disease lasting for more than 6 months after combined treatment. The children received examinations every 1-12 months (mean 4 months), initially at 31 months to 15 years of age (mean 51 months), and were given a full eye examination under anesthesia (EUA) immediately if recurrent tumor, recurrent vitreous seeding (VS), or recurrent subretinal seeding (SRS) was detected, or in the next follow-up visit if no abnormality was detected, and early treatment was performed when the lesion was confirmed.
RESULTS
Recurrence was detected in 4 children in the examination with Optomap 200Tx, including 2 cases of recurrent vitreous seeding (VS) and 2 cases of recurrent subretinal seeding (SRS), which were confirmed by EUA and well controlled after early treatment.
CONCLUSION
The use of Optomap 200Tx in the long-term following up of patients with RB reduces the number of eye examinations under general anesthesia (EUA), increases the time between EUAs, and protects children from exposure to the adverse effects of general anesthetics. Optomap 200Tx can detect recurrent tumor and recurrent seeding, allowing for early treatment which produces better outcomes.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lasers; Ophthalmoscopes; Retinal Neoplasms; Retinoblastoma; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35993040
DOI: 10.1155/2022/5422360 -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... Oct 2017To test the hypothesis that retinal vascular diameter and hemoglobin oxygen saturation alterations, according to stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), are discernible...
PURPOSE
To test the hypothesis that retinal vascular diameter and hemoglobin oxygen saturation alterations, according to stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), are discernible with a commercially available scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO).
METHODS
One hundred eighty-one subjects with no diabetes (No DM), diabetes with no DR (No DR), nonproliferative DR (NPDR), or proliferative DR (PDR, all had photocoagulation) underwent imaging with an SLO with dual lasers (532 nm and 633 nm). Customized image analysis software determined the diameters of retinal arteries and veins (DA and DV) and central retinal artery and vein equivalents (CRAE and CRVE). Oxygen saturations of hemoglobin in arteries and veins (SO2A and SO2V) were estimated from optical densities of vessels on images at the two wavelengths. Statistical models were generated by adjusting for effects of sex, race, age, eye, and fundus pigmentation.
RESULTS
DA, CRAE, and CRVE were reduced in PDR compared to No DM (P ≤ 0.03). DV and CRVE were similar between No DM and No DR, but they were higher in NPDR than No DR (P ≤ 0.01). Effect of stage of disease on SO2A differed by race, being increased relative to No DM in NPDR and PDR in Hispanic participants only (P ≤ 0.02). Relative to No DM, SO2V was increased in NPDR and PDR (P ≤ 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Alterations in retinal vascular diameters and SO2 by diabetic retinopathy stage can be detected with a widely available SLO, and covariates such as race can influence the results.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Diabetic Retinopathy; Equipment Design; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ophthalmoscopes; Oximetry; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Retinal Vessels
PubMed: 29079858
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21934 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2022This observational cohort study aimed to evaluate the progression pattern of diffuse chorioretinal atrophy (DCA) according to its severity. Highly myopic eyes with DCA... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
This observational cohort study aimed to evaluate the progression pattern of diffuse chorioretinal atrophy (DCA) according to its severity. Highly myopic eyes with DCA were graded according to its extent in the 532-nm (green) and 633-nm (red) wavelengths images of the Optos ultra-widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscope at baseline: grade 1 and 2 were defined when increased reflectance at peripapillary region, not beyond the fovea, were observed in red laser image only and in both laser images, respectively; grade 3 and 4 were defined when increased reflectance beyond the fovea were observed in red laser image only and in both laser images, respectively. A total of 307 eyes (221 patients) were included, and progression of myopic maculopathy during follow-up of ≥ 3 years was evaluated. The mean visual acuity and subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) differed among DCA grades (P = 0.015 and P < 0.001); a higher DCA grade had worse visual acuity and thinner choroid. During follow-up, development of patchy atrophy (PA) was observed in 3.2%, 5.5%, 12.8%, and 23.2% (P < 0.001), while changes in lacquer crack (LC) and/or development of myopic macular neovascularization were observed in 20.6%, 29.1%, 33.3%, and 15.8% (P = 0.061) of 63, 110, 39, and 95 eyes with DCA grade of 1, 2, 3, and 4 at baseline, respectively. New LC formation tended to occur in eyes with thicker CT at baseline compared to PA development and progression of pre-existing LC. In highly myopic eyes with DCA, progression pattern of myopic maculopathy is different according to its severity and CT at baseline. Grading based on separated wavelength images of ultra-widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscope is useful to evaluate the severity and prognosis of DCA in Asian patients with high myopia.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Atrophy; Choroid; Disease Progression; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; Myopia; Ophthalmoscopes; Patient Acuity; Prognosis; Retina; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 35197535
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07172-w -
Annual International Conference of the... 2014A low-cost alternative to the direct ophthalmoscope, a simple optical adapter for a smartphone, is described. It can overcome many of the technical challenges of...
A low-cost alternative to the direct ophthalmoscope, a simple optical adapter for a smartphone, is described. It can overcome many of the technical challenges of fundoscopy, providing a high-resolution view of the retina through an un-dilated pupil. This can be used in locations with limited diagnostic resources to detect conditions such as glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Comparison of optic nerve images from commercial retinal screening cameras with the smartphone adapter demonstrates strong evidence for no difference in performance in glaucomatous disc grading (p=0.98, paired student t test, n=300).
Topics: Cell Phone; Cohort Studies; Equipment Design; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Kenya; Ophthalmoscopes; Ophthalmoscopy; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Diseases; Poverty; Pupil; Retina; Software
PubMed: 25570417
DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6944049 -
Eye (London, England) Nov 2018The purpose of this study is to evaluate a commercially available smartphone ophthalmoscope, D-EYE, as compared with the direct ophthalmoscope when used by a cohort of...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to evaluate a commercially available smartphone ophthalmoscope, D-EYE, as compared with the direct ophthalmoscope when used by a cohort of final-year medical students in a prospective study.
METHODS
Two-hundred fundal examinations were performed on the eyes of 10 mannequins featuring 5 unique fundal images by 20 final-year medical students from Newcastle University. Each student examined the five fundal images twice, once each with a direct ophthalmoscope and D-EYE in a random order. Students recorded their findings at the optic nerve, macula, and retina in an objective questionnaire, and the findings were analysed by an observer masked to the examination technique.
RESULTS
Students provided more accurate clinical descriptions of their findings when using D-EYE as opposed to using the direct ophthalmoscope (p < 0.05). In addition, we found that students were overall more likely to make a correct diagnosis based on their findings when using D- EYE compared with the direct ophthalmoscope.
CONCLUSION
Our study suggests that the use of a smartphone-based alternative to the direct ophthalmoscope may improve the accuracy and quality of fundal examinations by non-ophthalmologists.
Topics: Attitude of Health Personnel; Humans; Macula Lutea; Manikins; Ophthalmoscopes; Ophthalmoscopy; Optic Disk; Prospective Studies; Retina; Retinal Diseases; Smartphone
PubMed: 30042410
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-018-0177-1