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The British Journal of Ophthalmology Oct 1954
Topics: Contact Lenses; Humans; Lenses; Ophthalmoscopes; Ophthalmoscopy
PubMed: 13199234
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.38.10.626 -
Vision Research Jul 2011A quarter century ago, we were limited to a macroscopic view of the retina inside the living eye. Since then, new imaging technologies, including confocal scanning laser... (Review)
Review
A quarter century ago, we were limited to a macroscopic view of the retina inside the living eye. Since then, new imaging technologies, including confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and adaptive optics fundus imaging, transformed the eye into a microscope in which individual cells can now be resolved noninvasively. These technologies have enabled a wide range of studies of the retina that were previously impossible.
Topics: Humans; Microscopy, Confocal; Ophthalmoscopy; Retina; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells; Retinal Vessels; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 21596053
DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.05.002 -
Digital Journal of Ophthalmology : DJO Jan 2019To describe a simple and inexpensive model eye that allows lifelike simulation of indirect ophthalmoscopy and retinal photocoagulation.
PURPOSE
To describe a simple and inexpensive model eye that allows lifelike simulation of indirect ophthalmoscopy and retinal photocoagulation.
METHODS
A 60 D examination lens, a bulb syringe, foam poster-board, a manila folder, a hobby knife, a fine pair of scissors, a glue gun, and a 2.5 cm square Optos color fundus photograph printed at 1200 dpi resolution on glossy photographic paper were used to create a model eye.
RESULTS
This model produces a high-quality, inverted, and aerial image that closely simulates clinical indirect ophthalmoscopy. Pupil size and retinal pathology can be easily changed. Binocular indirect laser photocoagulation can also be simulated, because white laser burns will appear on the glossy inkjet photograph.
CONCLUSIONS
Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and indirect laser photocoagulation are technically challenging diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. This simple and easy-to-build eye model allows for lifelike simulation of indirect ophthalmoscopy and indirect laser retinal photocoagulation.
Topics: Humans; Light Coagulation; Models, Anatomic; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; Ophthalmoscopy; Retina
PubMed: 31080369
DOI: 10.5693/djo.01.2018.11.001 -
Pediatric Radiology Jun 2012We review our experience with unusual ocular pathologies, some mimicking retinoblastoma, that were referred to our institution during the past two decades. After... (Review)
Review
We review our experience with unusual ocular pathologies, some mimicking retinoblastoma, that were referred to our institution during the past two decades. After presenting the imaging anatomy of the normal eye, we discuss pertinent clinical and pathological features, and illustrate the US and MRI appearance of retinoblastoma, medulloepithelioma, uveal melanoma, persistent fetal vasculature, Coats disease, corneal dermoid, retinal dysplasia and toxocara granuloma. Features useful in discriminating among these entities are emphasized.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Eye Diseases; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Ophthalmoscopy; Ultrasonography; Young Adult
PubMed: 22466750
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-012-2374-6 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Apr 2010Adaptive optics (AO) describes a set of tools to correct or control aberrations in any optical system. In the eye, AO allows for precise control of the ocular... (Review)
Review
Adaptive optics (AO) describes a set of tools to correct or control aberrations in any optical system. In the eye, AO allows for precise control of the ocular aberrations. If used to correct aberrations over a large pupil, for example, cellular level resolution in retinal images can be achieved. AO systems have been demonstrated for advanced ophthalmoscopy as well as for testing and/or improving vision. In fact, AO can be integrated to any ophthalmic instrument where the optics of the eye is involved, with a scope of applications ranging from phoropters to optical coherence tomography systems. In this article, I discuss the applications and advantages of using AO in a specific system, the AO scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Since the Borish award was, in part, awarded to me because of this effort, I felt it appropriate to select this as the topic for this article. Furthermore, users of AO scanning laser ophthalmoscope continue to appreciate the benefits of the technology, some of which were not anticipated at the time of development, and so it is time to revisit this topic and summarize them in a single article.
Topics: Equipment Design; Humans; Lenses; Ophthalmoscopes; Ophthalmoscopy
PubMed: 20160657
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181d39479 -
Journal of Biomedical Optics 2004Imaging the vitreous is an attempt to view what is by design invisible. The inability to adequately image vitreous hinders a more complete understanding of its normal... (Review)
Review
Imaging the vitreous is an attempt to view what is by design invisible. The inability to adequately image vitreous hinders a more complete understanding of its normal structure and function and how these change in aging and disease. The combined use of more than one technique could provide better imaging for investigational and clinical purposes. Past and present imaging methodologies are summarized and research and clinical techniques that are currently in development for future applications, are discussed. Dark-field slit microscopy has been used to characterize vitreous anatomy, both within the vitreous body as well as at the vitreo-retinal interface. In addition to this methodology, slit-lamp biomicroscopy; direct, indirect, and scanning laser ophthalmoscopies; ultrasonography; optical coherence tomography; magnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopies; and dynamic light-scattering methodologies for noninvasive evaluation are presented. Dark-field slit microscopy enables in vitro imaging without dehydration or tissue fixatives. Optical coherence tomography enables better in vivo visualization of the vitreo-retinal interface than scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and ultrasonography, but does not image the vitreous body. Dynamic light scattering can determine the average sizes of vitreous macromolecules within the vitreous body as well as possibly image the posterior vitreous cortex once detached, while Raman spectroscopy can detect altered vitreous molecules, such as glycated collagen and other proteins in diabetic vitreopathy.
Topics: Eye Diseases; Humans; Ophthalmoscopes; Ophthalmoscopy; Photometry; Scattering, Radiation; Spectrum Analysis; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Ultrasonography; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 14715056
DOI: 10.1117/1.1627339 -
Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers & Imaging :... Jul 2011Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) is a new retinal imaging technology that offers the unique capability to measure optical absorption in the retina. Because PAOM is... (Review)
Review
Photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) is a new retinal imaging technology that offers the unique capability to measure optical absorption in the retina. Because PAOM is compatible with optical coherence tomography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and autofluorescence imaging, registered multimodal images can be acquired from a single device at comparable resolution for comprehensive anatomic and functional retinal characterizations. Therefore, PAOM is anticipated to have applications in both research and clinical diagnosis of many blinding diseases. The authors explain the basic principles of the photoacoustic effect and imaging. Then, different types of photoacoustic microscopy are introduced and compared. Finally, the current status of photoacoustic imaging in animal eyes is presented and the prospects of future development of PAOM are suggested.
Topics: Animals; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; Humans; Ophthalmoscopy; Photoacoustic Techniques; Retina
PubMed: 21790106
DOI: 10.3928/15428877-20110627-10 -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... May 2019To investigate distances from retinal capillaries to arterioles or venules noninvasively.
PURPOSE
To investigate distances from retinal capillaries to arterioles or venules noninvasively.
METHODS
An adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imager acquired detailed maps of retinal vasculature. Using OCTA, we quantified the distance from the edge of an arteriole or venule to the middle of the nearest capillaries (periarteriole or perivenule capillary-free zones, respectively) within the superficial vascular plexus of 20 young healthy subjects with normal axial lengths. These distances were compared to AOSLO images for three subjects. We tested the relation between the peripheral capillary-free zones and FAZ horizontal, vertical, effective diameters, and asymmetry indices in the deep vascular plexus. We examined enlargement with OCTA of capillary-free zones in a type 2 diabetic patient.
RESULTS
The periarteriole capillary-free zone (67.2 ± 25.3 μm) was readily visible and larger than the perivenule capillary-free zone (42.7 ± 14.4 μm), F(1, 998) = 771, P < 0.0001. The distance from foveal center (P = 0.003) and diameter (P = 0.048) were predictive of perivenule capillary-free zone values. OCTA and AOSLO corresponded for arterioles. FAZ effective diameter was positively associated with asymmetry indices, r = 0.49, P = 0.028, but not peripheral capillary-free zones, although focal enlargements were found in a diabetic patient.
CONCLUSIONS
For normal retinas, periarteriole and perivenule capillary-free zones are readily visible with OCTA and AOSLO. Periarteriole capillary-free zones were larger, consistent with arterioles carrying oxygen rich blood that diffuses to support the retina.
Topics: Adult; Arterioles; Female; Fluorescein Angiography; Fundus Oculi; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Male; Ophthalmoscopy; Retinal Vessels; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Venules
PubMed: 31042789
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25294 -
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... May 2013This paper concerns the validation of automatic retinal image analysis (ARIA) algorithms. For reasons of space and consistency, we concentrate on the validation of...
This paper concerns the validation of automatic retinal image analysis (ARIA) algorithms. For reasons of space and consistency, we concentrate on the validation of algorithms processing color fundus camera images, currently the largest section of the ARIA literature. We sketch the context (imaging instruments and target tasks) of ARIA validation, summarizing the main image analysis and validation techniques. We then present a list of recommendations focusing on the creation of large repositories of test data created by international consortia, easily accessible via moderated Web sites, including multicenter annotations by multiple experts, specific to clinical tasks, and capable of running submitted software automatically on the data stored, with clear and widely agreed-on performance criteria, to provide a fair comparison.
Topics: Algorithms; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Ophthalmoscopy; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Retinal Diseases; Software
PubMed: 23794433
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10347 -
Annual Review of Vision Science Sep 2020High-resolution retinal imaging is revolutionizing how scientists and clinicians study the retina on the cellular scale. Its exquisite sensitivity enables time-lapse... (Review)
Review
High-resolution retinal imaging is revolutionizing how scientists and clinicians study the retina on the cellular scale. Its exquisite sensitivity enables time-lapse optical biopsies that capture minute changes in the structure and physiological processes of cells in the living eye. This information is increasingly used to detect disease onset and monitor disease progression during early stages, raising the possibility of personalized eye care. Powerful high-resolution imaging tools have been in development for more than two decades; one that has garnered considerable interest in recent years is optical coherence tomography enhanced with adaptive optics. State-of-the-art adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) makes it possible to visualize even highly transparent cells and measure some of their internal processes at all depths within the retina, permitting reconstruction of a 3D view of the living microscopic retina. In this review, we report current AO-OCT performance and its success in visualizing and quantifying these once-invisible cells in human eyes.
Topics: Humans; Ophthalmoscopy; Retina; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 32609578
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-030320-041255