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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Oral diseases are among the most common diseases around the world that people usually suffer from during their lifetime. Tooth decay is a multifactorial disease, and the... (Review)
Review
Oral diseases are among the most common diseases around the world that people usually suffer from during their lifetime. Tooth decay is a multifactorial disease, and the composition of oral microbiota is a critical factor in its development. Also, is considered the most important caries-causing species. It is expected that probiotics, as they adjust the intestinal microbiota and reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria in the human intestine, can exert their health-giving effects, especially the anti-pathogenic effect, in the oral cavity, which is part of the human gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, numerous and studies have been conducted on the role of probiotics in the prevention of tooth decay. In this review, while investigating the effect of different strains of probiotics and on oral diseases, including dental caries, candida yeast infections, periodontal diseases, and halitosis, we have also discussed postbiotics as novel non-living biological compounds derived from probiotics.
Topics: Humans; Oral Health; Dental Caries; Probiotics; Mouth; Streptococcus mutans
PubMed: 36968114
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1120995 -
International Journal of Oral Science Apr 2020The human microbiome functions as an intricate and coordinated microbial network, residing throughout the mucosal surfaces of the skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal... (Review)
Review
The human microbiome functions as an intricate and coordinated microbial network, residing throughout the mucosal surfaces of the skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and reproductive system. The oral microbiome encompasses a highly diverse microbiota, consisting of over 700 microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. As our understanding of the relationship between the oral microbiome and human health has evolved, we have identified a diverse array of oral and systemic diseases associated with this microbial community, including but not limited to caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, and inflammatory bowel syndrome. The potential predictive relationship between the oral microbiota and these human diseases suggests that the oral cavity is an ideal site for disease diagnosis and development of rapid point-of-care tests. The oral cavity is easily accessible with a non-invasive collection of biological samples. We can envision a future where early life salivary diagnostic tools will be used to predict and prevent future disease via analyzing and shaping the infant's oral microbiome. In this review, we present evidence for the establishment of the oral microbiome during early childhood, the capability of using childhood oral microbiome to predict future oral and systemic diseases, and the limitations of the current evidence.
Topics: Child; Child Health; Humans; Infant; Microbiota; Mouth
PubMed: 32350240
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-0082-x -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021The oral mucosa, which is the lining tissue of the oral cavity, is a gateway to the body and it offers first-line protection against potential pathogens, exogenous... (Review)
Review
The oral mucosa, which is the lining tissue of the oral cavity, is a gateway to the body and it offers first-line protection against potential pathogens, exogenous chemicals, airborne allergens, etc. by means of its physical and microbiological-immune barrier functions. For this reason, oral mucosa is considered as a mirror to the health of the individual as well as a guard or early warning system. It is organized in two main components: a physical barrier, which consists of stratified epithelial cells and cell-cell junctions, and a microbiological-immune barrier that keeps the internal environment in a condition of homeostasis. Different factors, including microorganism, saliva, proteins and immune components, have been considered to play a critical role in disruption of oral epithelial barrier. Altered mucosal structure and barrier functions results in oral pathologies as well as systemic diseases. About 700 kinds of microorganisms exist in the human mouth, constituting the oral microbiota, which plays a significant role on the induction, training and function of the host immune system. The immune system maintains the symbiotic relationship of the host with this microbiota. Crosstalk between the oral microbiota and immune system includes various interactions in homeostasis and disease. In this review, after reviewing briefly the physical barriers of oral mucosa, the fundamentals of oral microbiome and oral mucosal immunity in regard to their barrier properties will be addressed. Furthermore, their importance in development of new diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for certain diseases as well as in the application for personalized medicine will be discussed.
Topics: Animals; Homeostasis; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Microbiota; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 34360589
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157821 -
PloS One 2021Microorganisms in oral cavity are called oral microbiota, while microbiome consists of total genome content of microorganisms in a host. Interaction between host and... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
Microorganisms in oral cavity are called oral microbiota, while microbiome consists of total genome content of microorganisms in a host. Interaction between host and microorganisms is important in nervous system development and nervous diseases such as Autism, Alzheimer, Parkinson and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Bacterial infections, as an environmental factor in MS pathogenesis play role in T helper 17(Th17) increase and it enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interlukin-21(IL-21), IL-17 and IL -22. Oral microbiota consists diverse populations of cultivable and uncultivable bacterial species. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) is an acceptable method for identification of uncultivable bacteria. In this study, we compared the bacterial population diversity in the oral cavity between MS and healthy people.
METHODS
From October to March 2019, samples were taken at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences' MS patients center. A total of 30 samples were taken from MS patients and another 30 samples were taken from healthy people. Phenotypic tests were used to identify bacteria after pure cultures were obtained. DNA was extracted from 1 mL of saliva, and PCR products produced with primers were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels.
RESULTS
The genera Staphylococcus, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Veillonella, Propionibacterium and uncultivable bacteria with accession number MW880919-25, JQ477416.1, KF074888.1 and several other un-culturable strains were significantly more abundant in the MS group while Lactobacillus and Peptostreptococcus were more prevalent in the normal healthy group according to logistic regression method.
CONCLUSION
Oral micro-organisms may alleviate or exacerbate inflammatory condition which impact MS disease pathogenesis. It may be assumed that controlling oral infections may result in reduction of MS disease progression.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Female; Humans; Mouth; Multiple Sclerosis
PubMed: 34847159
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260384 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Recent advances in science, especially innovations in the field of biochemistry and materials science, greatly contribute to improvements in the prevention, diagnosis,...
Recent advances in science, especially innovations in the field of biochemistry and materials science, greatly contribute to improvements in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of oral diseases [...].
Topics: Mouth; Biochemistry
PubMed: 36557808
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248676 -
BioMed Research International 2016
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Dental Pulp Cavity; Humans; Lasers; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 27635397
DOI: 10.1155/2016/2849795 -
Journal of Dentistry Jan 2019To provide an update on our current understanding of how saliva and its various constituents directly and indirectly affect oral bacteria and thereby play a role in the...
OBJECTIVES
To provide an update on our current understanding of how saliva and its various constituents directly and indirectly affect oral bacteria and thereby play a role in the modulation and maintenance of a healthy oral microbiota and also the associations with symbiosis and dysbiosis.
METHODS
The search for biomedical literature on saliva and its antimicrobial activities (years 1966 to 2017) was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases.
RESULTS
This review underlines that saliva plays an essential role in shaping and maintaining the ecological equilibrium of the resident oral microbiota. Saliva contributes to the formation of the salivary pellicle, which covers the oral hard and soft tissues, and thereby determines the initial adhesion and colonisation of microorganisms. Saliva facilitates clearance of dietary carbohydrates and microorganisms from the oral cavity, but also supplies bacteria with nutrients through enzymatic breakdown of dietary starch and proteins and salivary glycoproteins. In addition, saliva comprises proteins such as mucins, which block the adherence of certain microorganisms to oral surfaces through binding and aggregating mechanisms. Saliva also provides antimicrobial activity through numerous proteins and peptides including mucins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, statherin, histatins and secretory immunoglobulin A.
CONCLUSIONS
A balanced oral microbiome is important for the maintenance of oral health and symbiosis. Conditions associated with salivary gland hypofunction, impaired oral clearance, low salivary pH and altered salivary composition, often lead to perturbation of the function and composition of the oral microbiome causing dysbiosis, and an associated risk of oral disease.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Saliva plays a significant role in keeping the relationship between the host and oral microbiota in a symbiotic state. In conditions with salivary gland dysfunction, the natural balance of the oral microbiome is often disturbed, leading to dysbiosis and associated risks of gingivitis, caries and fungal infection.
Topics: Dental Pellicle; Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; Microbiota; Mouth; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides
PubMed: 30696553
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.010 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Jun 2023This study aims to review the role of the oral cavity in SARS-CoV-2- and other viral upper respiratory tract infections. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to review the role of the oral cavity in SARS-CoV-2- and other viral upper respiratory tract infections.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data reviewed in the text have been researched online and also reflect personal expertise.
RESULTS
Numerous respiratory and other viruses replicate in the oral cavity and are transmitted via aerosols (< 5 µm) and droplets (> 5 µm). SARS-CoV-2 replication has been documented in the upper airways as well as in oral mucosa and salivary glands. These sites are also virus reservoirs that can infect other organs, e.g., the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, as well as other individuals. Laboratory diagnosis of viruses in the oral cavity and upper airways focuses on real-time PCR; antigen tests are less sensitive. For screening and monitoring infections, nasopharyngeal and oral swabs are tested; saliva is a good and more comfortable alternative. Physical means like social distancing or masks have been proven successful to reduce the risk of infection. Both wet-lab and clinical studies confirm that mouth rinses are effective against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. Antiviral mouth rinses can inactivate all viruses that replicate in the oral cavity.
CONCLUSIONS
The oral cavity plays an important role in viral infections of the upper respiratory tract: it serves as a portal of entry, a site of replication, and a source of infection by droplets and aerosols. Physical means but also antiviral mouth rinses can help reduce the spread of viruses and contribute to infection control.
Topics: Humans; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Mouthwashes; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets; Virus Diseases; Mouth; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 37310513
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05078-z -
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews.... Sep 2017A mouth is present in all animals, and comprises an opening from the outside into the oral cavity and the beginnings of the digestive tract to allow eating. This review... (Review)
Review
A mouth is present in all animals, and comprises an opening from the outside into the oral cavity and the beginnings of the digestive tract to allow eating. This review focuses on the earliest steps in mouth formation. In the first half, we conclude that the mouth arose once during evolution. In all animals, the mouth forms from ectoderm and endoderm. A direct association of oral ectoderm and digestive endoderm is present even in triploblastic animals, and in chordates, this region is known as the extreme anterior domain (EAD). Further support for a single origin of the mouth is a conserved set of genes that form a 'mouth gene program' including foxA and otx2. In the second half of this review, we discuss steps involved in vertebrate mouth formation, using the frog Xenopus as a model. The vertebrate mouth derives from oral ectoderm from the anterior neural ridge, pharyngeal endoderm and cranial neural crest (NC). Vertebrates form a mouth by breaking through the body covering in a precise sequence including specification of EAD ectoderm and endoderm as well as NC, formation of a 'pre-mouth array,' basement membrane dissolution, stomodeum formation, and buccopharyngeal membrane perforation. In Xenopus, the EAD is also a craniofacial organizer that guides NC, while reciprocally, the NC signals to the EAD to elicit its morphogenesis into a pre-mouth array. Human mouth anomalies are prevalent and are affected by genetic and environmental factors, with understanding guided in part by use of animal models. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e275. doi: 10.1002/wdev.275 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Topics: Animals; Ectoderm; Endoderm; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Mouth; Neural Crest; Xenopus
PubMed: 28514120
DOI: 10.1002/wdev.275 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Nov 2005More than 700 bacterial species or phylotypes, of which over 50% have not been cultivated, have been detected in the oral cavity. Our purposes were (i) to utilize... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
More than 700 bacterial species or phylotypes, of which over 50% have not been cultivated, have been detected in the oral cavity. Our purposes were (i) to utilize culture-independent molecular techniques to extend our knowledge on the breadth of bacterial diversity in the healthy human oral cavity, including not-yet-cultivated bacteria species, and (ii) to determine the site and subject specificity of bacterial colonization. Nine sites from five clinically healthy subjects were analyzed. Sites included tongue dorsum, lateral sides of tongue, buccal epithelium, hard palate, soft palate, supragingival plaque of tooth surfaces, subgingival plaque, maxillary anterior vestibule, and tonsils. 16S rRNA genes from sample DNA were amplified, cloned, and transformed into Escherichia coli. Sequences of 16S rRNA genes were used to determine species identity or closest relatives. In 2,589 clones, 141 predominant species were detected, of which over 60% have not been cultivated. Thirteen new phylotypes were identified. Species common to all sites belonged to the genera Gemella, Granulicatella, Streptococcus, and Veillonella. While some species were subject specific and detected in most sites, other species were site specific. Most sites possessed 20 to 30 different predominant species, and the number of predominant species from all nine sites per individual ranged from 34 to 72. Species typically associated with periodontitis and caries were not detected. There is a distinctive predominant bacterial flora of the healthy oral cavity that is highly diverse and site and subject specific. It is important to fully define the human microflora of the healthy oral cavity before we can understand the role of bacteria in oral disease.
Topics: Bacteria; Humans; Maxillary Sinus; Molecular Sequence Data; Mouth; Palatine Tonsil; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Species Specificity
PubMed: 16272510
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005