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Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022Oral diseases are among the most common human diseases yet less studied. These diseases affect both the physical, mental, and social health of the patients resulting in... (Review)
Review
Oral diseases are among the most common human diseases yet less studied. These diseases affect both the physical, mental, and social health of the patients resulting in poor quality of life. They affect all ages, although severe stages are mostly observed in older individuals. Poor oral hygiene, genetics, and environmental factors contribute enormously to the development and progression of these diseases. Although there are available treatment options for these diseases, the recurrence of the diseases hinders their efficiency. Oral volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are highly produced in oral cavity as a result of bacteria activities. Together with bacteria components such as lipopolysaccharides, VSCs participate in the progression of oral diseases by regulating cellular activities and interfering with the immune response. Hydrogen sulfide (HS) is a gaseous neurotransmitter primarily produced endogenously and is involved in the regulation of cellular activities. The gas is also among the VSCs produced by oral bacteria. In numerous diseases, HS have been reported to have dual effects depending on the cell, concentration, and donor used. In oral diseases, high production and subsequent utilization of this gas have been reported. Also, this high production is associated with the progression of oral diseases. In this review, we will discuss the production of HS in oral cavity, its interaction with cellular activities, and most importantly its role in oral diseases.
Topics: Apoptosis; Bacteria; Cystathionine gamma-Lyase; Humans; Hydrogen Sulfide; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Neoplasms; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 35116090
DOI: 10.1155/2022/1886277 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021HIV infection is associated with a wide range of changes in microbial communities and immune cell components of the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to...
HIV infection is associated with a wide range of changes in microbial communities and immune cell components of the oral cavity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oral microbiome in relationship to oral neutrophils in HIV-infected compared to healthy individuals. We evaluated oral washes and saliva samples from HIV-infected individuals (n=52) and healthy controls (n=43). Using 16S-rRNA gene sequencing, we found differential β-diversity using Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) with Bray-Curtis distances. The α-diversity analysis by Faith's, Shannon, and observed OTUs indexes indicated that the saliva samples from HIV-infected individuals harbored significantly richer bacterial communities compared to the saliva samples from healthy individuals. Notably, we observed that five species of Spirochaeta including , , , , and were significantly abundant. In contrast, species were significantly reduced in the saliva of HIV-infected individuals. Moreover, we found a significant reduction in the frequency of oral neutrophils in the oral cavity of HIV-infected individuals, which was positively related to their CD4 T cell count. In particular, we noted a significant decline in CD44 expressing neutrophils and the intensity of CD44 expression on oral neutrophils of HIV-infected individuals. This observation was supported by the elevation of soluble CD44 in the saliva of HIV-infected individuals. Overall, the core oral microbiome was distinguishable between HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy compared to the HIV-negative group. The observed reduction in oral neutrophils might likely be related to the low surface expression of CD44, resulting in a higher bacterial diversity and richness in HIV-infected individuals.
Topics: HIV Infections; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Neutrophils; Saliva
PubMed: 34858437
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780910 -
Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) 2016Although cutaneous psoriasis is common, the existence of its manifestations in the oral cavity has been questioned. The definitive diagnosis of oral psoriasis can be... (Review)
Review
Although cutaneous psoriasis is common, the existence of its manifestations in the oral cavity has been questioned. The definitive diagnosis of oral psoriasis can be challenging due to the variability of presentations, and overlapping clinical and histological features with a number of other conditions as well as the lack of consensus. We review oral psoriasis, noting its variable clinical appearance, delineate the differential diagnosis, and discuss management strategies.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Mouth; Periodontal Diseases; Psoriasis
PubMed: 27035486
DOI: 10.1159/000444850 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2018The reactive lesions are relatively common in the oral cavity because of the frequency with which the tissues are injured. They often result from a known stimulus or... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
The reactive lesions are relatively common in the oral cavity because of the frequency with which the tissues are injured. They often result from a known stimulus or injury such as dental plaque, calculus, or foreign material.
AIMS:
The aim of this study was to review the clinicopathologic features of reactive hyperplastic lesions (RHLs) of the oral cavity at MIDSR, Dental College and Hospital, Latur, Maharashtra, and to compare these data with those of previously reported studies.
SETTINGS AND DESIGN
The patient case files from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology from June 2010 to May 2016 were reviewed for cases of RHLs of the oral cavity.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Both clinical and histopathological diagnosis of reactive lesions was selected for the study. Data including the type of the lesion, age, gender, and the site involved were collected.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
Descriptive statistics was applied to the data and differences in frequencies among groups were evaluated using SPSS (IBM Corporation) software.
RESULTS:
A total of 155 histologically diagnosed cases of RHLs were obtained with a prevalence of 11.7%. The data consist of 56 (36.1%) males and 99 (63.9%) females. The most common lesion clinically was traumatic fibroma (36.5%) and histologically fibrous hyperplasia (37.4%). The reactive lesions clinically presented as either sessile (51%) or pedunculated (49%) lesions.
CONCLUSIONS
The clinical features of reactive hyperplasia among our patients were similar to those reported previously with divergence in some analyzed data. The novelty in our study was the correlation between histopathology and clinical features which were not reported in literature till date.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Hyperplasia; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 29442089
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_599_16 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity where they are ubiquitously present and an integral part of the commensal oral biofilm microflora. The role oral... (Review)
Review
Streptococci are primary colonizers of the oral cavity where they are ubiquitously present and an integral part of the commensal oral biofilm microflora. The role oral streptococci play in the interaction with the host is ambivalent. On the one hand, they function as gatekeepers of homeostasis and are a prerequisite for the maintenance of oral health - they shape the oral microbiota, modulate the immune system to enable bacterial survival, and antagonize pathogenic species. On the other hand, also recognized pathogens, such as oral and , which trigger the onset of dental caries belong to the genus . In the context of periodontitis, oral streptococci as excellent initial biofilm formers have an accessory function, enabling late biofilm colonizers to inhabit gingival pockets and cause disease. The pathogenic potential of oral streptococci fully unfolds when their dissemination into the bloodstream occurs; streptococcal infection can cause extra-oral diseases, such as infective endocarditis and hemorrhagic stroke. In this review, the taxonomic diversity of oral streptococci, their role and prevalence in the oral cavity and their contribution to oral health and disease will be discussed, focusing on the virulence factors these species employ for interactions at the host interface.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; Streptococcus; Streptococcus mutans; Streptococcus sobrinus; Mouth; Biofilms
PubMed: 38456080
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1357631 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... 2013To assess the usefulness of single-staged posteriorly based dorsal tongue flap in oral cavity reconstruction following ablative surgery, in terms of flap viability,...
AIM
To assess the usefulness of single-staged posteriorly based dorsal tongue flap in oral cavity reconstruction following ablative surgery, in terms of flap viability, functional outcome and donor site morbidity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A prospective database of patients who were reconstructed with dorsal tongue flap between July 2006 and November 2010 was used.
RESULTS
There were 27 patients who had tongue flap reconstruction in this period. Size of the defect following excision ranged from 3.5-5 cm in greatest dimension. Marginal mandibulectomy was done in thirteen patients and in twelve patients mucoperiosteal stripping was done. There was no partial or total flap loss in our series. Two patients had minor salivary leak which was managed conservatively. All the patients had adequate mouth opening, good swallowing and speech following surgery.
CONCLUSION
Dorsal tongue flap is a simple and reliable flap for intra oral reconstruction. It provides good functional results without much morbidity.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Deglutition; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Prospective Studies; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Surgical Flaps; Tongue; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 23771361
DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.113354 -
FEMS Yeast Research Nov 2015The role of polymicrobial biofilm infections in medicine is becoming more apparent. Increasing number of microbiome studies and deep sequencing has enabled us to develop... (Review)
Review
The role of polymicrobial biofilm infections in medicine is becoming more apparent. Increasing number of microbiome studies and deep sequencing has enabled us to develop a greater understanding of how positive and negative microbial interactions influence disease outcomes. An environment where this is particularly pertinent is within the oral cavity, a rich and diverse ecosystem inhabited by both bacteria and yeasts, which collectively occupy and coexist within various niches as biofilm communities. Studies within this environment have however tended to be subject to extensive independent investigation, in the context of either polymicrobial bacterial communities or yeast biofilms, but rarely both together. It is clear however that they are not mutually exclusive. Therefore, this review aims to explore the influence of candidal populations on the composition of these complex aggregates and biofilm communities, to investigate their mechanistic interactions to understand how these impact clinical outcomes, and determine whether we can translate how this knowledge can be used to improve patient management.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Biofilms; Candida; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microbial Interactions; Models, Animal; Mouth; Symbiosis
PubMed: 26298018
DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov077 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Aug 2021In recent years, oral probiotics have been researched on their effectiveness in reducing and preventing oral diseases. Oral probiotics could be introduced into the oral... (Review)
Review
In recent years, oral probiotics have been researched on their effectiveness in reducing and preventing oral diseases. Oral probiotics could be introduced into the oral cavity to keep the equilibrium of the microbiome. Hence, the delivery carrier for oral probiotics plays an important factor to ensure a high number of oral probiotics were delivered and released into the oral cavity. This review presents a brief overview of oral microbiota and the role of oral probiotics in reducing oral diseases. Moreover, important aspects of the oral probiotic product such as viability, adherence ability, health effects, safety, and delivery site were discussed. Besides that, the importance of utilizing indigenous oral probiotics was also emphasized. Oral probiotics are commonly found in the market in the form of chewing tablets, lozenges, and capsules. Hence, the oral probiotic carriers currently used in the market and research were reviewed. Furthermore, this review introduces new potential oral probiotic delivery carriers such as oral strip, bucco-adhesive gel, and mouthwash. Their effectiveness in delivering oral probiotics for oral health was also explored.
Topics: Microbiota; Mouth; Oral Health; Probiotics
PubMed: 34351255
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001076 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022The oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and both pathogenic and commensal strains are involved in the development of carcinogenesis by stimulating... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and both pathogenic and commensal strains are involved in the development of carcinogenesis by stimulating chronic inflammation, affecting cell proliferation, and inhibiting cell apoptosis. Moreover, some substances produced by oral bacteria can also act in a carcinogenic manner. The link between oral microbiota and chronic inflammation as well as cell proliferation has been well established. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated the association of the oral microbiota with cell migration, which is crucial in regulating devastating diseases such as cancer. For instance, increased cell migration induced the spread of highly malignant cancer cells. Due to advanced technologies, the mechanistic understanding of cell migration in carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis is undergoing rapid progress. Thus, this review addressed the complexities of cell migration in carcinogenesis and cancer metastasis. We also integrate recent findings on the molecular mechanisms by which the oral microbiota regulates cell migration, with emphasis on the effect of the oral microbiota on adhesion, polarization, and guidance. Finally, we also highlight critical techniques, such as intravital microscopy and superresolution microscopy, for studies in this field.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Cell Movement; Humans; Inflammation; Microbiota; Mouth; Neoplasms
PubMed: 35573798
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.864479 -
Medecine Sciences : M/S Mar 2020The oral cavity is one of the main route for environmental contaminations associated to many chronic diseases (cancers, fertility and behavior disorders for example) via... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is one of the main route for environmental contaminations associated to many chronic diseases (cancers, fertility and behavior disorders for example) via alimentation, medications and respiration. These environmental factors including, among others, endocrine disruptors and excessive fluoride can disrupt dental development and thus generate irreversible enamel defects. These defects are then treated with materials that may release molecules capable of generating these defects, leading to a vicious circle, particularly in pregnant women and young children. The present paper aims to review the state of knowledge, questions and controversies on common environmental factors in contact with the oral cavity. It also reviews their mechanisms of action and the mediators involved in enamel pathologies associated with environmental conditions. Dental tissues can not only be targeted by environmental factors but can also serve as early and easily accessible markers of exposure to these agents. Understanding and characterizing the environmental impact in the oral cavity will help to prevent multiple diseases, oral and distant, whose link with oral homeostasis is just being explored.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Biomarkers; Bone Diseases, Developmental; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Enamel Hypoplasia; Diet; Drug Administration Routes; Endocrine Disruptors; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Fluorides; Humans; Mouth; Pregnancy; Stomatognathic Diseases
PubMed: 32228840
DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020024