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Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Mar 2007The role that bats have played in the emergence of several new infectious diseases has been under review. Bats have been identified as the reservoir hosts of newly... (Review)
Review
The role that bats have played in the emergence of several new infectious diseases has been under review. Bats have been identified as the reservoir hosts of newly emergent viruses such as Nipah virus, Hendra virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-like coronaviruses. This article expands on recent findings about bats and viruses and their relevance to human infections. It briefly reviews the history of chiropteran viruses and discusses their emergence in the context of geography, phylogeny, and ecology. The public health and trade impacts of several outbreaks are also discussed. Finally, we attempt to predict where, when, and why we may see the emergence of new chiropteran viruses.
Topics: Animals; Chiroptera; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Vectors; Humans; Orthoreovirus, Mammalian; Phylogeny; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 17278066
DOI: 10.1086/511078 -
Veterinaria Italiana May 2021Common pathogens of intensive poultry farms, either parasitic or bacterial, such as Coccidiaor Salmonella, are well known and strictly controlled by veterinary...
Common pathogens of intensive poultry farms, either parasitic or bacterial, such as Coccidiaor Salmonella, are well known and strictly controlled by veterinary management. This case study reports an unusual case of runting stunting syndrome (RSS) observed on a Sicilian poultry farm of broiler chickens during 2019. The investigation was carried out on five chickens which present delayed in body weight and growth performance. Animals showed also difficulty in deambulation and diarrhea. At necropsy, intestinal lesions were detected in three of the five clinical cases. Gut samples were collected and analyzed to identify potential pathogens responsible for the RSS. Presence of viruses was detected by using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‑qPCR), while selected tissues were fixed and embedded in paraffin wax according to routine procedures. All histological sections were stained with hematoxylin‑eosin. RT‑qPCR successfully detected both Chicken astrovirus (CAstV) and Avian orthoreovirus (ARV). Histology evidenced severe specific lesions on the intestinal mucosa in liver and kidneys. Chicken astrovirus and Avian orthoreovirus RNA was also detected in cecal tonsils, kidney and liver, thus implying their possible primary role in inducing the disease. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of other possible factors (low biosecurity measures, e.g.) and, most of all, the consequences in terms of economic losses and animal health impairment.
Topics: Animals; Astroviridae Infections; Avastrovirus; Chickens; Coinfection; Diagnosis, Differential; Orthoreovirus, Avian; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases; RNA, Viral; Reoviridae Infections; Sicily
PubMed: 34313103
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.2222.13654.1 -
Viruses Nov 2015A renewed interest in mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRVs) has emerged since new viruses related to bat MRV type 3, detected in Europe, were identified in humans and pigs...
A renewed interest in mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRVs) has emerged since new viruses related to bat MRV type 3, detected in Europe, were identified in humans and pigs with gastroenteritis. This study reports the isolation and characterization of a novel reassortant MRV from the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros). The isolate, here designated BatMRV1-IT2011, was first identified by electron microscopy and confirmed using PCR and virus-neutralization tests. The full genome sequence was obtained by next-generation sequencing. Molecular and antigenic characterizations revealed that BatMRV1-IT2011 belonged to serotype 1, which had not previously been identified in bats. Phylogenetic and recombination detection program analyses suggested that BatMRV1-IT2011 was a reassortant strain containing an S1 genome segment similar to those of MRV T1/bovine/Maryland/Clone23/59 and C/bovine/ Indiana/MRV00304/2014, while other segments were more similar to MRVs of different hosts, origins and serotypes. The presence of neutralizing antibodies against MRVs has also been investigated in animals (dogs, pigs, bovines and horses). Preliminary results suggested that MRVs are widespread in animals and that infections containing multiple serotypes, including MRVs of serotype 1 with an S1 gene similar to BatMRV1-IT2011, are common. This paper extends the current knowledge of MRVs and stresses the importance to continue and improve MRV surveillance in bats and other mammals through the development and standardization of specific diagnostic tools.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Chiroptera; Europe; Genome, Viral; Microscopy, Electron; Neutralization Tests; Orthoreovirus, Mammalian; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA, Viral; Reassortant Viruses; Recombination, Genetic; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Sequence Homology; Virion
PubMed: 26569289
DOI: 10.3390/v7112908 -
Journal of Virological Methods Jun 2020Reassortment of segmented viruses can be an important source of genetic diversity underlying viral evolution and emergence. Methods for the quantification of...
Reassortment of segmented viruses can be an important source of genetic diversity underlying viral evolution and emergence. Methods for the quantification of reassortment have been described but are often cumbersome and best suited for the analysis of reassortment between highly divergent parental strains. While it is useful to understand the potential of divergent parents to reassort, outcomes of such heterologous reassortment are driven by differential selection acting on the progeny and are typically strain specific. To quantify reassortment robustly, a system free of differential selection is needed. We have generated such a system for influenza A virus and for mammalian orthoreovirus by constructing well-matched parental viruses carrying small genetic tags. The method utilizes high-resolution melt technology for the identification of reassortant viruses. Ease of sample preparation and data analysis enables streamlined genotyping of a large number of virus clones. The method described here thereby allows quantification of the efficiency of reassortment and can be applied to diverse segmented viruses.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Flow Cytometry; Genetic Markers; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Genotype; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Influenza A virus; Mutation; Orthoreovirus, Mammalian; Reassortant Viruses; Recombination, Genetic; Sequence Analysis, RNA
PubMed: 32353455
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113878 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2021Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV), a non-enveloped virus with a ten-segmented double-stranded RNA genome, infects virtually all mammals, including humans. Human infection...
Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV), a non-enveloped virus with a ten-segmented double-stranded RNA genome, infects virtually all mammals, including humans. Human infection with MRV seems to be common in early childhood, but is rarely symptomatic. Despite the ubiquitous presence of MRV in mammals as well as in environmental waters, the molecular characterisation of the MRV genome remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, two novel strains, MRV-2 THK0325 and MRV-1 THK0617, were unintentionally isolated from wastewater in Japan via an environmental surveillance of enteric viruses. Homology and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all the segments of THK0325 were closely related to the MRV-2 Osaka strains, which were recently proposed to have existed for at least two decades in Japan. Most of the segments in THK0617 also showed a close relationship with the MRV-2 Osaka strains, but the M2, S1, and S3 segments belong to another MRV cluster. According to the S1 sequence, the determinant of serotype THK0617 was classified as MRV-1, and both the M2 and S3 segments were closely related to MRV-1 and -3 from the tree shrew in China. These results suggest that the MRV-2 Osaka-like strain spread widely throughout Japan, accompanied by intertypic reassortment occurring in East Asia.
Topics: Animals; China; Chiroptera; Feces; Humans; Orthoreovirus, Mammalian; Phylogeny; Reassortant Viruses; Serogroup; Swine; Swine Diseases; Wastewater
PubMed: 34131201
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92019-z -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Various pathogens, such as Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory...
Various pathogens, such as Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, are threatening human health worldwide. The natural hosts of these pathogens are thought to be bats. The rousette bat, a megabat, is thought to be a natural reservoir of filoviruses, including Ebola and Marburg viruses. Additionally, the rousette bat showed a transient infection in the experimental inoculation of SARS-CoV-2. In the current study, we established and characterized intestinal organoids from Leschenault's rousette, . The established organoids successfully recapitulated the characteristics of intestinal epithelial structure and morphology, and the appropriate supplements necessary for long-term stable culture were identified. The organoid showed susceptibility to Pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) but not to SARS-CoV-2 in experimental inoculation. This is the first report of the establishment of an expandable organoid culture system of the rousette bat intestinal organoid and its sensitivity to bat-associated viruses, PRV and SARS-CoV-2. This organoid is a useful tool for the elucidation of tolerance mechanisms of the emerging rousette bat-associated viruses such as Ebola and Marburg virus.
Topics: Animals; COVID-19; Cell Culture Techniques; Cells, Cultured; Chiroptera; Humans; Intestines; Organoids; Orthoreovirus; Reoviridae Infections; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34639103
DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910763 -
Virology Oct 2020Filamentous mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) viral factories (VFs) are membrane-less cytosolic inclusions in which virus transcription, replication of dsRNA genome...
Filamentous mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) viral factories (VFs) are membrane-less cytosolic inclusions in which virus transcription, replication of dsRNA genome segments, and packaging of virus progeny into newly synthesized virus cores take place. In infected cells, the MRV μ2 protein forms punctae in the enlarged region of the filamentous VFs that are co-localized with γ-tubulin and resistant to nocodazole treatment, and permitted microtubule (MT)-extension, features common to MT-organizing centers (MTOCs). Using a previously established reconstituted VF model, we addressed the functions of MT-components and MTOCs concerning their roles in the formation of filamentous VFs. Indeed, the MTOC markers γ-tubulin and centrin were redistributed within the VF-like structures (VFLS) in a μ2-dependent manner. Moreover, the MT-nucleation centers significantly increased in numbers, and γ-tubulin was pulled-down in a binding assay when co-expressed with histidine-tagged-μ2 and μNS. Thus, μ2, by interaction with γ-tubulin, can modulate MTOCs localization and function according to viral needs.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Chlorocebus aethiops; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression Regulation; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Microtubule-Organizing Center; Microtubules; Nocodazole; Orthoreovirus, Mammalian; Signal Transduction; Tubulin; Tubulin Modulators; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32805585
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.07.008 -
Nature Communications Sep 2020Traditionally, molecular assembly pathways for viruses are inferred from high resolution structures of purified stable intermediates, low resolution images of cell...
Traditionally, molecular assembly pathways for viruses are inferred from high resolution structures of purified stable intermediates, low resolution images of cell sections and genetic approaches. Here, we directly visualise an unsuspected 'single shelled' intermediate for a mammalian orthoreovirus in cryo-preserved infected cells, by cryo-electron tomography of cellular lamellae. Particle classification and averaging yields structures to 5.6 Å resolution, sufficient to identify secondary structural elements and produce an atomic model of the intermediate, comprising 120 copies each of protein λ1 and σ2. This λ1 shell is 'collapsed' compared to the mature virions, with molecules pushed inwards at the icosahedral fivefolds by ~100 Å, reminiscent of the first assembly intermediate of certain prokaryotic dsRNA viruses. This supports the supposition that these viruses share a common ancestor, and suggests mechanisms for the assembly of viruses of the Reoviridae. Such methodology holds promise for dissecting the replication cycle of many viruses.
Topics: Animals; Capsid; Cell Line; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Electron Microscope Tomography; Orthoreovirus; Virion; Virus Assembly
PubMed: 32895380
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18243-9 -
Journal of Virology Jan 2022Although a broad range of viruses cause myocarditis, the mechanisms that underlie viral myocarditis are poorly understood. Here, we report that the M2 gene is a...
Although a broad range of viruses cause myocarditis, the mechanisms that underlie viral myocarditis are poorly understood. Here, we report that the M2 gene is a determinant of reovirus myocarditis. The M2 gene encodes outer capsid protein μ1, which mediates host membrane penetration during reovirus entry. We infected newborn C57BL/6 mice with reovirus strain type 1 Lang (T1L) or a reassortant reovirus in which the M2 gene from strain type 3 Dearing (T3D) was substituted into the T1L genetic background (T1L/T3DM2). T1L was nonlethal in wild-type mice, whereas more than 90% of mice succumbed to T1L/T3DM2 infection. T1L/T3DM2 produced higher viral loads than T1L at the site of inoculation. In secondary organs, T1L/T3DM2 was detected with more rapid kinetics and reached higher peak titers than T1L. We found that hearts from T1L/T3DM2-infected mice were grossly abnormal, with large lesions indicative of substantial inflammatory infiltrate. Lesions in T1L/T3DM2-infected mice contained necrotic cardiomyocytes with pyknotic debris, as well as extensive lymphocyte and histiocyte infiltration. In contrast, T1L induced the formation of small purulent lesions in a small subset of animals, consistent with T1L being mildly myocarditic. Finally, more activated caspase-3-positive cells were observed in hearts from animals infected with T1L/T3DM2 than T1L. Together, our findings indicate that substitution of the T3D M2 allele into an otherwise T1L genetic background is sufficient to change a nonlethal infection into a lethal infection. Our results further indicate that T3D M2 enhances T1L replication and dissemination , which potentiates the capacity of reovirus to cause myocarditis. Reovirus is a nonenveloped virus with a segmented double-stranded RNA genome that serves as a model for studying viral myocarditis. The mechanisms by which reovirus drives myocarditis development are not fully elucidated. We found that substituting the M2 gene from strain type 3 Dearing (T3D) into an otherwise type 1 Lang (T1L) genetic background (T1L/T3DM2) was sufficient to convert the nonlethal T1L strain into a lethal infection in neonatal C57BL/6 mice. T1L/T3DM2 disseminated more efficiently and reached higher maximum titers than T1L in all organs tested, including the heart. T1L is mildly myocarditic and induced small areas of cardiac inflammation in a subset of mice. In contrast, hearts from mice infected with T1L/T3DM2 contained extensive cardiac inflammatory infiltration and more activated caspase-3-positive cells, which is indicative of apoptosis. Together, our findings identify the reovirus M2 gene as a new determinant of reovirus-induced myocarditis.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Capsid Proteins; Inflammation; Mammalian orthoreovirus 3; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Myocarditis; Orthoreovirus, Mammalian; Reoviridae Infections; Viral Load; Virulence; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34757847
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01879-21 -
Poultry Science Oct 2023Since 2005, novel duck reoviruses have been outbreaks in duck breeding areas such as central China and South China. In recent years, the incidence rate of this disease...
Since 2005, novel duck reoviruses have been outbreaks in duck breeding areas such as central China and South China. In recent years, the incidence rate of this disease is still increasing, bringing serious economic losses to waterfowl breeding industry. This study isolated 3 novel duck reoviruses (NDRV-SDLS, NDRV-SDWF, and NDRV-SDYC) from sick ducks in 3 local duck farms in Shandong Province. The study aimed to investigate the characteristics of these viruses. The virus is inoculated into duck embryo fibroblasts, where the virus replicates to produce syncytium and dies within 3 to 5 d. The viruses were also isolated from infected ducks, and RT-PCR amplified the whole genomes after passage purification in duck embryos. The resulting whole genome was analyzed for genetic evolution. The total length of the gene sequencing was 23,418 bp, divided into 10 fragments. Gene sequence comparison showed that the 3 strains had high similarity with novel duck reoviruses (NDRV) but low similarity with chicken-origin reovirus (chicken ARV) and Muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV), especially in the σC segment. Phylogenetic analysis of the 10 fragments showed that the 3 isolates constituted the same evolutionary clade as other DRV reference strains and were far related to ARV and MDRV in different evolutionary clades. The results of all 10 segments indicate that the isolates are in the evolutionary branch of NDRV, suggesting that the novel waterfowl reovirus is the dominant circulating strain in Shandong. This study complements the gene bank information of NDRV and provides references for vaccine research and disease prediction of NDRV in Shandong.
Topics: Animals; Orthoreovirus, Avian; Reoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Chickens; China; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 37566967
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102969