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The Journal of Physiological Sciences :... May 2017Disseminated metastasis is associated with a poor prognosis, and its management in the peritoneal or pleural cavity is crucial in the treatment of cancer. Recent studies... (Review)
Review
Disseminated metastasis is associated with a poor prognosis, and its management in the peritoneal or pleural cavity is crucial in the treatment of cancer. Recent studies show that ion and water transporters play important roles in fundamental cellular functions, including the regulation of cell volume that would be involved in the cancer process. Here, we review the evidence for hypotonic treatments of cancer and evaluate the potential of the cellular physiological approach in clinical management. The regulation of extracellular osmolality is a promising method, with several studies demonstrating the cytocidal effects of hypotonic solution on cancer cells. Peritoneal lavage with distilled water (DW) during surgery is reported to improve the survival rate of patients with spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma. The in vitro studies included in this review also indicate the cytocidal effects of hypotonic shock on esophageal, gastric, colonic, pancreatic, and liver cancer cells with several unique methods and apparatuses, such as a differential interference contrast microscope connected to a digital video camera, a high-resolution flow cytometer and re-incubation analysis. The in vivo studies demonstrate the safeness of a peritoneal injection of DW into mice and indicate that the development of dissemination nodules can be prevented by the pre-incubation of cancer cells with DW or the peritoneal injection of DW. We also demonstrate that the blockade of Cl channels/transporters enhances the cytocidal effects of hypotonic shock by inhibiting regulatory volume decrease in various cancer cells. A deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms may lead to the discovery of these cellular physiological approaches as a novel therapeutic strategy for disseminated metastasis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Hypotonic Solutions; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Peritoneal Lavage
PubMed: 28185236
DOI: 10.1007/s12576-017-0528-x -
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis Sep 2014Substituting whole blood osmolality for plasma osmolality could expedite treatments otherwise delayed by the time required to separate erythrocytes from plasma. The... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Substituting whole blood osmolality for plasma osmolality could expedite treatments otherwise delayed by the time required to separate erythrocytes from plasma. The purpose of this study was to compare the measured osmolality (mmol/kg) and calculated osmolarity (mmol/l) of whole blood and plasma.
METHODS
The osmolality of whole blood and plasma was measured using freezing point depression by micro-osmometer and osmolarity calculated from biosensor measures of sodium, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen. The influence of sample volume was also investigated post hoc by comparing measured osmolality at 20 and 250 μl.
RESULTS
Sixty-two volunteers provided 168 paired whole blood and plasma samples for analysis. The mean difference (whole blood - plasma; ±standard deviation) in osmolality was 10 ± 3 mmol/kg. Whole blood was greater than plasma in 168 of 168 cases (100%) and data distributions overlapped by 27%. The mean difference in osmolarity was 0 ± 2 mmol/l. Whole blood was greater than plasma in 90 of 168 cases (56%) and data distributions overlapped by 90%. The osmol gap (osmolality - osmolarity) was 16 ± 6 mmol for whole blood and 7 ± 5 mmol for plasma. Ten volunteers were tested on one occasion post hoc to investigate the potential effects of sample volume. The difference between whole blood and plasma was reduced to 3 ± 2 mmol/kg with a larger (250 μl vs. 20 μl) sample volume.
CONCLUSIONS
This investigation provides strong evidence that whole blood and plasma osmolality are not interchangeable measurements when a 20 μl sample is used.
Topics: Adult; Blood; Blood Chemical Analysis; Female; Humans; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Plasma; Young Adult
PubMed: 24648281
DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21695 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal... May 2019High feed osmolality (or osmolarity) is often suggested to be linked with adverse gastrointestinal events in preterm infants.
BACKGROUND
High feed osmolality (or osmolarity) is often suggested to be linked with adverse gastrointestinal events in preterm infants.
AIM
To systematically review the literature on milk feed osmolality and adverse gastrointestinal events in newborn and low birthweight infants and animals.
METHODS
MEDLINE, Embase, CAB Abstracts, Current Contents, BIOSIS Previews and SciSearch were searched from inception to May 2018 to identify potentially relevant studies.
INCLUSION CRITERIA
randomised controlled or observational studies of newborn and low birthweight infants or animals investigating the effects of milk-based feeds with different osmolalities. Only full-text, English-language papers were included.
RESULTS
Ten human and six animal studies met the inclusion criteria. Of human studies, seven reported no differences in adverse events with varying feed osmolalities; one reported delayed gastric emptying with feed osmolarity of 539 mOsm/L compared with lower levels; one reported higher necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) incidence with feed osmolarity of 650 mOsm/L compared with 359 mOsm/L; one found higher NEC incidence with the lowest feed osmolality (326 mOsm/kg compared with 385 mOsm/kg). Of animal studies, two reported delayed gastric emptying with feed osmolarity >624 mOsm/L, one reported decreased survival due to dehydration with dietary osmolarities ≥765 mOsmol/L and none reported increased NEC incidence with differing feed osmolalities. No clear mechanisms were found, and diet composition differences limited the interpretations regarding the independent impact of osmolality.
CONCLUSIONS
There is no consistent evidence that differences in feed osmolality in the range 300-500 mOsm/kg are associated with adverse gastrointestinal symptoms in neonates.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Gastric Emptying; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Infant Formula; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Milk; Milk, Human; Osmolar Concentration
PubMed: 30523072
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2018-315946 -
Age and Ageing Oct 2023Hydration is a fundamental aspect of clinical practice and yet it is an under-researched topic, particularly in older people, leading to many areas of uncertainty. There...
Hydration is a fundamental aspect of clinical practice and yet it is an under-researched topic, particularly in older people, leading to many areas of uncertainty. There are two types of dehydration; hypertonic, which is a water deficit, and isotonic, which is a deficit of both water and salt. Individual clinical signs and bedside tests are poor diagnostic tools, making dehydration difficult to identify. However, the diagnostic value of a holistic clinical approach is not known. The gold-standard clinical test for dehydration is serum osmolality, but this cannot diagnose isotonic dehydration and may delay diagnosis in acute situations. Salivary osmolality point-of-care testing is a promising and rapid new diagnostic test capable of detecting both hypertonic and isotonic dehydration in older people, but further evidence to support its clinical utility is needed. Daily fluid requirements may be less than previously thought in adults, but the evidence specific to older people remains limited. Hydration via the subcutaneous route is safer and easier to initiate than the intravenous route but is limited by infusion speed and volume. Prompting older adults more frequently to drink, offering a wider selection of drinks and using drinking vessels with particular features can result in small increases in oral intake in the short-term. The ongoing clinically-assisted hydration at end of life (CHELsea II) trial will hopefully provide more evidence for the emotive issue of hydration at the end of life.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Dehydration; Water; Osmolar Concentration; Death
PubMed: 37847795
DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afad193 -
BioMed Research International 2014Iodinated contrast agents are usually classified based upon their osmolality--high, low, and isosmolar. Iodinated contrast agents are also nephrotoxic in some but not... (Review)
Review
Iodinated contrast agents are usually classified based upon their osmolality--high, low, and isosmolar. Iodinated contrast agents are also nephrotoxic in some but not all patients resulting in loss of glomerular filtration rate. Over the past 30 years, nephrotoxicity has been linked to osmolality although the precise mechanism underlying such a link has been elusive. Improvements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of nephrotoxicity and prospective randomized clinical trials have attempted to further explore the relationship between osmolality and nephrotoxicity. In this review, the basis for our current understanding that there are little if any differences in nephrotoxic potential between low and isosmolar contrast media will be detailed using data from clinical studies.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Contrast Media; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney; Osmolar Concentration; Radiography
PubMed: 24587997
DOI: 10.1155/2014/934947 -
Cardiorenal Medicine 2022Determination of adequacy of decongestion remains a significant challenge in the management of acute heart failure (AHF).
BACKGROUND
Determination of adequacy of decongestion remains a significant challenge in the management of acute heart failure (AHF).
METHODS
This is a prospective single center cohort study of patients (>18 years old) admitted for AHF on intravenous diuretics, with BNP >100 pg/mL or echocardiographic findings of reduced ejection fraction or diastolic dysfunction, and at least 1 clinical sign of volume overload. Patients with eGFR ≤45 mL/min or on dialysis, and with exposure to contrast dye or nephrotoxins were excluded. Serum and spot urine osmolality were obtained in the early morning simultaneously daily for 5 days or until discharge. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to analyze the optimal cutoffs for the osmolality values in the prediction of heart failure (HF) readmissions Results: Of the total 100 patients, 62% were male and 59% were Black American. The mean age was 64.41 ± 12.53 and 34% had preserved ejection fraction. Patients with 30-day readmission had higher serum osmolality (mOsm/kg) on admission (305 [299-310] vs. 298 [294-303]; p = 0.044) and had higher drop in serum osmolality between admission and discharge (-7.5 [-9.0, -1.25] vs. -1.0 [-4.0, 4.0]; p = 0.044). Serum osmolality on admission of >299 mOsm/kg (sensitivity: 83%, specificity: 61%) and drop in serum osmolality between admission and discharge of >2 mOsm/kg (sensitivity: 83%, specificity: 65%) was associated with 30-day HF readmissions. No patients discharged with urine osmolality more than 500 mOsm/kg had 30-day readmissions, but this was not statistically significant, p = 0.334.
CONCLUSION
Measurement of serum osmolality and urine osmolality may have some utility in AHF, but interpretation should consider baseline values and dynamic changes to account for individual differences in sodium and water handling.
Topics: Male; Humans; Middle Aged; Aged; Adolescent; Female; Prospective Studies; Cohort Studies; Heart Failure; Diuresis; Osmolar Concentration
PubMed: 35760046
DOI: 10.1159/000525730 -
Journal of Biological Physics Jun 2022Changes in the osmolality of the extracellular medium (ECM) affect cell volume and cellular processes such as cell migration and proliferation. Not only may high...
Changes in the osmolality of the extracellular medium (ECM) affect cell volume and cellular processes such as cell migration and proliferation. Not only may high concentrations of zinc (Zn) lead to cell death by apoptosis, but Zn is also a physiological suppressor of apoptosis. The aim of our study was to examine whether Zn and regulation of extracellular osmolality had an effect on the lung cancer cell line (A549) and how to be changed in ECM according to elements and osmolality depending on incubation time and Zn application. Our study consisted of four groups: cell-free medium, ECM of cancer cell after 24 h incubation (24hECM), ECM of cancer cell after 48 h incubation (48hECM), and ECM of cancer cell after 48 h incubation with ZnCl (48hECM + Zn). ECM osmolality was measured by using osmometer, and the levels of chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) elements were analyzed using ICP-OES device for all groups. According to the result of the analysis, a statistically significant difference was found when osmolality and element values of ECM of 24hECM and 48hECM groups were compared with the values of the 48hECM + Zn group. It was observed that there was a decrease in the levels of Cr, Fe, and Mg with Zn application and incubation period in ECM. The regulation of ECM osmolality is a promising method due to biophysical effects on cancer cells. In our study, we speculated that the understanding of the effects of Zn and osmolality with the relationship between ECM and cancer cell might lead to the discovery of biophysical approaches as a novel therapeutic strategy.
Topics: Culture Media; Iron; Magnesium; Neoplasms; Osmolar Concentration; Zinc
PubMed: 35325363
DOI: 10.1007/s10867-022-09604-0 -
ELife Nov 2021Two neural circuits control the release of vasopressin in response to eating and drinking before there are any detectable changes in blood water levels.
Two neural circuits control the release of vasopressin in response to eating and drinking before there are any detectable changes in blood water levels.
Topics: Drinking; Osmolar Concentration; Water
PubMed: 34792465
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.74551 -
JBRA Assisted Reproduction Mar 2023The objective of our study was to compare the osmolality in sequential and single step culture media, used for in vitro human embryo culture, covered with mineral oil... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
The objective of our study was to compare the osmolality in sequential and single step culture media, used for in vitro human embryo culture, covered with mineral oil and paraffin, in dry and humid incubators.
METHODS
We performed a prospective observational study. A total of 120 Petri dishes, with 960 droplets of culture media, were evaluated. Each dish was prepared with 4 droplets of single step medium and sequential medium. Sixty dishes were covered with mineral oil and 60 with paraffin oil. Half were incubated in a dry incubator and half in a humid. Osmolality was measured on days 1, 3, 5, 7. ANOVA test was performed for statistical analysis.
RESULTS
Osmolality results for single step and sequential medium, that were covered with both mineral and paraffin oil and placed in the dry incubator, significantly increased throughout the study time (D7>D5>D3). In the humid incubator, the results were similar for all periods. Osmolality was significantly lower in humid incubator, in all periods, when droplets were covered with both oils. When both culture media were placed in the humid incubator, no variation was detected, using both oils. However, when single step medium was placed in the dry incubator, covered with mineral oil, we observed a higher osmolality than the covered with paraffin oil.
CONCLUSIONS
TWe can conclude that humid incubator is better for maintaining osmolality and paraffin oil protect single step media from evaporation in dry incubator.
Topics: Humans; Mineral Oil; Embryo Culture Techniques; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; Oils; Osmolar Concentration; Culture Media; Fertilization in Vitro
PubMed: 35389044
DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20210123 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2019Epithelia act as a barrier to the external environment. The extracellular environment constantly changes, and the epithelia are required to regulate their function in... (Review)
Review
Epithelia act as a barrier to the external environment. The extracellular environment constantly changes, and the epithelia are required to regulate their function in accordance with the changes in the environment. It has been reported that a difference of the environment between the apical and basal sides of epithelia such as osmolality and hydrostatic pressure affects various epithelial functions including transepithelial transport, cytoskeleton, and cell proliferation. In this paper, we review the regulation of epithelial functions by the gradients of osmolality and hydrostatic pressure. We also examine the significance of this regulation in pathological conditions especially focusing on the role of the hydrostatic pressure gradient in the pathogenesis of carcinomas. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanism by which epithelia sense the osmotic and hydrostatic pressure gradients and the possible role of the tight junction as a sensor of the extracellular environment to regulate epithelial functions.
Topics: Animals; Biological Transport; Cytoskeleton; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Hydrostatic Pressure; Neoplasms; Osmolar Concentration; Tight Junctions
PubMed: 31319610
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143513