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Matrix Biology : Journal of the... 2016The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a diarthrodial joint that relies on lubricants for frictionless movement and long-term function. It remains unclear what temporal... (Review)
Review
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a diarthrodial joint that relies on lubricants for frictionless movement and long-term function. It remains unclear what temporal and causal relationships may exist between compromised lubrication and onset and progression of TMJ disease. Here we report that Proteoglycan 4 (Prg4)-null TMJs exhibit irreversible osteoarthritis-like changes over time and are linked to formation of ectopic mineralized tissues and osteophytes in articular disc, mandibular condyle and glenoid fossa. In the presumptive layer of mutant glenoid fossa's articulating surface, numerous chondrogenic cells and/or chondrocytes emerged ectopically within the type I collagen-expressing cell population, underwent endochondral bone formation accompanied by enhanced Ihh expression, became entrapped into temporal bone mineralized matrix, and thereby elicited excessive chondroid bone formation. As the osteophytes grew, the roof of the glenoid fossa/eminence became significantly thicker and flatter, resulting in loss of its characteristic concave shape for accommodation of condyle and disc. Concurrently, the condyles became flatter and larger and exhibited ectopic bone along their neck, likely supporting the enlarged condylar heads. Articular discs lost their concave configuration, and ectopic cartilage developed and articulated with osteophytes. In glenoid fossa cells in culture, hedgehog signaling stimulated chondrocyte maturation and mineralization including alkaline phosphatase, while treatment with hedgehog inhibitor HhAntag prevented such maturation process. In sum, our data indicate that Prg4 is needed for TMJ integrity and long-term postnatal function. In its absence, progenitor cells near presumptive articular layer and disc undergo ectopic chondrogenesis and generate ectopic cartilage, possibly driven by aberrant activation of Hh signaling. The data suggest also that the Prg4-null mice represent a useful model to study TMJ osteoarthritis-like degeneration and clarify its pathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Disease Models, Animal; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Hedgehog Proteins; Humans; Mice; Osteoarthritis; Osteophyte; Proteoglycans; Signal Transduction; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
PubMed: 26945615
DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.03.001 -
Turkish Neurosurgery Jul 2010Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is a disorder presenting with low back and groin pain. It should be taken into consideration during the preoperative differential diagnosis...
AIM
Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is a disorder presenting with low back and groin pain. It should be taken into consideration during the preoperative differential diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation, lumbar spinal stenosis and facet syndrome.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Four cases with sacroiliac dysfunction are presented. The clinical and radiological signs supported the evidence of sacroiliac dysfunction, and exact diagnosis was made after positive response to sacroiliac joint block.
RESULTS
A percutaneous sacroiliac fixation provided pain relief in all cases. The mean VAS scores reduced from 8.2 to 2.2.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that sacroiliac joint dysfunction diagnosis requires a careful physical examination of the sacroiliac joints in all cases with low back and groin pain. The diagnosis is made based on positive response to the sacroiliac block. Sacroiliac fixation was found to be effective in carefully selected cases.
Topics: Adult; External Fixators; Female; Humans; Joint Diseases; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Osteophyte; Pain Measurement; Sacroiliac Joint; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 20669115
DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.2612-09.2 -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Dec 2021To characterize the differences and correlations in osteophyte volumes between and within proximal tibial compartments, and to assess the correlations between osteophyte...
Proximal tibial osteophyte volumes are correlated spatially and with knee alignment: a quantitative analysis suggesting the influence of biochemical and mechanical factors in the development of osteophytes.
OBJECTIVE
To characterize the differences and correlations in osteophyte volumes between and within proximal tibial compartments, and to assess the correlations between osteophyte volumes and the femorotibial angle.
DESIGN
CT scans of 73 knees with predominantly medial femorotibial osteoarthritis (21 K/L2, 28 K/L3, 24 K/L4) were retrospectively analyzed using a new, reproducible method measuring total and subregional osteophyte volumes in the medial and lateral compartments. Non-parametric statistics was used for comparison and correlation analyses.
RESULTS
Total osteophyte volumes were larger in the medial than in the lateral compartment for all severity groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, statistically significant differences were observed among subregions of the lateral compartment in K/L3 and K/L4 knees. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between the medial and lateral total osteophyte volumes in K/L3 and K/L4 knees (ρ ≥ 0.44, p = 0.03), and among most subregional osteophyte volumes within each compartment in K/L3 knees. Markedly fewer statistically significant correlations were present in K/L2 and K/L4 knees. In K/L3 knees, the femorotibial angle was statistically significantly positively correlated with the total osteophyte volume in the medial compartment (ρ = 0.50, p = 0.01), with osteophyte volumes in most medial subregions, and with the osteophyte volume in the lateral posterior subregion (ρ = 0.40, p = 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Quantitative assessment of osteophytes may bring insight on factors influencing their development. Positive correlations of osteophyte volumes found between and within compartments suggest the influence of biochemical mediators acting on the entire joint, while positive correlations between the femorotibial angle and osteophyte volumes suggest a role of mechanical factors. These hypotheses are to be further confirmed.
Topics: Aged; Computer Simulation; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Knee Joint; Male; Middle Aged; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Osteophyte; Retrospective Studies; Severity of Illness Index; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34571138
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2021.09.008 -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Oct 2014Hip osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone sclerosis and osteophyte formation. Nowadays, OA is thought to develop via different... (Review)
Review
Hip osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone sclerosis and osteophyte formation. Nowadays, OA is thought to develop via different etiologies that all lead to a similar form of end stage joint degradation. One of these subtypes is related to an abnormal shaped hip joint, like acetabular dysplasia and a cam deformity. These bony abnormalities are highly predictive for development of hip OA, but they are likely to already be present from childhood. This suggests that these deformations induce OA changes in the hip, well before extensive hip degradation becomes present three to four decades later. Accurate detection and successful characterization of these early OA events might lead to better treatment options for hip OA besides nowadays available invasive joint replacement surgery. However, current diagnostic imaging techniques like radiographs or plain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are not sensitive enough to detect these subtle early OA changes. Nor are they able to disentangle intertwined and overlapping cascades from different OA subtypes, and neither can they predict OA progression. New and more sensitive imaging techniques might enable us to detect first OA changes on a cellular level, providing us with new opportunities for early intervention. In this respect, shape analysis using radiography, MRI, computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT, and positron emission tomography (PET) might prove promising techniques and be more suited to detect early pathological changes in the hip joint. A broad application of these techniques might give us more understanding what can be considered physiological adaptation of the hip, or when early OA really starts. With a more clear definition of early OA, more homogenous patient populations can be selected and help with the development of new disease modifying OA interventions.
Topics: Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Hip Joint; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Osteoarthritis, Hip; Osteophyte; Positron-Emission Tomography; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 25278058
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.030 -
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders Mar 2017The factors associated with lateral curve flexibility in degenerative scoliosis have not been well documented. Disc degeneration could result in significant change in...
BACKGROUND
The factors associated with lateral curve flexibility in degenerative scoliosis have not been well documented. Disc degeneration could result in significant change in stiffness and range of motion in lateral bending films. The osteophytes could be commonly observed in degenerative spine but the relationship between osteophyte formation and curve flexibility remains controversial. The aim of the current study is to clarify if the disc degeneration and osteophyte formation were both associated with curve flexibility of degenerative scoliosis.
METHODS
A total of 85 patients were retrospectively analyzed. The inclusion criteria were as follow: age greater than 45 years, diagnosed as degenerative scoliosis and coronal Cobb angle greater than 20°. Curve flexibility was calculated based on Cobb angle, and range of motion (ROM) was based on disc angle evaluation. Regional disc degeneration score (RDS) was obtained according to Pfirrmann classification and osteophyte formation score (OFS) was based on Nanthan classification. Spearman correlation was performed to analyze the relationship between curve flexibility and RDS as well as OFS.
RESULTS
Moderate correlation was found between RDS and curve flexibility with a Spearman coefficient of -0.487 (P = 0.009). Similarly, moderate correlation was observed between curve flexibility and OFS with a Spearman coefficient of -0.429 (P = 0.012). Strong correlation was found between apical ROM and OFS compared to the relationship between curve flexibility and OFS with a Spearman coefficient of -0.627 (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
Both disc degeneration and osteophytes formation correlated with curve rigidity. The pre-operative evaluation of both features may aid in the surgical decision-making in degenerative scoliosis patients.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Intervertebral Disc Degeneration; Male; Middle Aged; Osteophyte; Retrospective Studies; Scoliosis
PubMed: 28356146
DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1471-y -
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Jul 2020Preclinical imaging in osteoarthritis is a rapidly growing area with three principal objectives: to provide rapid, sensitive tools to monitor the course of experimental... (Review)
Review
Preclinical imaging in osteoarthritis is a rapidly growing area with three principal objectives: to provide rapid, sensitive tools to monitor the course of experimental OA longitudinally; to describe the temporal relationship between tissue-specific pathologies over the course of disease; and to use molecular probes to measure disease activity in vivo. Research in this area can be broadly divided into those techniques that monitor structural changes in tissues (microCT, microMRI, ultrasound) and those that detect molecular disease activity (positron emission tomography (PET), optical and optoacoustic imaging). The former techniques have largely evolved from experience in human joint imaging and have been refined for small animal use. Some of the latter tools, such as optical imaging, have been developed in preclinical models and may have translational benefit in the future for patient stratification and for monitoring disease progression and response to treatment. In this narrative review we describe these methodologies and discuss the benefits to animal research, understanding OA pathogenesis, and in the development of human biomarkers.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Cartilage, Articular; Disease Models, Animal; Joints; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mice; Molecular Imaging; Optical Imaging; Osteoarthritis; Osteophyte; Photoacoustic Techniques; Positron-Emission Tomography; Synovial Membrane; Ultrasonography; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 32305526
DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2020.03.016 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2024Osteophytes are frequently observed in elderly people and most commonly appear at the anterior edge of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae body. The anterior osteophytes...
Osteophytes are frequently observed in elderly people and most commonly appear at the anterior edge of the cervical and lumbar vertebrae body. The anterior osteophytes keep developing and will lead to neck/back pain over time. In clinical practice, the accurate measurement of the anterior osteophyte length and the understanding of the temporal progression of anterior osteophyte growth are of vital importance to clinicians for effective treatment planning. This study proposes a new measuring method using the osteophyte ratio index to quantify anterior osteophyte length based on lateral radiographs. Moreover, we develop a continuous stochastic degradation model with time-related functions to characterize the anterior osteophyte formation and growth process on cervical and lumbar vertebrae over time. Follow-up data of anterior osteophytes up to 9 years are obtained for measurement and model validation. The agreement test indicates excellent reproducibility for our measuring method. The proposed model accurately fits the osteophyte growth paths. The model predicts the mean time to onset of pain and obtained survival function of the degenerative vertebrae. This research opens the door to future quantification and mathematical modeling of the anterior osteophyte growth on human cervical and lumbar vertebrae. The measured follow-up data is shared for future studies.
Topics: Humans; Osteophyte; Follow-Up Studies; Lumbar Vertebrae; Cervical Vertebrae; Radiography; Female; Male; Aged; Stochastic Processes; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38658644
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60212-5 -
Joint Bone Spine Jul 2022To illustrate the microstructural and histomorphological characteristics of osteophytes in the human knee osteoarthritis (OA).
OBJECTIVES
To illustrate the microstructural and histomorphological characteristics of osteophytes in the human knee osteoarthritis (OA).
METHODS
Tibial plateau specimens, including osteophytes and subchondral trabecular bone (STB) from weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing regions, were obtained from 81 patients with OA after total knee arthroplasty surgery. All the patients had varus deformity of the knee. Micro-CT was applied to evaluate the microstructure characteristics of the tibial plateau, which was segmented into 6 regions of interest (ROIs). After micro-CT scanning, decalcified and undecalcified bone histology were performed to assess histological features and bone remodeling status in these different ROIs.
RESULTS
In both medial and lateral plateaus, osteophytes exhibited a less sclerotic microstructure and higher bone remodeling level compared with STB from weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing regions. Moreover, the medial osteophyte tended to have a more sclerotic microarchitecture and a relatively low level of bone metabolism than its lateral counterpart. Osteophyte, which consists of mesenchymal connective tissue cap, cartilage and mineralized bone tissue, demonstrated evident chondrocyte hypertrophy and endochondral ossification in the cartilage-to-bone interface. Compared with the non-weight-bearing region, the weight-bearing region showed more severely deteriorated cartilage, and more sclerotic subchondral bone with high remodeling status.
CONCLUSION
Osteophytes exhibited a sparse microstructure and high bone remodeling level in knee OA, but demonstrating region-dependent variations. In addition, the microstructure, bone metabolism status and pathological alterations of osteochondral complex were distinct between weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing regions in the tibial plateau. Biomechanical stress might play a pivotal role in osteophyte formation and deterioration of osteochondral complex.
Topics: Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee; Cartilage, Articular; Humans; Knee Joint; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Osteophyte; Tibia
PubMed: 35124210
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2022.105353 -
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... Sep 2022The presence of medial tibial osteophytes on knee radiographs suggests cartilage wear, but may be associated with medial meniscus extrusion (MME). The joint space width...
Medial Tibial Osteophyte Width Strongly Reflects Medial Meniscus Extrusion Distance and Medial Joint Space Width Moderately Reflects Cartilage Thickness in Knee Radiographs.
BACKGROUND
The presence of medial tibial osteophytes on knee radiographs suggests cartilage wear, but may be associated with medial meniscus extrusion (MME). The joint space width of the medial compartment consists anatomically of cartilage and the medial meniscus, but which is most responsible for joint space narrowing remains unclear. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals MME and cartilage thickness.
PURPOSES
To determine which radiographic medial tibial osteophyte width correlates better with cartilage thickness or MME distance and which radiographic medial joint space width correlates better with cartilage thickness or MME distance.
STUDY TYPE
Cross-sectional.
POPULATION
Total of 527 subjects, 253 females and 274 males, aged 30-79 years, included in the Kanagawa Knee Study.
FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE
3 T/fat-suppressed spoiled gradient echo and proton density weighted.
ASSESSMENT
The medial tibial osteophyte width and "the minimum joint space width at the medial compartment" (mJSW) were measured from plain radiographs. The cartilage region was automatically extracted from MRI data using software. The medial femoral and tibial cartilage regions were each divided into nine subregions, and the average thickness of the cartilage was determined in each region and subregion. MME was manually measured by two orthopedic surgeons using MRI coronal section images.
STATISTICAL TESTS
Pearson's correlation coefficient and their comparison, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
The absolute values of the correlation coefficients were 0.33 at maximum between osteophyte width and cartilage thickness and 0.76 between osteophyte width and MME; the value was significantly higher with MME than with cartilage thickness (P < 0.001). The absolute values of the correlation coefficients were 0.50 at maximum between mJSW and cartilage thickness and 0.16 between mJSW and MME; the value was significantly higher with cartilage thickness than with MME (P < 0.001).
DATA CONCLUSION
The medial tibial osteophyte width strongly reflected MME and the medial joint space width moderately reflected cartilage thickness.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 3.
Topics: Cartilage, Articular; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Menisci, Tibial; Osteoarthritis, Knee; Osteophyte; Tibia
PubMed: 35084789
DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28079 -
European Spine Journal : Official... Feb 2010
Topics: Aged; Bone Transplantation; Cervical Vertebrae; Decompression, Surgical; Humans; Intervertebral Disc; Intervertebral Disc Displacement; Laminectomy; Ligamentum Flavum; Male; Osteophyte; Postoperative Complications; Radiography; Spinal Cord Compression; Spinal Stenosis; Spondylosis; Surgical Instruments; Transplantation, Autologous; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 20130926
DOI: 10.1007/s00586-010-1314-0