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International Archives of... Apr 2014Introduction Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a highly prevalent disease and commonly encountered in the otolaryngologist's office. Objective To review the... (Review)
Review
Introduction Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a highly prevalent disease and commonly encountered in the otolaryngologist's office. Objective To review the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of LPR. Data Synthesis LPR is associated with symptoms of laryngeal irritation such as throat clearing, coughing, and hoarseness. The main diagnostic methods currently used are laryngoscopy and pH monitoring. The most common laryngoscopic signs are redness and swelling of the throat. However, these findings are not specific of LPR and may be related to other causes or can even be found in healthy individuals. Furthermore, the role of pH monitoring in the diagnosis of LPR is controversial. A therapeutic trial with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has been suggested to be cost-effective and useful for the diagnosis of LPR. However, the recommendations of PPI therapy for patients with a suspicion of LPR are based on the results of uncontrolled studies, and high placebo response rates suggest a much more complex and multifactorial pathophysiology of LPR than simple acid reflux. Molecular studies have tried to identify biomarkers of reflux such as interleukins, carbonic anhydrase, E-cadherin, and mucin. Conclusion Laryngoscopy and pH monitoring have failed as reliable tests for the diagnosis of LPR. Empirical therapy with PPIs is widely accepted as a diagnostic test and for the treatment of LPR. However, further research is needed to develop a definitive diagnostic test for LPR.
PubMed: 25992088
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1352504 -
European Review For Medical and... Mar 2019Sleep disordered breathing in children designates a wide spectrum of respiratory disorders characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the upper airways. It... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Sleep disordered breathing in children designates a wide spectrum of respiratory disorders characterized by partial or complete obstruction of the upper airways. It ranges from primary snoring, its mildest clinical manifestation, to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS): complete obstruction of the upper airways with cessation of airflow. The aim of this paper is to highlight the roles of the pediatric dentist and the orthodontist in the therapeutic approach to pediatric OSAS as a "sentinel" who can detect early signs of the disease for immediate referral to the otolaryngologist and as an active participant in therapy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature review has been performed on the following topics: pediatric OSAS, orthodontic clinical aspects of pediatric OSAS, orthodontic therapy of pediatric OSAS, mandibular advancement devices and functional orthodontic devices in OSAS treatment.
RESULTS
The role of the dentist in pediatric OSAS is essential to correct orthodontic alterations that may favor the development of the condition. Orthodontic treatment aims at reducing the severity of OSAS by increasing the airspace and improving airflow through orthopedic expansion of the upper jaw and mandibular advancement. Rapid palatal expanders and mandibular advancement devices are successfully used in the treatment of OSAS.
CONCLUSIONS
Scientific evidence of a strong association between craniofacial growth and OSAS; the pediatric dentist and the orthodontist participate as sentinels, observing and identifying conditions requiring referral to the otolaryngologist and playing a pivotal role in the orthodontic treatment phase.
Topics: Dentists; Humans; Pediatrics; Physician's Role; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
PubMed: 30920636
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201903_17341 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jun 2019Fungal infections are a subset of infectious processes that an otolaryngologist is required to be familiar with. They can be encountered in otology, rhinology and head... (Review)
Review
Fungal infections are a subset of infectious processes that an otolaryngologist is required to be familiar with. They can be encountered in otology, rhinology and head and neck surgery. The presence of fungal rhinosinusitis is well recognised by otolaryngologists, but the classifications and appropriate management are not so well understood. The prevalence of fungal sinus disease is thought to be have been increasing in recent decades There is speculation that this may be due to increased awareness, antibiotic overuse and increased use of immunosuppressant medications. Added to this, there has been a large amount published on the role of fungi as a causative organism in chronic rhinosinusitis. Given the importance of fungal rhinosinusitis in clinical practice, we aim to review the classification and current management strategies based on up-to-date literature.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Humans; Invasive Fungal Infections; Mycoses; Rhinitis; Sinusitis
PubMed: 31261788
DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070319 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2023More people use the internet for medical information, especially YouTube. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted to analyze the quality of YouTube videos about... (Review)
Review
More people use the internet for medical information, especially YouTube. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted to analyze the quality of YouTube videos about tinnitus in Korea. This study aims to review the contents and quality of YouTube videos on tinnitus. The top 100 Korean YouTube videos on tinnitus were reviewed by a tinnitus expert. This study assessed video details: title, creator, length, and popularity indicators-subscribers, views, and likes. The contents of the video clips were analyzed to determine the relevance, understandability, actionability, and quality of information. Out of 100 tinnitus videos, 27 were created by otolaryngologists, 25 by traditional Korean medicine doctors, 25 by other medical professionals, and 3 by lay persons. Sensorineural tinnitus was frequently dealt, and hearing loss, stress, and noise were introduced as main causes of tinnitus. Otolaryngologists' videos covered verified treatments, but others suggested unproven therapies including herbal medicine or acupressure. Otolaryngologists' videos showed significantly higher understandability and quality of information compared to others (p < 0.001). This study found that tinnitus YouTube videos frequently present low-quality and incorrect material, which could have an adverse effect on patients. Results highlight the need for tinnitus specialists to provide accurate information.
Topics: Humans; Acupressure; Deafness; Republic of Korea; Social Media; Tinnitus
PubMed: 37604936
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40523-9 -
International Journal of Otolaryngology 2015Epistaxis is a very common complaint seen by many types of physicians including otolaryngologists, family physicians, and others. Management of epistaxis is often... (Review)
Review
Epistaxis is a very common complaint seen by many types of physicians including otolaryngologists, family physicians, and others. Management of epistaxis is often challenging and requires many types of intervention. The following review describes the different types of past and current treatment modalities including cautery, nasal packing, maxillary artery ligation, anterior artery ligation, and sphenopalatine artery ligation. The paper also proposes an algorithm for managing such cases.
PubMed: 26351457
DOI: 10.1155/2015/263987 -
International Archives of... Jul 2018A majority of otolaryngologists have not had direct experience with many vaccine-preventable diseases since the creation of national vaccination programs. Despite... (Review)
Review
A majority of otolaryngologists have not had direct experience with many vaccine-preventable diseases since the creation of national vaccination programs. Despite the elimination of endemic transmission of some of these diseases in the United States, outbreaks can occur anywhere and still pose a threat to public health around the world. Recent outbreaks and changing trends in exemption rates indicate that it is important for physicians to maintain a working knowledge of how these diseases present and of the recommended treatment guidelines. This review will evaluate the current state of vaccination rates, vaccine exemption rates and disease incidence in the United States and in the world. It will also examine the clinical presentation and treatment recommendations of these diseases. United States estimated vaccination rates, vaccine exemption rates and vaccine-preventable disease incidences were obtained from data compiled by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. World vaccination rates and disease incidences were obtained from the World Health Organization databases, which compile official figures reported by member states. A PubMed literature review provided information on the current state of vaccination exemptions and outbreaks in the United States. Vaccination and vaccine exemption rates continue to put the United States and many areas of the world at risk for outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Clinical guidelines should be reviewed in the event of a local outbreak.
PubMed: 29983775
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1604055 -
Indian Pediatrics Mar 2014
Topics: Family; Hearing Loss; Hearing Tests; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Neonatal Screening; Otolaryngology; Pediatrics; Physicians
PubMed: 24736903
DOI: 10.1007/s13312-014-0367-2 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Sep 2022Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of symptoms and signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and to compare them with the otolaryngologist-estimated prevalence of the...
Do Otolaryngologists Over- or Underestimate Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Symptoms and Findings in Clinical Practice? A Comparison Study between the True Prevalence and the Otolaryngologist-Estimated Prevalence of Symptoms and Findings.
Purpose: To investigate the prevalence of symptoms and signs of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and to compare them with the otolaryngologist-estimated prevalence of the most common LPR-related symptoms and signs. Methods: The prevalence of LPR symptoms and signs was determined through the clinical data of 403 patients with a positive LPR diagnosis on hypopharyngeal−esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance pH monitoring. The otolaryngologist-estimated prevalence was assessed through an international survey investigating the thoughts of 824 otolaryngologists toward LPR symptom and sign prevalence. The determination of potential over- or underestimation of LPR symptoms and findings was investigated through a data comparison between the ‘true’ prevalence and the ‘estimated prevalence’ of symptoms and findings by otolaryngologists. Results: The prevalence of breathing difficulties, coated tongue, and ventricular band inflammation was adequately evaluated by otolaryngologists. The prevalence of hoarseness, throat pain, odynophagia, dysphagia, throat clearing, globus sensation, excess throat mucus, tongue burning, heartburn, regurgitations, halitosis, cough after eating or lying down, and troublesome cough was overestimated by otolaryngologists (p < 0.01), while the prevalence of chest pain was underestimated as an LPR symptom. Most laryngeal signs, e.g., arytenoid/laryngeal erythema, inter-arytenoid granulation, posterior commissure hypertrophy, retrocricoid edema/erythema, and endolaryngeal sticky mucus, were overestimated (p < 0.01). The occurrence of anterior pillar erythema and tongue tonsil hypertrophy was underestimated by participants. Conclusion: Most laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms and laryngeal signs were overestimated by otolaryngologists, while some non-laryngeal findings were underestimated. Future studies are needed to better understand the reasons for this phenomenon and to improve the awareness of otolaryngologists toward the most and least prevalent reflux symptoms and signs.
PubMed: 36079120
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175192 -
European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology,... May 2020
Topics: COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Disease Management; France; Humans; Otolaryngologists; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral
PubMed: 32312621
DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2020.04.009 -
International Journal of Pediatric... Sep 2020There has been a rapid global spread of a novel coronavirus, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated in Wuhan China in late...
There has been a rapid global spread of a novel coronavirus, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which originated in Wuhan China in late 2019. A serious threat of nosocomial spread exists and as such, there is a critical necessity for well-planned and rehearsed processes during the care of the COVID-19 positive and suspected patient to minimize transmission and risk to healthcare providers and other patients. Because of the aerosolization inherent in airway management, the pediatric otolaryngologist and anesthesiologist should be intimately familiar with strategies to mitigate the high-risk periods of viral contamination that are posed to the environment and healthcare personnel during tracheal intubation and extubation procedures. Since both the pediatric otolaryngologist and anesthesiologist are directly involved in emergency airway interventions, both specialties impact the safety of caring for COVID-19 patients and are a part of overall hospital pandemic preparedness. We describe our institutional approach to COVID-19 perioperative pandemic planning at a large quaternary pediatric hospital including operating room management and remote airway management. We outline our processes for the safe and effective care of these patients with emphasis on simulation and pathways necessary to protect healthcare workers and other personnel from exposure while still providing safe, effective, and rapid care.
Topics: Airway Management; Anesthesiologists; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Child; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Otolaryngologists; Otolaryngology; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Quaternary Prevention; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32563080
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110174