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The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Mar 2009The financial burden of caring for iron-related complications (IRCs) is an emerging medical problem in Korea, as in Western countries. We produced a preliminary estimate... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND/AIMS
The financial burden of caring for iron-related complications (IRCs) is an emerging medical problem in Korea, as in Western countries. We produced a preliminary estimate of the costs of treating patients for IRCs.
METHODS
The medical records of patients who had received multiple transfusions were reviewed. Newly developed cardiomyopathy, heart failure, diabetes mellitus, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer were defined as IRCs. The costs of laboratory studies, medication, oxygenation, intervention, and education were calculated using working criteria we defined. Costs that had a definite causal relationship with IRCs were included to produce as accurate an estimate as possible.
RESULTS
Between 2002 and 2006, 650 patients with hematologic diseases, including 358 with acute leukemia, 102 with lymphoma, 58 with myelodysplastic syndrome or myeloproliferative disease, 46 with multiple myeloma, and 31 with chronic leukemia, received more than 10 units of red blood cells. Nine patients developed IRCs. The primary diagnoses of eight patients were aplastic anemia and that of one patient was chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Two patients who had diabetes were excluded because one was treated at another hospital and the other was diagnosed as oxymetholone-induced diabetes. Of the seven patients included, liver cirrhosis developed in two, heart failure in four, and diabetes mellitus in three. Some of them had two diagnoses. The total cost attributed to IRCs for the seven patients was 47,388,241 KRW (approximately 50,000 USD).
CONCLUSIONS
The medical costs of IRCs are considerable, and more effective iron-chelating therapy is necessary to save medical resources and improve patient care. More in the way of comprehensive health and economic studies of IRCs are needed to allow both clinicians and health-policy makers to make better decisions.
Topics: Adult; Costs and Cost Analysis; Erythrocyte Transfusion; Female; Health Care Costs; Hematologic Diseases; Humans; Iron; Iron Chelating Agents; Iron Overload; Korea; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 19270479
DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2009.24.1.33 -
Iranian Biomedical Journal Sep 2016The present study was carried out to investigate the possible protective effects of royal jelly (RJ) on oxymetholone (OXM)-induced oxidative liver injuries in mice.
BACKGROUND
The present study was carried out to investigate the possible protective effects of royal jelly (RJ) on oxymetholone (OXM)-induced oxidative liver injuries in mice.
METHODS
In total, 32 adult male NMRI mice were divided into four groups of eight mice each. Mice in groups 1 and 2 were orally administered 5 mg/kg/day OXM for 30 days. At the same time, mice in group 3 received RJ at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day. Saline control and RJ control groups were also included in this study.
RESULTS
Administration of 5 mg/kg OXM resulted in a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity, as well as a significant increase in malondialdehyde (P<0.05). In addition, OXM-administrated mice showed a slight increase in liver enzymes, including alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase, and alkaline phosphatase. Although OXM caused histopathological changes in the liver, RJ could significantly improve all of the above-mentioned parameters at a dose of 100 mg/kg.
CONCLUSION
The results of the present study indicated that RJ has a partially protective effect on OXM-induced liver toxicity in mice.
Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Antioxidants; Aspartate Aminotransferases; Catalase; Fatty Acids; Liver; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mice; Oxidative Stress; Oxymetholone
PubMed: 27178489
DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2016.04.007 -
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Jun 2023Human adrenocortical H295R cells have been validated by the OECD Test Guideline 456 to detect chemicals disrupting testosterone and 17β-estradiol (estradiol)...
Human adrenocortical H295R cells have been validated by the OECD Test Guideline 456 to detect chemicals disrupting testosterone and 17β-estradiol (estradiol) biosynthesis. This study evaluated a novel approach to detect disturbances of steroidogenesis in H295R cells, exemplified by prochloraz and five anabolic steroids. Steroid profiles were assessed by an untargeted LC-MS-based method, providing a relative quantification of 57 steroids annotated according to their accurate masses and retention times. Such a panel of steroids included several mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, progestins and adrenal androgens. The coverage of a high number of metabolites in this extended steroid profiling facilitated grouping of chemicals with similar effects and detecting subtler differences between chemicals. It allowed, for example, distinguishing between the effects of turinabol and oxymetholone, supposed to act similarly in a previous characterization including only nine adrenal steroids. Furthermore, the results revealed that product/substrate ratios can provide superior information on altered enzyme activities compared to individual metabolite levels. For example, the 17α-hydroxypregnenolone/pregnenolone ratio was found to be a more sensitive marker for detecting 17α-hydroxylase inhibition by prochloraz than the corresponding individual steroids. These results illustrate that chemical grouping and calculation of product/substrate ratios can provide valuable information on mode-of-action and help prioritizing further experimental work.
Topics: Humans; Anabolic Androgenic Steroids; Cell Line, Tumor; Steroids; Estradiol
PubMed: 37037411
DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111929 -
British Journal of Pharmacology Mar 19991. The effects of treating groups of rats with four different anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) (testosterone, nandrolone, methandrostenolone, and oxymetholone) on...
1. The effects of treating groups of rats with four different anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) (testosterone, nandrolone, methandrostenolone, and oxymetholone) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) neurones in different brain regions were examined. The AAS was injected six times with 1 week's interval and the rats were sacrificed 2 days after the final injection. 5-HT and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), DA and its metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) were measured. The effect on DA and 5-HT synthesis rate was analysed as the accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-alanine (DOPA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), respectively, after inhibition of the amino acid decarboxylase with NSD-1015 (3-hydroxy-benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride). Additionally, the monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was analysed in the hypothalamus. 2. The DOPAC + HVA/DA ratio was increased in the striatum in all treatment groups. However, the synthesis rate of DA was significantly increased only in the methandrostenolone treated group. 3. The 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio was increased in all treatment groups in the hippocampus, in the frontal cortex in the methandrostenolone-treated animals and in the hypothalamus in the testosterone- and oxymetholone-treated rats, while the 5-HT synthesis rate was not affected by the AAS-treatments. 4. The MAO-A activity was increased in the oxymetholone-treated rats while the other treatment groups were unaffected. The MAO-B activity was not changed. 5. The results indicate that relatively high doses of AAS increase dopaminergic and 5-hydroxytryptaminergic metabolism in male rat brain, probably due to enhanced turnover in these monaminergic systems.
Topics: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid; 5-Hydroxytryptophan; Anabolic Agents; Animals; Brain; Corpus Striatum; Dihydroxyphenylalanine; Dopamine; Hippocampus; Homovanillic Acid; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid; Male; Methandrostenolone; Monoamine Oxidase; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Serotonin; Synaptosomes; Time Factors
PubMed: 10217522
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702412 -
PloS One 2018Helium, a minor component of natural gas and radioactive minerals, is most commonly used as a carrier in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Its scarcity leads...
Helium, a minor component of natural gas and radioactive minerals, is most commonly used as a carrier in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Its scarcity leads to limited availability and higher costs. In this experiment, hydrogen from a safe source of a hydrogen generator was tested as a substitutive carrier gas for the detection of adulterant in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and food supplements by GC-MS analysis. We found that the limits of detection (LODs) of using hydrogen were from 10 to 1000 μg/g. The levels of LODs tested among 170 drugs remain the same whether hydrogen or helium was used as a carrier gas with the exception of 7 drugs-benzbromarone, estradiol benzoate, bezafibrate, mefenamic acid, oxymetholone, piperidenafil and cetilistat. The real sample analysis results using hydrogen were as satisfactory as those using helium. In addition, the retention time was shortened after the chromatographic performance was optimized. In summary, it is worth considering hydrogen as a carrier gas due to its affordable costs, energy efficiency, carbon reduction and chromatographic advantages to detect adulterated drugs in TCM and dietary supplement using GC-MS.
Topics: Chlorzoxazone; Dietary Supplements; Drug Contamination; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Helium; Humans; Hydrogen; Limit of Detection; Oxymetholone; Pyrimidinones; Sildenafil Citrate; Sulfones
PubMed: 30304050
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205371 -
British Journal of Haematology Jun 2020Progressive cytopenia is a serious complication among paediatric patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS). Androgens have been used to improve blood...
Progressive cytopenia is a serious complication among paediatric patients with inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS). Androgens have been used to improve blood counts in different bone marrow failure conditions. Little is known about efficacy and toxicity with new androgens (i.e., danazol) in different types of IBMFS. We identified 29 patients from the Canadian Inherited Marrow Failure Registry, who received oxymetholone or danazol. Sixteen (55%) had haematological response including patients with unclassified IBMFS (45%). Danazol showed a better toxicity profile and similar efficacy compared to oxymetholone. Androgens are an effective and safe option to ameliorate bone marrow failure in IBMFS.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Androgens; Bone Marrow Failure Disorders; Canada; Cell Lineage; Child; Child, Preschool; Combined Modality Therapy; Danazol; Disease Progression; Drug Substitution; Female; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Oxymetholone; Pancytopenia; Registries; Thrombocytopenia; Treatment Outcome; Virilism
PubMed: 32128787
DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16445 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Jan 2003To determine whether oxymetholone increases lean body mass (LBM) and skeletal muscle strength in older persons, 31 men 65-80 yr of age were randomized to placebo (group... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
To determine whether oxymetholone increases lean body mass (LBM) and skeletal muscle strength in older persons, 31 men 65-80 yr of age were randomized to placebo (group 1) or 50 mg (group 2) or 100 mg (group 3) daily for 12 wk. For the three groups, total LBM increased by 0.0 +/- 0.6, 3.3 +/- 1.2 (P < 0.001), and 4.2 +/- 2.4 kg (P < 0.001), respectively. Trunk fat decreased by 0.2 +/- 0.4, 1.7 +/- 1.0 (P = 0.018), and 2.2 +/- 0.9 kg (P = 0.005) in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Relative increases in 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) strength for biaxial chest press of 8.2 +/- 9.2 and 13.9 +/- 8.1% in the two active treatment groups were significantly different from the change (-0.8 +/- 4.3%) for the placebo group (P < 0.03). For lat pull-down, 1-RM changed by -0.6 +/- 8.3, 8.8 +/- 15.1, and 18.4 +/- 21.0% for the groups, respectively (1-way ANOVA, P = 0.019). The pattern of changes among the groups for LBM and upper-body strength suggested that changes might be related to dose. Alanine aminotransferase increased by 72 +/- 67 U/l in group 3 (P < 0.001), and HDL-cholesterol decreased by -19 +/- 9 and -23 +/- 18 mg/dl in groups 2 and 3, respectively (P = 0.04 and P = 0.008). Thus oxymetholone improved LBM and maximal voluntary muscle strength and decreased fat mass in older men.
Topics: Absorptiometry, Photon; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anabolic Agents; Biomechanical Phenomena; Blood Glucose; Body Composition; Double-Blind Method; Fasting; Humans; Insulin; Lipids; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Muscle, Skeletal; Nutrition Assessment; Oxymetholone; Placebos; Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin; Testosterone
PubMed: 12388137
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00363.2002 -
British Journal of Sports Medicine May 2005Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are used illicitly at high doses by bodybuilders. The misuse of these drugs is associated with serious adverse effects to the liver,... (Review)
Review
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are used illicitly at high doses by bodybuilders. The misuse of these drugs is associated with serious adverse effects to the liver, including cellular adenomas and adenocarcinomas. We report two very different cases of adult male bodybuilders who developed hepatocellular adenomas following AAS abuse. The first patient was asymptomatic but had two large liver lesions which were detected by ultrasound studies after routine medical examination. The second patient was admitted to our hospital with acute renal failure and ultrasound (US) studies showed mild hepatomegaly with several very close hyperecogenic nodules in liver, concordant with adenomas at first diagnosis. In both cases the patients have evolved favourably and the tumours have shown a tendency to regress after the withdrawal of AAS. The cases presented here are rare but may well be suggestive of the natural course of AAS induced hepatocellular adenomas. In conclusion, sportsmen taking AAS should be considered as a group at risk of developing hepatic sex hormone related tumours. Consequently, they should be carefully and periodically monitored with US studies. In any case, despite the size of the tumours detected in these two cases, the possibility of spontaneous tumour regression must also be taken in account.
Topics: Adenoma, Liver Cell; Administration, Oral; Adult; Anabolic Agents; Biopsy, Fine-Needle; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Methenolone; Nandrolone; Nandrolone Decanoate; Oxymetholone; Stanozolol; Substance Abuse, Intravenous; Substance-Related Disorders; Testosterone; Testosterone Propionate; Ultrasonography; Weight Lifting
PubMed: 15849280
DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2004.013599 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2018The present study assessed the beneficial skeletal muscle‑preserving effects of extracellular polysaccharides from Aureobasidium pullulans SM‑2001 (Polycan) (EAP) on...
The present study assessed the beneficial skeletal muscle‑preserving effects of extracellular polysaccharides from Aureobasidium pullulans SM‑2001 (Polycan) (EAP) on dexamethasone (DEXA)‑induced catabolic muscle atrophy in mice. To investigate whether EAP prevented catabolic DEXA‑induced muscle atrophy, and to examine its mechanisms of action, EAP (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was administered orally, once a day for 24 days. EAP treatment was initiated 2 weeks prior to DEXA treatment (1 mg/kg, once a day for 10 days) in mice. Body weight alterations, serum biochemistry, calf thickness, calf muscle strength, gastrocnemius muscle thickness and weight, gastrocnemius muscle antioxidant defense parameters, gastrocnemius muscle mRNA expression, histology and histomorphometry were subsequently assessed. After 24 days, DEXA control mice exhibited muscle atrophy according to all criteria indices. However, these muscle atrophy symptoms were significantly inhibited by oral treatment with all three doses of EAP. Regarding possible mechanisms of action, EAP exhibited favorable ameliorating effects on DEXA‑induced catabolic muscle atrophy via antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects; these effects were mediated by modulation of the expression of genes involved in muscle protein synthesis (AKT serine/threonine kinase 1, phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase, adenosine A1 receptor and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4) and degradation (atrogin‑1, muscle RING‑finger protein‑1, myostatin and sirtuin 1). Therefore, these results indicated that EAP may be helpful in improving muscle atrophies of various etiologies. EAP at 400 mg/kg exhibited favorable muscle protective effects against DEXA‑induced catabolic muscle atrophy, comparable with the effects of oxymetholone (50 mg/kg), which has been used to treat various muscle disorders.
Topics: Aldehydes; Animals; Antioxidants; Ascomycota; Body Weight; Catalase; Dexamethasone; Extracellular Space; Glutathione; Male; Malondialdehyde; Mice, Inbred ICR; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Atrophy; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; Organ Size; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; Polysaccharides; RNA, Messenger; Reactive Oxygen Species; Superoxide Dismutase; Tyrosine
PubMed: 29138805
DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3251 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Jul 1991Over 15 years, 42 children aged 2-14 years were diagnosed as having acquired aplastic anaemia. Adequate clinical details were available for 38 children who were...
Over 15 years, 42 children aged 2-14 years were diagnosed as having acquired aplastic anaemia. Adequate clinical details were available for 38 children who were categorised as very severe (n = 13), severe (n = 16), or nonsevere (n = 9) by the modified Camitta criteria. Treatment varied over the study period. Seven children received a bone marrow allograft from a full match family donor and three a matched unrelated donor transplant after failed treatment with antilymphocyte globulin. The remainder were treated with antilymphocyte globulin (n = 11), antilymphocyte globulin and oxymetholone (n = 4), oxymetholone with or without prednisolone (n = 12), or supportive treatment alone (n = 1). With a minimum follow up of one year since treatment, the five year survival was 70% for bone marrow transplantation with a family donor, 30% for antilymphocyte globulin, and 25% for oxymetholone. All three children with a matched unrelated donor transplant died. The prognosis of acquired aplastic anaemia remains poor for most children and new approaches to treatment are urgently required.
Topics: Adolescent; Anemia, Aplastic; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Male; Oxymetholone; Prognosis
PubMed: 1863100
DOI: 10.1136/adc.66.7.858