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Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... May 2018A group of Holstein first-calved heifers developed small pustules and ulcers on the vulva and in the vagina during the first 1-4 wk postpartum. The lesions varied from...
A group of Holstein first-calved heifers developed small pustules and ulcers on the vulva and in the vagina during the first 1-4 wk postpartum. The lesions varied from small red pinpoint foci to pustules and ulcers, 3-5 mm diameter. Some ulcers coalesced to form large ulcerated areas up to 15 mm diameter. In some animals, these ulcers progressed to become deep ulceration of the vaginal and vulvar mucosa with >50% of the mucosa involved. Vaginal biopsies from 4 heifers and vaginal individual swabs from 8 heifers for a combined sampling of 9 heifers were taken for clinical assessment. Six of the 9 heifers had parapoxvirus based on histopathology and/or PCR. Histologic examination of the biopsies of the pustules identified ballooning degeneration of the epithelium with degenerate epithelium containing eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions consistent with a parapoxvirus in 3 of 4 biopsies. Testing for bovine herpesvirus 1, 2, and 4, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine papular stomatitis virus, and orf virus remained negative.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; California; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Disease Outbreaks; Female; Parapoxvirus; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poxviridae Infections; Vulvovaginitis
PubMed: 29429402
DOI: 10.1177/1040638718758829 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021Parapoxviruses cause nodular lesions on the skin and mucosal membranes of pinnipeds and infections by these viruses have been documented worldwide. Seal parapoxvirus is...
Parapoxviruses cause nodular lesions on the skin and mucosal membranes of pinnipeds and infections by these viruses have been documented worldwide. Seal parapoxvirus is currently classified as a tentative species of the genus. Tissue or swab samples were analyzed from 11 pinnipeds of different host species undergoing rehabilitation on the east and west coasts of the United States of America (USA) that were positive for parapoxvirus. The aim of the study was to compare parapoxvirus sequences of fragments of the and ( genes and to examine the evolutionary relationship between viruses detected in different pinniped species and at different locations with other members of the genus, such as Orf virus (ORFV), Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) and Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV). The sequence analysis showed that the parapoxvirus sequences from the pinnipeds differed significantly from those found in terrestrial hosts and that they formed a separate cluster within the genus. Our results suggest that transmission of the same parapoxvirus strain is possible between different species, including between members of different families (phocids and otariids). Animals belonging to the same species but living in distant geographic locations presented genetically distant parapoxviruses. The findings of this study demonstrate that sealpox lesions in pinnipeds of different species are caused by viruses that belong to the genus but have significant genetic differences compared to the established virus species in terrestrial hosts, thus strongly supporting the classification of pinniped parapoxvirus as a new species of the genus.
PubMed: 34079832
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.653094 -
Journal of Dairy Science Sep 2018Several studies have shown the occurrence of poxvirus infections associated with exanthematic lesions in cattle from many Brazilian states. Coinfection between viruses...
Several studies have shown the occurrence of poxvirus infections associated with exanthematic lesions in cattle from many Brazilian states. Coinfection between viruses belonging to 2 genera, Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) and Parapoxvirus (PPV), was already identified from the lesions of affected cows and humans. The DNA and infectious viral particles of Vaccinia virus, an OPXV, have been detected in milk of naturally and experimentally infected cows. However, to date no reports have described the detection of Pseudocowpox virus, a PPV, in milk. Thus, we investigated the presence of PPV and OPXV in milk samples obtained from dairy cows from a Brazilian region with exanthematic disease outbreaks. From 2011 to 2014, 6 dairy farms with exanthematic disease outbreaks involving dairy cows, calves, and humans were visited. Twelve crusts of cows' teat lesions and 60 milk samples were collected. The crusts and milk samples were analyzed by PCR to detect OPXV or PPV DNA. According to the analyzed crusts, we detected PPV infection in 4 of the 6 visited farms, from which we investigated the PPV contamination in milk. From the 40 milk samples tested, PPV DNA was detected in 12 samples. Of these milk samples, 8 were positive for both PPV and OPXV. This is the first report of PPV DNA detection in milk samples from affected cows, indicating that the virus may be present in milk and potentially contaminating dairy products associated or not with OPXV. In addition to the lesions caused by direct contact, the presence of 2 or more poxvirus species in milk showed that the effect of zoonotic exanthematic diseases on public health and animal husbandry is relevant and cannot be overlooked.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Coinfection; Female; Humans; Milk; Orthopoxvirus; Parapoxvirus; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 30007812
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14000 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2020Parapoxvirus (PPV) has been identified in some mammals and poses a great threat to both the livestock production and public health. However, the prevalence and evolution...
Parapoxvirus (PPV) has been identified in some mammals and poses a great threat to both the livestock production and public health. However, the prevalence and evolution of this virus are still not fully understood. Here, we performed an in silico analysis to investigate the genomic features and evolution of PPVs. We noticed that although there were significant differences of GC contents between orf virus (ORFV) and other three species of PPVs, all PPVs showed almost identical nucleotide bias, that is GC richness. The structural analysis of PPV genomes showed the divergence of different PPV species, which may be due to the specific adaptation to their natural hosts. Additionally, we estimated the phylogenetic diversity of seven different genes of PPV. According to all available sequences, our results suggested that during 2010-2018, ORFV was the dominant virus species under the selective pressure of the optimal gene patterns. Furthermore, we found the substitution rates ranged from 3.56 × 10 to 4.21 × 10 in different PPV segments, and the PPV VIR gene evolved at the highest substitution rate. In these seven protein-coding regions, purifying selection was the major evolutionary pressure, while the GIF and VIR genes suffered the greatest positive selection pressure. These results may provide useful knowledge on the virus genetic evolution from a new perspective which could help to create prevention and control strategies.
PubMed: 33120928
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110888 -
Open Veterinary Journal 2022Orf is a highly contagious viral skin disease in sheep and goats caused by Orf virus (ORFV) in the genus Parapoxvirus. Although sheep and goats are considered an...
BACKGROUND
Orf is a highly contagious viral skin disease in sheep and goats caused by Orf virus (ORFV) in the genus Parapoxvirus. Although sheep and goats are considered an essential food resource, particularly in Africa, ORFV infection represents an increasing challenge to animal productivity causing high economic losses.
AIM
This study aimed to detect and characterize the ORFV in suspected clinically diseased goats in two neighboring Egyptian governorates, Al-Sharkia and Ismailia, flocks during April 2020 and July 2021by using PCR and phylogenetic analysis of partial B2L sequence.he present study indicate the necessity for establishing normal heart values in conscious and anaesthetized individuals.
METHODS
Kids from two Egyptian governorates showed the clinical picture of ORFV infection. Samples were collected (n = 15) from two different flocks during April 2020 and July 2021. PCR was carried out to detect the ORFV by targeting a highly conserved sequence within ORFV (B2L) gene. To determine the phylogenetic relationship with other ORFV strains, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed.
RESULTS
ORFV infection was confirmed in 12 samples of oral scabs (80%) by PCR targeting a highly conserved sequence within B2L gene. Sequencing of DNA products was performed and obtained sequences revealed 100% identity at the nucleotide level. Two ORFVs, one from each outbreak showed 98.2% nucleotide identity with a previous Egyptian ORFV (KP984529) whereas our isolates showed higher nucleotide identities, 99.1% and 98.7% with ORFV strains from neighboring countries, Sudan and Ethiopia, respectively. The phylogenetic tree grouped isolates into two main clusters, cluster I included isolates of this study and foreign ones mainly from China, India, and Sudan. Interestingly, the vaccine strains of ORF used in different countries were grouped in cluster II with previous Egyptian isolate (KP984529), Ethiopian and Israeli ORFV isolates.
CONCLUSION
Molecular characterization of B2L gene of ORFV isolates revealed higher sequence identities and more close genetic relationships with other ORFV strains circulating in neighboring countries than with the Egyptian isolates. These findings provide an insight into the genetic diversity of field ORFV isolates circulating in goats in the Egyptian governorates.
Topics: Animals; Ecthyma, Contagious; Egypt; Goat Diseases; Goats; Nucleotides; Orf virus; Phylogeny; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 35603066
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i2.16 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Sep 2022Parapoxvirus (PPV) causes papular stomatitis and contagious pustular dermatitis in ruminants worldwide. The virus is generally transmitted through close contact with...
Parapoxvirus (PPV) causes papular stomatitis and contagious pustular dermatitis in ruminants worldwide. The virus is generally transmitted through close contact with skin lesions containing PPV in infected animals and indirectly through PPV-contaminated materials. PPV-infected animals frequently do not show clinical signs and the route of PPV transmission is sometimes unclear. In this study, the possibility of mechanical transmission of PPV by houseflies (Musca domestica) was investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) gene surveillance. Samples were collected from cattle, sheep, barn environments, direct wash solution of the body surface of houseflies, and indirect wash solution of the body surface and feces of the flies. Bovine papular stomatitis virus, pseudocowpox virus, and orf virus were detected in the oral cavity and body surface of cattle and sheep without clinical signs of PPV infection or barn environments; PPV was considered to have been retained on the farm. PPVs were also detected in the direct wash solution of the body surface of houseflies, and the indirect wash solution of the body surface and feces of the flies. The viral sequence determined from the indirect wash solution of the body surface and feces of the flies was identical to that determined from the body surface of cattle and barns. These results suggested that houseflies may mechanically transmit PPV to both cattle and sheep.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Farms; Houseflies; Orf virus; Parapoxvirus; Poxviridae Infections; Ruminants; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Stomatitis
PubMed: 35896345
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0158 -
The New Microbiologica Dec 2022Parapoxvirus (PPV) infections are considered neglected zoonoses because their incidence is often unknown or greatly underestimated despite being endemic globally. Here,...
Parapoxvirus (PPV) infections are considered neglected zoonoses because their incidence is often unknown or greatly underestimated despite being endemic globally. Here, we report the comprehensive diagnostic workflow that led to the identification of two cases of persistent PPV infections. The results obtained underline the importance of adopting a "One Health" approach and cross-sectoral collaboration between human and veterinary medicine for precise aetiological diagnosis and correct management of patients affected by zoonotic diseases.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Parapoxvirus; Zoonoses; Poxviridae Infections
PubMed: 36066214
DOI: No ID Found -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2015Milker's nodule is an occupational viral skin disease of universal distribution, caused by the Paravaccinia virus and that occurs in individuals who deal with dairy...
Milker's nodule is an occupational viral skin disease of universal distribution, caused by the Paravaccinia virus and that occurs in individuals who deal with dairy cattle herds. We describe a case acquired due to lack of use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and perform a literature review.
Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Cattle; Disease Progression; Female; Hand Dermatoses; Humans; Middle Aged; Occupational Diseases; Poxviridae Infections; Pseudocowpox Virus; Skin Diseases, Viral
PubMed: 26131876
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20153283 -
Research and Reports in Tropical... 2021Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiologic agent of Orf or ecthyma contagiosum in humans but primarily affects different domestic and wild animals. The disease mostly affects... (Review)
Review
Orf virus (ORFV) is the etiologic agent of Orf or ecthyma contagiosum in humans but primarily affects different domestic and wild animals. The disease mostly affects sheep, goats and other small wild ruminants and spreads to humans through direct contact with infected animals or by way of contaminated fomites worldwide. ORFV is taxonomically classified as a member of the genus Parapoxvirus. It is known to have tolerance to inactivation in a drier environment, and it has been recovered from crusts after several months to years. Among immunocompetent people, the lesions usually resolve by its natural course within a maximum of 8 weeks. In immunosuppressed patients, however, it needs the use of various approaches including antiviral, immune modifier or minor surgical excisions. The virus through its association with divergent host ranges helps to develop a mechanism to evade the immune system. The relative emergence of Orf, diagnosed on clinical ground among human cases, in unusual frequencies in southwest Ethiopia between October 2019 and May 2020, was the driver to write this review. The objective was to increase health care providers' diagnostic curiosity and to bring the attentiveness of public health advisors for prevention, control and the development of schemes for surveillance of Orf zoonosis in a similar setting like Ethiopia.
PubMed: 34267574
DOI: 10.2147/RRTM.S306446 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Currently, it is believed that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an airborne virus, and virus-containing aerosol particles have been found...
Currently, it is believed that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an airborne virus, and virus-containing aerosol particles have been found concurrent with the onset of COVID-19, which may contribute to the noncontact transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Exploring agents to block SARS-CoV-2 transmission is of great importance to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, we found that inactivated (iORFV), a kind of immunomodulator, could compress the proportion of small particle aerosols exhaled by Syrian golden hamsters. Notably, the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-containing aerosol particles was significantly reduced by iORFV in the early stages after viral inoculation. Importantly, smaller aerosol particles (<4.7 μm) that carry infectious viruses were completely cleared by iORFV. Consistently, iORFV treatment completely blocked viral noncontact (aerosol) transmission. In summary, iORFV may become a repurposed agent for the prevention and control of COVID-19 by affecting viral aerosol exhalation and subsequent viral transmission.
PubMed: 36532502
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1086627