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BMC Public Health Nov 2017Paraquat is associated with a high rate of fatalities in acute poisoning. This study aimed to examine the association between the national public health policy that...
BACKGROUND
Paraquat is associated with a high rate of fatalities in acute poisoning. This study aimed to examine the association between the national public health policy that banned the use of paraquat and the incidence of pesticide-associated mortality.
METHODS
All external causes of death from 2009 to 2013 of Korea were analyzed. The intervention was a national public health policy that annulled the authorized use (2011) and banned the purchase of paraquat (2012). Two periods were compared as follows: before (2009-2010) and after (2012-2013) the intervention period. The main outcome was pesticide-associated death coded on the death certificate. Multivariable logistic regression analysis adjustment for gender, age, season and weekday of death, province, education level, marital status, and occupation was performed to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for pesticide-associated mortality. The effect sizes of the intervention across all intents (Accident, Suicide, Homicide, and Undetermined) were compared by adding an interaction term (intervention*intent group) to the above model.
RESULTS
A total of 127,866 deaths from for all external causes were analyzed, including 65,538 from 2009 to 2010 and 62,373 from 2012 to 2013. Pesticide-associated mortality decreased from 9.7% (2009-2010) to 6.5% (2012-2013) (p < 0.001). The AOR (95% CI) of the intervention on pesticide-associated mortality was 0.59 (0.56-0.62). The AORs of the intervention according to intent were 0.72 (0.55-0.96) in the Accident group, 0.61 (0.58-0.64) in the Suicide group, 1.29 (0.43-3.87) in the Homicide group, and 0.44 (0.38-0.50) in the Undetermined group.
CONCLUSION
The national public health policy that banned paraquat resulted in a significant decrease in pesticide-associated mortality.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Child, Preschool; Commerce; Female; Health Policy; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Middle Aged; Paraquat; Pesticides; Poisoning; Republic of Korea; Young Adult
PubMed: 29096617
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4832-4 -
The American Journal of Pathology May 2023Abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (αS) is thought to initiate neuronal dysfunction and death in Parkinson disease (PD). In addition to higher-molecular-weight,...
Abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (αS) is thought to initiate neuronal dysfunction and death in Parkinson disease (PD). In addition to higher-molecular-weight, oligomeric, and polymeric forms of αS associated with neurotoxicity and disease, recent findings indicate the occurrence of physiological tetrameric assemblies in healthy neurons in culture and in brain. Herein, the PD-associated neurotoxin paraquat reduced physiological tetramers and led to calpain-truncated monomers and an approximately 70-kDa apparent oligomer different in size from physiological αS multimers. These truncated and oligomeric forms could also be generated by calpain cleavage of pure, recombinant human αS in vitro. Moreover, they were detected in the brains of tetramer-abrogating, E46K-amplified (3K) mice that model PD. These results indicate that paraquat triggers membrane damage and aberrant calpain activity that can induce a pathologic shift of tetramers toward an excess of full-length and truncated monomers, the accumulation of αS oligomers, and insoluble cytoplasmic αS puncta. The findings suggest that an environmental precipitant of PD can alter αS tetramer/monomer equilibrium, as already shown for several genetically caused forms of PD.
Topics: Mice; Humans; Animals; alpha-Synuclein; Parkinson Disease; Calpain; Paraquat
PubMed: 36773784
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.01.010 -
Aging Sep 2021Paraquat (N,N0-dimethyl-4,40-bipyridinium dichloride;PQ) is a highly toxic pesticide, which usually leads to acute lung injury and subsequent development of pulmonary...
OBJECTIVE
Paraquat (N,N0-dimethyl-4,40-bipyridinium dichloride;PQ) is a highly toxic pesticide, which usually leads to acute lung injury and subsequent development of pulmonary fibrosis. The exact mechanism underlying PQ-induced lung fibrosis remain largely unclear and as yet, no specific treatment drugs have been approved. Our study aimed to identify its potential mechanisms of PQ-induced fibrosis through a modeling study studies and bioinformatics analysis.
METHODS
Gene expression datasets associated with PQ-induced lung fibrosis were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus, wherefrom differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using GEO2R. Functional enrichment analyses were performed using the Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery. The DEGs analyzed by a protein-protein interaction network was constructed with the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database. MCODE, a Cytoscape plugin, was subsequently used to identify the most significant modules. The expression of the key genes in PQ-induced pulmonary fibrotic tissues was verified by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR).
RESULTS
Two datasets were analyzed and revealed 92 overlapping DEGs. Functional analysis demonstrated that these 92 DEGs were enriched in the 'TNF signaling pathway', 'CXCR chemokine receptor binding', and 'core promoter binding'. Moreover, nine hub genes were identified from the protein-protein interaction network formed from the DEGs. These results suggested that the TNF signaling pathway and nine hub genes are possibly involved in PQ-induced lung fibrosis progression.
CONCLUSIONS
This integrative analysis identified candidate genes and pathways potentially involved in PQ-induced lung fibrosis, and could benefit future development of novel approaches for controlling and treating this disease.
Topics: Biological Products; Cell Line; Computational Biology; Databases, Genetic; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Gene Expression Regulation; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; Paraquat; Pulmonary Fibrosis
PubMed: 34580234
DOI: 10.18632/aging.203570 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Nov 1979Paraquat mediates a superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome c by suspensions of Escherichia coli B. Glucose was most effective in providing electrons...
Paraquat mediates a superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of cytochrome c by suspensions of Escherichia coli B. Glucose was most effective in providing electrons for this cytochrome c reduction, but other nutrients could serve in this capacity, provided the cells were preconditioned by growth on these nutrients. Paraquat reduction depended upon a NADPH:paraquat diaphorase, present in the cytosol. Reduced paraquat could diffuse across the cell envelope and react with dioxygen, in the suspending medium, thus generating O2- in that compartment. Most of the paraquat reduced in the cell, under the conditions used, reoxidized in situ and most of the O2- production was thus intracellular. The partitioning of reduced paraquat between intracellular and extracellular compartments, prior to reaction with dioxygen, depended upon intracellular pO2 and any strategy which raised intracellular pO2 decreased the efflux of reduced paraquat and thus decreased extracellular O2- production. Extracellular O2- and H2O2 did contribute to cell damage in proportion to the amount produced. O2- appeared to be unable to cross the cell envelope in either direction and the only O2- which was effective in raising the rate of biosynthesis of the manganese-superoxide dismutase, was that generated within the cell.
Topics: Cyanides; Cytochrome c Group; Electron Transport; Escherichia coli; Glucose; Kinetics; Oxygen; Oxygen Consumption; Paraquat; Superoxide Dismutase; Superoxides
PubMed: 227855
DOI: No ID Found -
BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology Feb 2019Paraquat (PQ) poisoning is a public health problem in many regions of Colombia. This study aimed to estimate the burden of PQ poisoning in the Department of Antioquia,...
BACKGROUND
Paraquat (PQ) poisoning is a public health problem in many regions of Colombia. This study aimed to estimate the burden of PQ poisoning in the Department of Antioquia, Colombia.
METHODS
Disability-adjusted life year (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLL) and years of life lived with disability (YLD) due to paraquat poisoning in Antioquia; a bootstrapped method with 1000 iterations was used to estimate each statistical parameter using the package DALY calculator in R. For this instance, the annual incidence of paraquat poisoning was obtained from the reported surveillance data according to regional Government.
RESULTS
From 2010 to 2016, 3299 DALYs were estimated in the department of Antioquia for PQ intoxication, with a rate of 53.4 DALYs per 100,000 inhabitants. The majority of the DALYs (2852 DALYs) were generated for men ranging from 15 to 44 years old.
CONCLUSION
The rate of DALYs reported here is higher than that reported by all chemical poisonings. Better strategies to regulate and restrict the market of this dangerous products are required in Colombia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Colombia; Female; Herbicides; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Exposure; Paraquat; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Suicide, Attempted; Young Adult
PubMed: 30767779
DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0291-0 -
Journal of the American Society For... Aug 1998A method for the determination of the herbicides diquat and paraquat in water was developed using liquid chromatography-(electrospray ionization) mass spectrometry...
A method for the determination of the herbicides diquat and paraquat in water was developed using liquid chromatography-(electrospray ionization) mass spectrometry [LC-(ESI)MS]. The analytes were isolated on an ENVI-8 DSK solid phase extraction (SPE) disk and eluted with 5-M trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The eluate was evaporated to dryness and the analytes were redissolved in the mobile phase (7% methanol/93% water/25-mM TFA). The extract was analyzed by liquid chromatography (C1 column) with postcolumn addition of propionic acid/methanol followed by (ESI)MS. Diquat was detected using the [M(2+)-H+] ion (M2+ = dication) at m/z 183, whereas paraquat was detected using the mono-trifluoroacetate ion pair [M2 +/- OOCCF3] at m/z 299. Quantitation was done by isotope dilution mass spectrometry using d4-diquat and d8-paraquat and the corresponding ions [M(2+)-D+] and [M2 +/- OOCCF3] at m/z 186 and m/z 307, respectively. Detection limits of 0.1 and 0.2 microgram/L, respectively (based on the dications), were adequate to meet the Ontario Drinking Water Objectives of 70 and 10 micrograms/L, respectively, and the Ontario Provincial Water Quality Objective for diquat of 0.5 microgram/L. Precision and accuracy were 14% and 6% for diquat and 12% and 3% for paraquat.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Diquat; Herbicides; Indicators and Reagents; Mass Spectrometry; Ontario; Paraquat; Water Supply
PubMed: 9692255
DOI: 10.1016/S1044-0305(98)00043-9 -
Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia :... 2010Paraquat is a nonselective contact herbicide of great toxicological importance, being associated with high mortality rates, mainly due to respiratory failure. We report... (Review)
Review
Paraquat is a nonselective contact herbicide of great toxicological importance, being associated with high mortality rates, mainly due to respiratory failure. We report the case of a 22-year-old male admitted to the emergency room with a sore throat, dysphagia, hemoptysis, and retrosternal pain after the ingestion of 50 mL of a paraquat solution, four days prior to admission. Chest CT scans revealed pulmonary opacities, pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, and subcutaneous emphysema. The patient was submitted to two cycles of immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone. The pulmonary gas exchange parameters gradually improved, and the patient was discharged four weeks later. The clinical and tomographic follow-up evaluations performed at four months after discharge showed that there had been further clinical improvement. We also present a brief review of the literature, as well as a discussion of the therapeutic algorithm for severe paraquat poisoning.
Topics: Humans; Lung; Male; Paraquat; Poisoning; Radiography; Suicide, Attempted; Young Adult
PubMed: 20835601
DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132010000400019 -
Pest Management Science Jan 2022Paraquat is used widely as one of the bipyridine herbicides, which generates reactive oxygen species to cause cell death. With a growing number of paraquat-resistant...
BACKGROUND
Paraquat is used widely as one of the bipyridine herbicides, which generates reactive oxygen species to cause cell death. With a growing number of paraquat-resistant weeds, the mechanism of paraquat-resistance in plants remains unclear. This research verified the functions of a previously confirmed putative paraquat-resistant gene, EiKCS, from paraquat-resistant goosegrass by genetic engineering in a single overexpressing line in rice.
RESULTS
Overexpression of EiKCS improved paraquat resistance in transgenic rice (KCSox). Pre-applied (12 h) exogenous spermidine (1.5 mmol L ), alleviated the injury of paraquat in rice. Paraquat induced injury in KCSox was 19.57%, which was lower than 32.22% injury it induced in wild-type (WT) rice. The paraquat-resistant mechanism was through the increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and the overproduction of endogenous polyamines. The spermine content in KCSox was more than 30 μg mL , while that in WT rice was less than 5 μg mL . Quantitative proteomics showed that β-ketoacyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthase (51.81 folds) encoded by the transgenic EiKCS gene promoted the synthesis of the proteins involved with the polyamine pathway. The synthesized putrescine was promoted by the arginine decarboxylase (ADC) pathway. The spermidine synthase I (1.10-fold) and three eceriferum cofactors (CERs) were responsive to the paraquat stress. We validated putrescine (C H N O ) spermidine (C H N O ), and spermine (C H N O ) in this study.
CONCLUSION
EiKCS encoding β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase from goosegrass has been shown as an ideal candidate gene for engineering genetically modified organism (GMO) crops, as its overexpression does not only bring paraquat-resistance, but also have potential benefits without decreasing yield and rice grain quality. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Herbicide Resistance; Oryza; Paraquat; Plants, Genetically Modified; Polyamines; Spermidine
PubMed: 34476895
DOI: 10.1002/ps.6628 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society Oct 2022We present herein the "vermellogens", a new class of pH-responsive viologen analogues, which replace the direct linking between -substituted pyridinium moieties within...
We present herein the "vermellogens", a new class of pH-responsive viologen analogues, which replace the direct linking between -substituted pyridinium moieties within those by a hydrazone functional group. A series of such compounds have been efficiently synthesized in aqueous media by hydrazone exchange reactions, displaying a marked pH-responsivity. Furthermore, the parent ,'-dimethylated "vermellogen": the "red thread", an analogue of the herbicide paraquat and used herein as a representative model of the series, showed anion-recognition abilities, non-reversible electrochemical behavior, and non-toxicity of the modified bis-pyridinium core. The host-guest chemistry for the "red thread" with the CB[7,8] macrocyclic receptors has been extensively studied experimentally and by dispersion corrected density functional theory methods, showing a parallel behavior to that previously described for the herbicide but, crucially, swapping the well-known redox reactive capabilities of the viologen-based inclusion complexes by acid-base supramolecular responsiveness.
Topics: Viologens; Paraquat; Anions; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Hydrazones; Herbicides
PubMed: 36206443
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08575 -
Daru : Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy,... Dec 2019Paraquat is one of the most commonly used lethal herbicide. Even the small amount of paraquat is hazardous to human beings. Poisoning by paraquat is most commonly...
Paraquat is one of the most commonly used lethal herbicide. Even the small amount of paraquat is hazardous to human beings. Poisoning by paraquat is most commonly happening in agricultural based economical country. This poison is a threat to public health and its high mortality rate is responsible for a significant number of death. We hereby report a case of 38-year-old male with a history of accidental paraquat ingestion. He works as a gardener which contributes to the ease in availability of the poison. He had the post accidental paraquat consumption complaints of lip sores, swallowing difficulty and hypersalivation in more amount. The patient was admitted in the Casualty and underwent the supportive treatment. Laboratory investigations were found to be normal except WBC count which was elevated. Early diagnosis and proper management can reduce the mortality rate and even small amount of paraquat can lead to some major fatal outcomes. At present there is no specific antidote available so there is a need to focus more on the prevention and management of paraquat poisoning.
Topics: Adult; Combined Modality Therapy; Herbicides; Humans; India; Male; Paraquat; Sialorrhea
PubMed: 31489576
DOI: 10.1007/s40199-019-00298-9