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Nature Reviews. Immunology Jun 2021Several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed and are now under evaluation in... (Review)
Review
Several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed and are now under evaluation in clinical trials. With the US Food and Drug Administration recently granting emergency use authorizations for neutralizing mAbs in non-hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, there is an urgent need to discuss the broader potential of these novel therapies and to develop strategies to deploy them effectively in clinical practice, given limited initial availability. Here, we review the precedent for passive immunization and lessons learned from using antibody therapies for viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus, Ebola virus and SARS-CoV infections. We then focus on the deployment of convalescent plasma and neutralizing mAbs for treatment of SARS-CoV-2. We review specific clinical questions, including the rationale for stratification of patients, potential biomarkers, known risk factors and temporal considerations for optimal clinical use. To answer these questions, there is a need to understand factors such as the kinetics of viral load and its correlation with clinical outcomes, endogenous antibody responses, pharmacokinetic properties of neutralizing mAbs and the potential benefit of combining antibodies to defend against emerging viral variants.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody-Dependent Enhancement; COVID-19; Drug Development; Drug Resistance, Viral; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Models, Immunological; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 33875867
DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00542-x -
African Health Sciences Dec 2021In the past years, numerous new fatal infections have emerged, including Ebola, Nipah, and Zika viruses, as well as coronaviruses. Recently, infections with severe acute... (Review)
Review
In the past years, numerous new fatal infections have emerged, including Ebola, Nipah, and Zika viruses, as well as coronaviruses. Recently, infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged in China, and were then transmitted all over the world, causing the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is transmitted at a higher rate than other diseases caused by coronaviruses. At the time of writing this review, COVID-19 is not contained in most countries in spite of quarantine, physical distancing, and enhanced hygiene measures. In this review, I address different methods for passive and active immunization against this virus, which is known to cause fatal respiratory disease, including natural passive immunization by breast milk, natural active immunization by herd immunization, artificial passive immunization by convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies, and artificial active immunization by vaccination. I hope this review will help design a prophylactic approach against outbreaks and pandemics of related coronaviruses in the future.
Topics: COVID-19; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization, Passive; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 35283984
DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i4.11 -
International Immunopharmacology Aug 2022In late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged, causing a global pandemic called COVID-19. Currently, there is no definitive... (Review)
Review
In late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged, causing a global pandemic called COVID-19. Currently, there is no definitive treatment for this emerging disease. Global efforts resulted in developing multiple platforms of COVID-19 vaccines, but their efficacy in humans should be wholly investigated in the long-term clinical and epidemiological follow-ups. Despite the international efforts, COVID-19 vaccination accompanies challenges, including financial and political obstacles, serious adverse effects (AEs), the impossibility of using vaccines in certain groups of people in the community, and viral evasion due to emerging novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 in many countries. For these reasons, passive immunotherapy has been considered a complementary remedy and a promising way to manage COVID-19. These approaches arebased on reduced inflammation due to inhibiting cytokine storm phenomena, immunomodulation,preventing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), viral neutralization, anddecreased viral load. This article highlights passive immunotherapy and immunomodulation approaches in managing and treating COVID-19 patients and discusses relevant clinical trials (CTs).
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35483235
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108786 -
The European Respiratory Journal Feb 2022https://bit.ly/3DGyz6t
https://bit.ly/3DGyz6t
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; COVID-19; Humans; Immunization, Passive; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 34531275
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02076-2021 -
The Keio Journal of Medicine 2011Over a hundred years has passed since the discovery of the "magic bullet" serum therapy by Kitasato and Behring, the first ever therapeutic use of antibodies. More than... (Review)
Review
Over a hundred years has passed since the discovery of the "magic bullet" serum therapy by Kitasato and Behring, the first ever therapeutic use of antibodies. More than 80 years later, the investigation of immunoglobulin structure and function and the development of cell and molecular biology introduced the production of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). In the 35 years since the first process for creating MoAbs was introduced, they have remained the centerpiece of the growing biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry. Herein, I review the history, development, and clinical settings of therapeutic MoAbs that have had a significant impact on life-saving medicine.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Autoimmune Diseases; Communicable Diseases; Databases, Protein; Glycosylation; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Neoplasms
PubMed: 21720199
DOI: 10.2302/kjm.60.37 -
Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione Del... Mar 2020
Topics: Betacoronavirus; Blood Transfusion; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 32267830
DOI: 10.2450/2020.0076-20 -
Revista Medica de Chile Jun 2020
Topics: COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Plasma; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 33480368
DOI: 10.4067/S0034-98872020000600721 -
British Journal of Pharmacology Sep 2021The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic stimulated both the scientific community and healthcare companies to undertake an unprecedented effort with the aim of... (Review)
Review
Coronavirus disease 2019 and the revival of passive immunization: Antibody therapy for inhibiting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and preventing host cell infection: IUPHAR review: 31.
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic stimulated both the scientific community and healthcare companies to undertake an unprecedented effort with the aim of understanding the molecular mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and developing effective therapeutic solutions. The peculiar immune response triggered by this virus, which seems to last only few months, led to a search for alternatives such as passive immunization in addition to conventional vaccinations. Convalescent sera, monoclonal antibodies selected from the most potent neutralizing binders induced by the virus infection, recombinant human single-domain antibodies, and binders of variable scaffold and different origin have been tested alone or in combination exploiting monovalent, multivalent and multispecific formats. In this review, we analyse the state of the research in this field and present a summary of the ongoing projects finalized to identify suitable molecules for therapies based on passive immunization.
Topics: Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; COVID-19; Humans; Immunization, Passive; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 33401333
DOI: 10.1111/bph.15359 -
European Journal of Medical Research May 2020The rapid spread of the corona virus pandemic is an existential problem for many people in numerous countries. So far, there is no effective vaccine protection or proven... (Review)
Review
The rapid spread of the corona virus pandemic is an existential problem for many people in numerous countries. So far, there is no effective vaccine protection or proven therapy available against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In this review, we describe the role of passive immunization in times of the corona virus. Passive immunization could be a bridging technology to improve the immune defense of critically ill patients until better approaches with effective medications are available.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32404189
DOI: 10.1186/s40001-020-00414-5 -
Journal of Medical Economics 2023In the US, RSV imposes significant burdens on infants, households, and the health system. Yet the only licensed immunization is accessible to only certain risk groups...
In the US, RSV imposes significant burdens on infants, households, and the health system. Yet the only licensed immunization is accessible to only certain risk groups comprising 2% of the infant population, leaving the remaining 98% unprotected. An effective immunization for all infants is a significant public health priority. One possible solution is the FDA-approved monoclonal antibody nirsevimab, which recent evidence suggests is safe and effective in preventing RSV in all infants, and which is currently being considered for inclusion in the pediatric immunization schedule and the federal Vaccines for Children (VFC) program. But the question arises whether immunization products like nirsevimab ought to be eligible for the VFC, which nominally and traditionally centers on vaccines providing immunity. Addressing this is urgent because VFC inclusion will be decided on imminently. I argue there are strong policy grounds, i.e., reasons grounded in the ultimate health system goals of maximizing population health or social welfare subject to resource constraints, not to exclude passive immunization from VFC eligibility. Active and passive immunizations both provide adaptive immunity and can therefore produce qualitatively similar effects on risks of infection, disease, and transmission; on disease severity and duration; and on health, welfare, and health resource use. The distinction between active and passive immunization does not intrinsically matter since what matters for the attainment of health system goals is the extent of immunity conferred, not whether immunity is active or passive. Nor can passivity be considered a useful proxy for conferring a lesser extent of immunity, since no such proxy is needed (existing valuation methods can cope with variations in product attributes), and it is a poor proxy (passive immunizations can be better for individuals with impaired immune systems and can have comparable effectiveness durations and economic value as vaccines).
Topics: Infant; Child; Humans; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Immunization; Vaccination; Immunization, Passive
PubMed: 37498791
DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2023.2242169