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Current Cardiology Reviews 2016Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is one of the uncommon cardiovascular disorders. Its incidence ranges from 1.2%-4.9%. Coronary artery ectasia likely represents an... (Review)
Review
Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) is one of the uncommon cardiovascular disorders. Its incidence ranges from 1.2%-4.9%. Coronary artery ectasia likely represents an exaggerated form of expansive vascular remodeling (i.e. excessive expansive remodeling) in response to atherosclerotic plaque growth with atherosclerosis being the most common cause. Although, it has been described more than five decades ago, its management is still debated. We therefore reviewed the literature until date by searching PubMed and Google scholar using key words "coronary artery ectasia", "coronary artery aneurysm", "pathophysiology", "diagnosis", "management" either by itself or in combination. We reviewed the full articles and review articles and focused mainly on pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of CAE.
Topics: Atherosclerosis; Coronary Aneurysm; Dilatation, Pathologic; Humans; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Risk Factors
PubMed: 27142049
DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666160504100159 -
Experimental Biology and Medicine... Feb 2021Secondary intra- and extrahepatic bile duct dilatation is a very common condition that can be caused by several diseases. However, it has been rarely discussed in the... (Review)
Review
Secondary intra- and extrahepatic bile duct dilatation is a very common condition that can be caused by several diseases. However, it has been rarely discussed in the specialized literature. Moreover, no distinct etiology can be determined in some cases, which hampers the diagnosis and treatment. Here, we discuss the etiological classification and treatment strategies of secondary intra- and extrahepatic bile duct dilatation based on an extensive literature review, as well as our experimental research and clinical experience. The etiology of secondary intra- and extrahepatic bile duct dilatation can be classified in different ways. From a clinicopathological perspective, it can be classified into obstruction-, lesion-, and compression-induced dilatation. Treatment varies depending on the cause. For example, endoscopic dilation or stenting is used for biliary strictures, laparoscopic choledochectomy for stone removal, and resection for cholangiocarcinoma.
Topics: Bile Ducts, Extrahepatic; Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; Bilirubin; Cholestasis; Dilatation, Pathologic; Humans; Jaundice
PubMed: 33167690
DOI: 10.1177/1535370220966767 -
Journal of Refractive Surgery... Dec 2021
Topics: Corneal Surgery, Laser; Corneal Topography; Dilatation, Pathologic; Humans
PubMed: 34914561
DOI: 10.3928/1081597X-20211025-01 -
Current Cardiology Reviews 2020Lower extremity venous diseases or insufficiency include clinically deteriorating conditions with morphological and functional alterations of the venous system,... (Review)
Review
Lower extremity venous diseases or insufficiency include clinically deteriorating conditions with morphological and functional alterations of the venous system, including venous hypertension, vascular wall structural abnormality, and venous valvar incompetency in association with an inflammatory process. In fact, the same pathophysiological processes are the main underlying mechanisms of other venous insufficiencies in different vascular territories such as Peripheral Varicose Vein (PVV), varicocele, Pelvic Varicosities or Congestion Syndrome (PCS) and Hemorrhoidal Disease (HD). Regarding the anatomical continuity of lower extremity venous system, urogenital system (pampiniform plexus in male and broad ligament and ovarian veins in female) and anorectal venous system, it is reasonable to expect common symptoms such as pain, burning sensation, pruritis, swelling, which arise directly from the involved tissue itself. High coexistence rate of PVV, varicocele/PCS and HD between each other underlines not only the same vascular wall abnormality as an underlying etiology but also the existence of common symptoms originating from the involved tissue in dilating venous disease. Accordingly, it might be reasonable to query the common symptoms of venous dilating disease in other venous vascular regions in patients with complaints of any particular venous territory.
Topics: Dilatation, Pathologic; Female; Humans; Lower Extremity; Male; Varicose Veins; Veins
PubMed: 32164514
DOI: 10.2174/1573403X16666200312101245 -
Urology Journal Jul 2014The Whitaker test was conceived and developed by Roger H. Whitaker (May 25, 1939) while he was a resident at Cambridge University in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The...
PURPOSE
The Whitaker test was conceived and developed by Roger H. Whitaker (May 25, 1939) while he was a resident at Cambridge University in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The test combines a urodynamic study with antegrade pyelography to measure the pressure differential between the renal pelvis and the bladder. The test can differentiate between patients with residual or recurrent obstruction and those with dilatation secondary to permanent changes in the musculature.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We present the history of the Whitaker test and its place in modern practice.
RESULTS
It is useful in evaluating patients with questionable ureteropelvic or ureterovesical junction obstruction and primary defects in the ureteral musculature. It can also be used to determine when percutaneous nephrostomy tubes can be safely discontinued in postoperative patients.
CONCLUSION
The merit of the Whitaker test in comparison to other less invasive tests, specifically diuretic renography, is the subject of much debate. However, such debate erroneously presupposes that the tests are directly comparable, which they are not. The correct use for the Whitaker test is to assesses potential upper tract obstruction in equivocal cases and should only be utilized when equivocal results are obtained by other less invasive tests, obstruction is suspected in a poorly functioning kidney, a negative renogram with colic, intermittent obstruction, and percutaneous access already exists and the cause of dilatation needs investigating.
Topics: Diagnostic Techniques, Urological; Dilatation, Pathologic; History, 20th Century; Humans; Kidney Pelvis; Pressure; Recurrence; Ureteral Obstruction; Urinary Bladder; Urodynamics; Urography
PubMed: 25015627
DOI: No ID Found -
Forensic Science, Medicine, and... Jun 2023Following a witnessed lethal lightning strike of an adult male who was standing outside in a storm, numerous Lichtenberg figures were identified upon external...
Following a witnessed lethal lightning strike of an adult male who was standing outside in a storm, numerous Lichtenberg figures were identified upon external examination of the body. Sectioning across multiple areas of linear erythema in the figures showed no subcutaneous hemorrhage. This was later confirmed on histology which showed only subtle dermal capillary dilatation with no interstitial hemorrhage or inflammation in these areas. The only areas of interstitial hemorrhage were present in adjacent scattered punctate burns from arcing. The documented resolution of Lichtenberg figures within hours would be more in keeping with temporary functional capillary dilatation, shown in this case, rather than with tissue alteration by interstitial hemorrhage or inflammation.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Skin; Lightning Injuries; Dilatation, Pathologic; Inflammation; Hemorrhage
PubMed: 37046062
DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00612-7 -
Indian Heart Journal 2017The diagnosis of idiopathic dilatation of pulmonary artery is challenging because its clinical recognition is difficult and various other causes of dilated pulmonary... (Review)
Review
The diagnosis of idiopathic dilatation of pulmonary artery is challenging because its clinical recognition is difficult and various other causes of dilated pulmonary artery need to be excluded. The clinical findings mimic various common cardiac disorders and both invasive and non-invasive investigations should be done to arrive at the diagnosis. It is a known clinical entity but etiology and pathophysiology are largely unknown. The current echocardiographic and catheterization based diagnostic criteria, may not be satisfied completely in a particular patient and need to be revisited in view of newer imaging modalities. There is paucity of information about the natural history of the disease with attendant lack of clarity in treatment guidelines. Certain cases may progress to huge dilatation and consequent serious implications. It is a rare disease and is the diagnosis of exclusion.
Topics: Dilatation, Pathologic; Humans; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Circulation; Ultrasonography, Doppler; Vascular Diseases
PubMed: 28228295
DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2016.07.009 -
Middle East African Journal of... 2022Corneal epithelial thickness (CET) and the regional variations in response to changes in corneal architecture and biomechanics have recently drawn the interest of... (Review)
Review
Corneal epithelial thickness (CET) and the regional variations in response to changes in corneal architecture and biomechanics have recently drawn the interest of corneal surgeons. Corneal epithelium possesses the tremendous capability of remodeling and changing its thickness. This remodeling of corneal epithelium takes place in response to underlying stromal irregularities which can result from a variety of corneal disorders including corneal ectasia. Measurement of CET can reveal the underlying stromal abnormalities and supplement in early diagnosis of corneal disorders especially corneal ectasia which has been one of the leading challenges in planning corneal refractive surgery. A significant number of patients ends up in ectasia after refractive surgery and the most common cause of this complication is the presence of preoperative subclinical keratoconus. Furthermore, postoperative complications of corneal refractive surgery are partly masked by epithelial remodeling and make the diagnosis and management difficult and extremely challenging. This leads not only to unpredictable visual and refractive outcome but also the need of multiple interventions to treat these complications. Although corneal tomography is considered as gold standard in the detection and diagnosis of corneal ectasia, a small number of subclinical cases may still go undetected. In this review, we have highlighted the underlying mechanism of epithelial remodeling, the devices and imaging modalities used to measure CET, and application of epithelial mapping in the diagnosis and management of various corneal disorders.
Topics: Humans; Dilatation, Pathologic; Cornea; Keratoconus; Refraction, Ocular; Refractive Surgical Procedures; Corneal Topography; Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ; Lasers, Excimer; Epithelium, Corneal
PubMed: 37408717
DOI: 10.4103/meajo.meajo_207_22 -
Asian Journal of Surgery Jul 2023
Topics: Humans; Thoracic Duct; Dilatation; Dilatation, Pathologic
PubMed: 37173246
DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.03.194 -
European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology,... Dec 2018The surgical technique of olfactory cleft dilatation consists in transmucosal lateral fracture-dislocation of the lateral wall of each olfactory cleft (i.e., of the...
The surgical technique of olfactory cleft dilatation consists in transmucosal lateral fracture-dislocation of the lateral wall of each olfactory cleft (i.e., of the turbinate wall of the ethmoid, composed, from anterior to posterior, of the middle, superior and supreme turbinates), in order to get access to the recess hosting the human olfactory mucosa and to the roof of the olfactory cleft (i.e., cribriform plate), with minimal trauma to the mucosa. Olfactory cleft dilatation is indicated for dysosmia secondary to constitutional stenosis of the olfactory clefts due to abnormal development of the ethmoid. Constitutional stenosis of the olfactory clefts should be differentiated from inflammatory obstruction and other diseases of the olfactory clefts, and especially from respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma, which enlarges the olfactory clefts and must be treated by resection. The technique of olfactory cleft dilatation is illustrated by three surgical cases. There was clear improvement in dysosmia in all three cases, without any complications. The place of constitutional olfactory cleft stenosis needs still to be defined in both diagnosis and treatment of dysosmia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Constriction, Pathologic; Dilatation, Pathologic; Endoscopy; Ethmoid Bone; Female; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Nasal Obstruction; Nasal Septum; Olfaction Disorders; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Turbinates; Young Adult
PubMed: 29934261
DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2018.05.008