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BMC Genomics Sep 2015Pedunculate oak, Quercus robur is an abundant forest tree species that hosts a large and diverse community of beneficial ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMFs), whereby...
BACKGROUND
Pedunculate oak, Quercus robur is an abundant forest tree species that hosts a large and diverse community of beneficial ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMFs), whereby ectomycorrhiza (EM) formation is stimulated by mycorrhiza helper bacteria such as Streptomyces sp. AcH 505. Oaks typically grow rhythmically, with alternating root flushes (RFs) and shoot flushes (SFs). We explored the poorly understood mechanisms by which oaks integrate signals induced by their beneficial microbes and endogenous rhythmic growth at the level of gene expression. To this end, we compared transcript profiles of oak microcuttings at RF and SF during interactions with AcH 505 alone and in combination with the basidiomycetous EMF Piloderma croceum.
RESULTS
The local root and distal leaf responses to the microorganisms differed substantially. More genes involved in the recognition of bacteria and fungi, defence and cell wall remodelling related transcription factors (TFs) were differentially expressed in the roots than in the leaves of oaks. In addition, interaction with AcH 505 and P. croceum affected the expression of a higher number of genes during SF than during RF, including AcH 505 elicited defence response, which was attenuated by co-inoculation with P. croceum in the roots during SF. Genes encoding leucine-rich receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) and proteins (LRR-RLPs), LRR containing defence response regulators, TFs from bZIP, ERF and WRKY families, xyloglucan cell wall transglycolases/hydrolases and exordium proteins were differentially expressed in both roots and leaves of plants treated with AcH 505. Only few genes, including specific RLKs and TFs, were induced in both AcH 505 and co-inoculation treatments.
CONCLUSION
Treatment with AcH 505 induces and maintains the expression levels of signalling genes encoding candidate receptor protein kinases and TFs and leads to differential expression of cell wall modification related genes in pedunculate oak microcuttings. Local gene expression response to AcH 505 alone and in combination with P. croceum are more pronounced when roots are in resting stages, possibly due to the fact that non growing roots re-direct their activity towards plant defence rather than growth.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Down-Regulation; Forests; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Ontology; Mycorrhizae; Plant Leaves; Plant Roots; Quercus; Streptomyces; Trees; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 26328611
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1856-y -
Royal Society Open Science Nov 2019The origin of the arthropod carapace, an enlargement of cephalic tergites, can be traced back to the Cambrian period. However, its disparity and evolution are still not...
The origin of the arthropod carapace, an enlargement of cephalic tergites, can be traced back to the Cambrian period. However, its disparity and evolution are still not fully understood. Here, we describe a new 'bivalved' arthropod, gen. et sp. nov., based on 102 specimens from the middle Cambrian (Wuliuan Stage) Burgess Shale, Marble Canyon area in British Columbia's Kootenay National Park, Canada. The laterally compressed carapace covers most of the body. It is fused dorsally and merges anteriorly into a conspicuous postero-ventrally recurved rostrum as long as the carapace and positioned between a pair of backwards-facing pedunculate eyes. The body is homonomous, with approximately 40 weakly sclerotized segments bearing biramous legs with elongate endopods, and ends in a pair of small flap-like caudal rami. is interpreted as a suspension feeder possibly swimming inverted, in a potential case of convergence with some branchiopods. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis places it within a group closely related to the extinct Hymenocarina. is unique in its carapace morphology and overall widens the ecological disparity of Cambrian arthropods and suggests that the evolution of a 'bivalved' carapace and an upside-down lifestyle may have occurred early in stem-group crustaceans.
PubMed: 31827867
DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191350 -
ZooKeys 2015A number of stylasterid corals are known to act as host species and create refuges for a variety of mobile and sessile organisms, which enhances their habitat...
Southern hemisphere deep-water stylasterid corals including a new species, Errinalabrosa sp. n. (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Stylasteridae), with notes on some symbiotic scalpellids (Cirripedia, Thoracica, Scalpellidae).
A number of stylasterid corals are known to act as host species and create refuges for a variety of mobile and sessile organisms, which enhances their habitat complexity. These include annelids, anthozoans, cirripeds, copepods, cyanobacteria, echinoderms, gastropods, hydroids and sponges. Here we report the first evidence of a diverse association between stylasterids and scalpellid pedunculate barnacles and describe a new stylasterid species, Errinalabrosa, from the Tristan da Cunha Archipelago. Overall, five stylasterid species are found to host eight scalpellid barnacles from several biogeographic regions in the southern hemisphere (Southern Ocean, temperate South America and the southern Indo-Pacific realms). There is an apparent lack of specificity in this kind of association and different grades of reaction to the symbiosis have been observed in the coral. These records suggest that the association between pedunculate barnacles and hard stylasterid corals has a wide distribution among different biogeographic realms and that it is relatively rare and confined largely to deep water.
PubMed: 25632246
DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.472.8547 -
Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias Mar 2016Trichogonia cinerea is endemic to Brazil and occurs in areas of cerrado and campo rupestre. In this study, we characterized the glandular and non-glandular trichomes on...
Trichogonia cinerea is endemic to Brazil and occurs in areas of cerrado and campo rupestre. In this study, we characterized the glandular and non-glandular trichomes on the aerial parts of this species, determined the principal events in the development of the former, and identified the main constituents of the volatile oil produced in its aerial organs. Fully expanded leaves, internodes, florets, involucral bracts, and stem apices were used for the characterization of trichomes. Leaves, internodes, florets, and involucral bracts were examined by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, whereas stem apices were examined only by light microscopy. Branches in the reproductive phase were used for the extraction and determination of the composition of the volatile oil. The species has three types of glandular trichomes, biseriate vesicular, biseriate pedunculate, and multicellular uniseriate, which secrete volatile oils and phenolic compounds. The major components identified in the volatile oil were 3,5-muuroladiene (39.56%) and butylated hydroxytoluene (13.07%).
Topics: Asteraceae; Immunohistochemistry; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Oils, Volatile; Trichomes
PubMed: 26982621
DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140660 -
Insects Oct 2020The oak lace bug (OLB), (Hemiptera: Tingidae), was first identified as an invasive pest in Europe in northern Italy in 2000 and since then it has spread rapidly,...
The oak lace bug (OLB), (Hemiptera: Tingidae), was first identified as an invasive pest in Europe in northern Italy in 2000 and since then it has spread rapidly, attacking large forested areas in European countries. The OLB is a cell sap-sucking insect that is native to North America, with spp. as its main host. Its rapid expansion, successful establishment in invaded countries, and observations of more damage to hosts compared to native areas are most likely due to a lack of natural enemies, pathogens and competitors. In its native area, various natural enemies of OLBs have been identified; however, little is known about the occurrence and impact of OLB pathogens. None of the pathogenic fungi found on OLBs in natural conditions have been identified until now. In this study, we provide evidence of four entomopathogenic fungi that are naturally occurring on invasive OLBs found in infested pedunculate oak forests in eastern Croatia. On the basis of their morphology and multilocus molecular phylogeny, the fungi were identified as , , and . The sequences generated for this study are available from GenBank under the accession numbers MT004817-MT004820, MT004833-MT004835, MT027501-MT27510, and MT001936-MT0011943. These pathogenic species could facilitate biological control strategies against OLBs.
PubMed: 33036392
DOI: 10.3390/insects11100679 -
Molecules and Cells Dec 2006The whole mitochondrial genome (14,915 nt) of Pollicipes mitella (Crustacea, Maxillopoda, Cirripedia, Thoracica) was sequenced and characterized. It is the shortest of...
The whole mitochondrial genome (14,915 nt) of Pollicipes mitella (Crustacea, Maxillopoda, Cirripedia, Thoracica) was sequenced and characterized. It is the shortest of the 31 completely sequenced crustacean mitochondrial genomes, with the exception of a copepod Tigriopus japonicus (14,628 nt). It consists of the usual 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes, and 1 relatively short non-coding region (294 nt). The thoracican cirripeds apart from Megabalanus volcano have the same arrangement of protein-coding genes as Limulus polypemus, but there are frequent tRNA gene translocations (at least 8). Some interesting translocation features that may be specific to the thoracican cirriped lineage are as follows: 1) trnK-trnQ lies between the control region and trnI, 2) trnA-trnE lies between trnN and trnS1, 3) trnP lies between ND4L and trnT, and 4) trnY-trnC lies between trnS2 and ND1. In P. mitella there are two trnL genes (L1 and L2) in the typical crustacean positions (ND1-L1-LrRNA and CO1-L2-CO2). The present result is compared and discussed with the other three cirriped mitochondrial genomes from one pedunculate (Pollicipes polymerus) and two sessiles (Tetraclita japonica and M. volcano) published so far. Mitochondrial protein phylogenies reconstructed by the BI and ML algorithms show that the thoracican Cirripedia is monophyletic (BPP 100/BP 100) and associated with Remipedia (BPP 98/BP 35). In addition, Oligostraca, including Ostracoda, Branchiura, and Pentastomida, is a monophyletic group (BPP 99/BP 68), and is basal to all the other examined arthropods. Remipedia + Cirripedia appears as an independent lineage within Arthropoda, apart from Thoracopoda (Malacostraca, Branchiopda, and Cephalocarida). The Thoracopoda is paraphyletic to Hexapoda. The present result suggests that the monophylies of Crustacea and Maxillopoda should be reconsidered.
Topics: Animals; Base Composition; Codon; Crustacea; DNA, Mitochondrial; Evolution, Molecular; Genes, Mitochondrial; Genome; Phylogeny; Protein Biosynthesis; RNA, Transfer; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 17202860
DOI: No ID Found -
The Israel Medical Association Journal... Feb 2006Men and postmenopausal women with iron deficiency anemia are routinely evaluated to exclude a gastrointestinal source of suspected internal bleeding. Iron deficiency...
BACKGROUND
Men and postmenopausal women with iron deficiency anemia are routinely evaluated to exclude a gastrointestinal source of suspected internal bleeding. Iron deficiency anemia in premenopausal women is often treated with simple iron replacement under the assumption that the condition is due to excessive menstrual blood loss.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the yield of endoscopy evaluations in premenopausal women with iron deficiency anemia.
METHODS
Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations were conducted in 45 premenopausal women with iron deficiency anemia not related to gynecologic or nutritional causes.
RESULTS
Forty-three of the 45 women fulfilled the entry criteria and were enrolled. Their mean age was 35 +/- 15 years and their mean hemoglobin level 9.3 +/- 2.3 g/dl. Twenty-eight upper gastrointestinal lesions were demonstrated in 24 of the 43 patients (55.8%): erosive gastritis in 12 (27.9%), erosive duodenitis in 4 (9.3%), erosive esophagitis in 3 (7.0%), hiatus hernia (with Cameron lesions) in 3 (7.0%), active duodenal ulcer in 1 (2.3%) and hyperplastic polyp (10 mm) in 1 (2.3%). Five lower gastrointestinal lesions were detected in 5 patients (16.3%): 2 (4.6%) had adenocarcinoma of the right colon, 2 (4.6%) had pedunculate adenomatous polyp > 10 mm, and 1 (2.3%) had segmental colitis (Crohn's disease). One patient (2.3%) had pathologic findings in both the upper and lower gastrointestinal tracts.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings of a gastrointestinal source of chronic blood loss in 28 of 43 premenopausal women with iron deficiency anemia (65.1%) suggest that this population will benefit from bi-directional endoscopic evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Chronic Disease; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Female; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage; Humans; Middle Aged; Premenopause
PubMed: 16544728
DOI: No ID Found -
Folia Parasitologica Dec 2014Parapedocotylinae, a new subfamily, is proposed to accommodate the gen. n. et sp. n. Parapedocotyle prolatili (Monogenea: Diclidophoridae), a gill parasite of the...
Parapedocotyle prolatili gen. n. et sp. n., a representative of a new subfamily of the Diclidophoridae (Monogenea), a gill parasite of Prolatilus jugularis (Teleostei: Pinguipedidae) from Chile.
Parapedocotylinae, a new subfamily, is proposed to accommodate the gen. n. et sp. n. Parapedocotyle prolatili (Monogenea: Diclidophoridae), a gill parasite of the Pacific sandperch, Prolatilus jugularis (Valenciennes) (Pinguipedidae) from northern Chile (30 degrees 56'S; 71 degrees 20'W). Among the Diclidophoridae Cerfontaine, 1895, the species of the Pedocotylinae Yamaguti, 1963 are unique by bearing the first pair of clamps (most posteriorly) in a haptoral projection. Pedocotyle MacCallum, 1913, the only genus in the Pedocotylinae, is characterised by the first pair of clamps non-pedunculate, modified and non-functional, without accessory suckers, and clamps of pairs 2-4 being pedunculate and functional. In contrast, the first pair of clamps in Parapedocotyle is well developed and functional at the terminal end of a long haptoral appendix and having clamp pairs 2-4 pedunculated, modified and apparently not functional. Seminal receptacle is preovarian in Parapedocotyle in opposition to its postovarian position in Pedocotyle. These differences justified the erection of the new subfamily Parapedocotylinae. The new subfamily is also supported by genetic analyses (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and cox1 sequences) demonstrating that the Pedocotylinae and Parapedocotylinae belong to different clades in the Diclidophoridae.
Topics: Animals; Chile; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Phylogeography; Platyhelminths; Trematode Infections
PubMed: 25651696
DOI: No ID Found -
Insects Oct 2021Food webs on forest trees include plant pathogens, arthropods, and their natural enemies. To increase the understanding of the impact of a plant pathogen on...
Food webs on forest trees include plant pathogens, arthropods, and their natural enemies. To increase the understanding of the impact of a plant pathogen on herbivore-natural enemy interactions, we studied the powdery mildew fungus , the phytophagous mite , and the predatory and mycophagous mite in pedunculate oak () leaves. In June, July and August of 2016, we assessed the severity of powdery mildew, mite population density and adult female mite size in 30 trees in three forests near Belgrade, Serbia. In August, the infection severity of related positively to the population density of and negatively to the body size of females. Throughout the vegetative season, the infection severity of related positively to the population density of but not to its body size. The effect of on the population density and adult size of was not mediated by the population density of , and . Interactions were consistent in all forests and varied with the summer month. Our findings indicate that can influence the average body size and population densities of prey and predatory mites studied, irrespective of predator-prey relationships.
PubMed: 34821782
DOI: 10.3390/insects12110981 -
Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Feb 2013Heliconema hainanensis sp. nov. collected from Uroconger lepturus (Richardson) (Anguilliformes: Congridae), Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål) and Congresox talabonoides...
Morphological and molecular characterisation of Heliconema hainanensis sp. nov. (Spirurina: Physalopteridae) from congers in the South China Sea, with a key to the species of Heliconema.
Heliconema hainanensis sp. nov. collected from Uroconger lepturus (Richardson) (Anguilliformes: Congridae), Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål) and Congresox talabonoides (Bleeker) (Anguilliformes: Muraenesocidae) in the South China Sea was described using light and scanning electron microscopy. The new species differs from its congeners by the following morphology: pseudolabia, the number and arrangement of caudal papillae (4 pairs of pedunculate precloacal papillae arranged in 2 groups of 2 and 2 pairs and 6 pairs of pedunculate postcloacal papillae arranged in 4 groups of 1, 2, 1 and 2 pairs), the length of spicules [left spicule 0.51-0.69 mm, right spicule 0.20-0.27 mm, spicule (right:left) ratio 1:2.20-2.69] and the morphology of the female tail tip. In addition, specimens of the new species collected from the three different hosts and specimens of an unidentified species of Heliconema collected from U. lepturus were characterised using molecular methods by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA. Analyses and comparison of the ITS sequence of H. hainanensis sp. nov. with Heliconema sp. support the validity of the new species based on morphological observations. An identification key to the species of Heliconema is also provided.
Topics: Animals; China; Eels; Female; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Pacific Ocean; Spirurina
PubMed: 23440113
DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000100007