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Buffalo Medical Journal Oct 1917
Review
PubMed: 36886536
DOI: No ID Found -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Apr 1950
PubMed: 20324546
DOI: No ID Found -
The Indian Medical Gazette Mar 1939
PubMed: 29011807
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and ensuing inflammation pose a huge challenge to the host's nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism. Humans depend on vitamin... (Review)
Review
Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and ensuing inflammation pose a huge challenge to the host's nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) metabolism. Humans depend on vitamin B3 for biosynthesis of NAD, indispensable for many metabolic and NAD-consuming signaling reactions. The balance between its utilization and resynthesis is vitally important. Many extra-pulmonary symptoms of COVID-19 strikingly resemble those of pellagra, vitamin B3 deficiency (e.g., diarrhoea, dermatitis, oral cavity and tongue manifestations, loss of smell and taste, mental confusion). In most developed countries, pellagra is successfully eradicated by vitamin B3 fortification programs. Thus, conceivably, it has not been suspected as a cause of COVID-19 symptoms. Here, the deregulation of the NAD metabolism in response to the SARS-CoV-2 infection is reviewed, with special emphasis on the differences in the NAD biosynthetic pathway's efficiency in conditions predisposing for the development of serious COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced NAD depletion and the elevated levels of its metabolites contribute to the development of a systemic disease. Acute liberation of nicotinamide (NAM) in antiviral NAD-consuming reactions potentiates "NAM drain", cooperatively mediated by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase and aldehyde oxidase. "NAM drain" compromises the NAD salvage pathway's fail-safe function. The robustness of the host's NAD salvage pathway, prior to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, is an important determinant of COVID-19 severity and persistence of certain symptoms upon resolution of infection.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; NAD; Niacin; Niacinamide; Pellagra; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35457123
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084309 -
Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine 2017Photosensitive disorders are common, affecting up to 5% of HIV-positive patients. HIV itself induces photosensitivity but photoaggravated drug reactions, porphyria...
Photosensitive disorders are common, affecting up to 5% of HIV-positive patients. HIV itself induces photosensitivity but photoaggravated drug reactions, porphyria cutanea tarda and nutritional disorders such as pellagra are also more common in patients with HIV. In South Africa, actinic lichenoid leukomelanoderma of HIV is a unique photosensitive disorder which is associated with advanced HIV. It is important to be able to recognise these conditions and withdraw photosensitising medications wherever possible.
PubMed: 29568622
DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v18i1.676 -
Cureus Nov 2023Vitamin B3 is called niacin, an essential nutrient for the human body. In diet, it exists in three forms - niacin, nicotinamide, and nicotinamide riboside and can also...
Vitamin B3 is called niacin, an essential nutrient for the human body. In diet, it exists in three forms - niacin, nicotinamide, and nicotinamide riboside and can also be produced from an amino acid - tryptophan in the gut. During the digestive process, these dietary forms of vitamin B3 get converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which behaves as a cofactor and substrate in critical cellular reactions and thus plays a pivotal role in energy metabolism. The deficiency of this particular vitamin in the body, which manifests in different ways, is called Pellagra. We discuss one such case of niacin deficiency presenting with multisystem involvement in a chronic alcoholic.
PubMed: 38152783
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49482 -
The Lancet. Global Health May 2022
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Humans; Isoniazid; Pellagra
PubMed: 35427509
DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00163-2 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2021Cereals and pulses are consumed as a staple food in low-income countries for the fulfillment of daily dietary requirements and as a source of micronutrients. However,... (Review)
Review
Cereals and pulses are consumed as a staple food in low-income countries for the fulfillment of daily dietary requirements and as a source of micronutrients. However, they are failing to offer balanced nutrition due to deficiencies of some essential compounds, macronutrients, and micronutrients, i.e., cereals are deficient in iron, zinc, some essential amino acids, and quality proteins. Meanwhile, the pulses are rich in anti-nutrient compounds that restrict the bioavailability of micronutrients. As a result, the population is suffering from malnutrition and resultantly different diseases, i.e., anemia, beriberi, pellagra, night blindness, rickets, and scurvy are common in the society. These facts highlight the need for the biofortification of cereals and pulses for the provision of balanced diets to masses and reduction of malnutrition. Biofortification of crops may be achieved through conventional approaches or new breeding techniques (NBTs). Conventional approaches for biofortification cover mineral fertilization through foliar or soil application, microbe-mediated enhanced uptake of nutrients, and conventional crossing of plants to obtain the desired combination of genes for balanced nutrient uptake and bioavailability. Whereas, NBTs rely on gene silencing, gene editing, overexpression, and gene transfer from other species for the acquisition of balanced nutritional profiles in mutant plants. Thus, we have highlighted the significance of conventional and NBTs for the biofortification of cereals and pulses. Current and future perspectives and opportunities are also discussed. Further, the regulatory aspects of newly developed biofortified transgenic and/or non-transgenic crop varieties NBTs are also presented.
PubMed: 34692743
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.721728 -
IDCases 2019Pellagra is caused by cellular deficiency of niacin or its precursor amino acid, tryptophan. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is the administration of isoniazid (INH)...
Pellagra is caused by cellular deficiency of niacin or its precursor amino acid, tryptophan. Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) is the administration of isoniazid (INH) to latent tuberculosis (TB) infection affected people preventing advancement to active TB disease. Although potentially life-saving for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected people with no active TB, IPT is arguably a possible player in pellagra in addition to well-known malnourishment determinants particularly in developing nations where diagnosis is often overlooked or delayed. A case study examines clinical presentation and possible causes of pellagra, in HIV + patient on isoniazid prophylaxis. The 30 year old female on routine antiretroviral therapy presented with diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, painful swallowing, and epigastric pain, facial rash spread on the forehead, nose, cheeks and the chin, upper and lower limbs. Withdrawal of isoniazid, administration of nicotinamide and niacin supplements showed clinical improvement in four weeks. Decreased serum tryptophan in persons living with HIV (PLHIV) under IPT and lack of minimum dietary proteins threshold would be pointers to isoniazid induced pellagra risk. Appropriate dietary intake and counseling ought to be emphasized among PLHIV. Tryptophan and nicotinamide serum levels should be part of baseline investigations in PLHIV starting IPT and where feasible clinically, niacin/nicotinamide supplementation be adopted.
PubMed: 31193074
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00550 -
Journal of the National Medical... Apr 1909
PubMed: 20891074
DOI: No ID Found