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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2019Three new thiodiketopiperazines (⁻), along with two known analogues ( and ), were isolated from the fermentation broth of . Their structures were elucidated through...
Three new thiodiketopiperazines (⁻), along with two known analogues ( and ), were isolated from the fermentation broth of . Their structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analysis and the absolute configurations of new compounds were determined by Mosher ester analysis and calculated ECD spectra. Compound and have the activity to promote the gastrointestinal motility of zebrafish via acting on the cholinergic nervous system.
Topics: Animals; Diketopiperazines; Gastrointestinal Motility; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Penicillium; Zebrafish
PubMed: 30650614
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020299 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Oct 2020Penicillium roqueforti is a major cause of fungal food spoilage. Its conidia are the main dispersal structures of this fungus and therefore the main cause of food...
Impact of maturation and growth temperature on cell-size distribution, heat-resistance, compatible solute composition and transcription profiles of Penicillium roqueforti conidia.
Penicillium roqueforti is a major cause of fungal food spoilage. Its conidia are the main dispersal structures of this fungus and therefore the main cause of food contamination. These stress resistant asexual spores can be killed by preservation methods such as heat treatment. Here, the effects of cultivation time and temperature on thermal resistance of P. roqueforti conidia were studied. To this end, cultures were grown for 3, 5, 7 and 10 days at 25 °C or for 7 days at 15, 25 and 30 °C. Conidia of 3- and 10-day-old cultures that had been grown at 25 °C had D-values of 1.99 ± 0.15 min and 5.31 ± 1.04 min, respectively. The effect of cultivation temperature was most pronounced between P. roqueforti conidia cultured for 7 days at 15 °C and 30 °C, where D-values of 1.12 ± 0.05 min and 4.19 ± 0.11 min were found, respectively. Notably, D-values were not higher when increasing both cultivation time and temperature by growing for 10 days at 30 °C. A correlation was found between heat resistance of conidia and levels of trehalose and arabitol, while this was not found for glycerol, mannitol and erythritol. RNA-sequencing showed that the expression profiles of conidia of 3- to 10-day-old cultures that had been grown at 25 °C were distinct from conidia that had been formed at 15 °C and 30 °C for 7 days. Only 33 genes were upregulated at both prolonged incubation time and increased growth temperature. Their encoded proteins as well as trehalose and arabitol may form the core of heat resistance of P. roqueforti conidia.
Topics: Base Sequence; Food Microbiology; Hot Temperature; Penicillium; RNA, Fungal; Spores, Fungal; Sugar Alcohols; Time Factors; Transcriptome; Trehalose
PubMed: 32846509
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109287 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Oct 2019Emission of toxic metabolites in guttation droplets of common indoor fungi is not well documented. The aims of this study were (i) to compare mycotoxins in biomass and...
Penicillium expansum strain isolated from indoor building material was able to grow on gypsum board and emitted guttation droplets containing chaetoglobosins and communesins A, B and D.
AIMS
Emission of toxic metabolites in guttation droplets of common indoor fungi is not well documented. The aims of this study were (i) to compare mycotoxins in biomass and guttation droplets from indoor fungi from a building following health complaints among occupants, (ii) to identify the most toxic strain and to test if mycotoxins in guttation liquids migrated trough air and (iii) to test if toxigenic Penicillium expansum strains grew on gypsum board.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Biomass suspensions and guttation droplets from individual fungal colonies representing Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Penicillium, Stachybotrys and Paecilomyces were screened toxic to mammalian cells. The most toxic strain, RcP61 (CBS 145620), was identified as Pen. expansum Link by sequence analysis of the ITS region and a calmodulin gene fragment, and confirmed by the Westerdijk Institute based on ITS and beta-tubulin sequences. The strain was isolated from a cork liner, was able to grow on gypsum board and to produce toxic substances in biomass extracts and guttation droplets inhibiting proliferation of somatic cells (PK-15, MNA, FL) in up to 20 000-fold dilutions. Toxic compounds in biomass extracts and/or guttation droplets were determined by HPLC and LC-MS. Strain RcP61 produced communesins A, B and D, and chaetoglobosins in guttation droplets (the liquid emitted from them) and biomass extracts. The toxins of the guttation droplets migrated c. 1 cm through air and condensed on a cool surface.
CONCLUSIONS
The mycotoxin-containing guttation liquids emitted by Pen. expansum grown on laboratory medium exhibited airborne migration and were >100 times more toxic in bioassays than guttation droplets produced by indoor isolates of the genera Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Stachybotrys and Paecilomyces.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Toxic exudates produced by Pen. expansum containing communesins A, B and D, and chaetoglobosins were transferable by air. This may represent a novel mechanism of mycotoxin dispersal in indoor environment.
Topics: Calcium Sulfate; Construction Materials; Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; Indole Alkaloids; Mycotoxins; Penicillium
PubMed: 31271686
DOI: 10.1111/jam.14369 -
Microbial Ecology Nov 2018The role of fungi in metal cycling in acidic environments has been little explored to date. In this study, two acid-tolerant and metal-resistant Penicillium isolates,...
Isolation, Characterization, and Metal Response of Novel, Acid-Tolerant Penicillium spp. from Extremely Metal-Rich Waters at a Mining Site in Transbaikal (Siberia, Russia).
The role of fungi in metal cycling in acidic environments has been little explored to date. In this study, two acid-tolerant and metal-resistant Penicillium isolates, strains ShG4B and ShG4C, were isolated from a mine site in the Transbaikal area of Siberia (Russia). Waters at the mine site were characterized by extremely high metal concentrations: up to 18 g l Fe and > 2 g l each of Cu, Zn, Al, and As. Both isolates were identified as Penicillium spp. by phylogenetic analyses and they grew well in Czapek medium acidified to pH 2.5. Resistance to Cu, Cd, Ni, Co, and arsenate was in the range of 1-10 g l. Further experiments with Penicillium strain ShG4C demonstrated that growth in Cu-containing media was accompanied by the precipitation of Cu-oxalate (moolooite) and the formation of extracellular vesicles enriched in Cu on the mycelia. Vesicles were greatly reduced in size in Cd-containing media and were not formed in the presence of Ni or Co. Cd-oxalate was detected as a crystalline solid phase in Cd-exposed mycelia. Hydrated Ni-sulfate (retgersite) and Co-sulfate (bieberite) were detected in mycelia grown in the presence of Ni and Co, respectively. The results demonstrated that acid-tolerant and metal-resistant Penicillium constitute a component in extremophilic microbiomes, contributing to organic matter breakdown and formation of secondary solid phases at pH ranges found in acid rock drainage.
Topics: Arsenic; Fungal Proteins; Metals, Heavy; Penicillium; Phylogeny; Siberia; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 29663040
DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1186-0 -
Research in Microbiology Oct 2003Asexual spores or conidia are dispersive propagules produced as an alternative to vegetative growth by a diverse group of filamentous fungi. The cellular development... (Review)
Review
Asexual spores or conidia are dispersive propagules produced as an alternative to vegetative growth by a diverse group of filamentous fungi. The cellular development programmes which govern conidiation have been intensely studied in the last few decades, although important gaps stand in the way of our understanding of this phenomenon, namely in the areas of the environmental sensing mechanisms and signal transduction pathways. The aim of this review is to summarize the current advances in conidiation induction in the genus Penicillium, and to put them into context with the state of our knowledge stemming from work in widely studied fungal model systems.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Penicillium; Signal Transduction; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 14527654
DOI: 10.1016/S0923-2508(03)00168-2 -
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Sep 2018Antimicrobial and anti-proliferative meleagrin and oxaline are roquefortine C-derived alkaloids produced by fungi of the genus Penicillium. Tandem O-methylations...
Antimicrobial and anti-proliferative meleagrin and oxaline are roquefortine C-derived alkaloids produced by fungi of the genus Penicillium. Tandem O-methylations complete the biosynthesis of oxaline from glandicoline B through meleagrin. Currently, little is known about the role of these methylation patterns in the bioactivity profile of meleagrin and oxaline. To establish the structural and mechanistic basis of methylation in these pathways, crystal structures were determined for two late-stage methyltransferases in the oxaline and meleagrin gene clusters from Penicillium oxalicum and Penicillium chrysogenum. The homologous enzymes OxaG and RoqN were shown to catalyze penultimate hydroxylamine O-methylation to generate meleagrin in vitro. Crystal structures of these enzymes in the presence of methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine revealed an open active site, which lacks an apparent base indicating that catalysis is driven by proximity effects. OxaC was shown to methylate meleagrin to form oxaline in vitro, the terminal pathway product. Crystal structures of OxaC in a pseudo-Michaelis complex containing sinefungin and meleagrin, and in a product complex containing S-adenosyl-homocysteine and oxaline, reveal key active site residues with His313 serving as a base that is activated by Glu369. These data provide structural insights into the enzymatic methylation of these alkaloids that include a rare hydroxylamine oxygen acceptor, and can be used to guide future efforts towards selective derivatization and structural diversification and establishing the role of methylation in bioactivity.
Topics: Imidazoles; Methyltransferases; Models, Molecular; Ovomucin; Penicillium; Protein Conformation
PubMed: 30141817
DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01565a -
Toxins Jun 2020Ergot alkaloids are novel pharmaceutical and therapeutic agents synthesized in this study using fungal species To get the maximum yield of ergot alkaloids a statistical...
Ergot alkaloids are novel pharmaceutical and therapeutic agents synthesized in this study using fungal species To get the maximum yield of ergot alkaloids a statistical process of response surface methodology was employed using surface culture fermentation technique. Initially, the strain of was improved using physical (ultraviolet (UV) and chemical (ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treatments to get the maximum yield of ergot alkaloids through surface culture fermentation technique. After improving the strain, survival rate of colonies of treated with UV and EMS was observed. Only 2.04% living colonies were observed after 150 min of exposure of in UV light and 3.2% living colonies were observed after 20 min of the exposure in EMS. The mutated strains of were screened for their production of ergot alkaloids and after fermentation experiments, maximum yield was obtained from PCUV-4 and PCEMS-1 strains. After strain improvement, Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) of RSM were employed and 10-fold yield enhancement (35.60 mg/100 mL) of ergot alkaloids was achieved. This enhancement in yield of ergot alkaloids proved the positive impacts of RSM and UV on the yield of ergot alkaloids. The study provides a cost effective, economical and sustainable process to produce medically important ergot alkaloids which can be used in various pharmaceutical formulations to treat human diseases.
Topics: Ergot Alkaloids; Ethyl Methanesulfonate; Fermentation; Industrial Microbiology; Models, Statistical; Penicillium; Time Factors; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 32610508
DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070427 -
Marine Drugs Jun 2020The co-cultivation of two or more different microbial strains in one culture vessel was supposed to be a viable experimental approach for enhancing the diversity of the...
The co-cultivation of two or more different microbial strains in one culture vessel was supposed to be a viable experimental approach for enhancing the diversity of the compounds produced. Two new meroterpenoid derivatives, chermebilaenes A () and B (), together with three known sesquiterpenoids, sesquicaranoic acid B (), cyclonerodiol () and bisabol-l-on-13-säuremethylester (), were characterized from a co-culture of the marine-derived fungal isolates of MA-267 and EN-480. Neither fungus produced these compounds when cultured alone under the same conditions. Compound represents an unprecedented acorane-type sesquiterpene hybridized with an octadecadienoic acid skeleton. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations were assumed on the basis of acidic hydrolysis combined with modified Mosher's method and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compound showed potent inhibitory activities against and .
Topics: Coculture Techniques; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Penicillium; Terpenes
PubMed: 32605151
DOI: 10.3390/md18070339 -
PloS One 2015Fungi exhibit substantial morphological and genetic diversity, often associated with cryptic species differing in ecological niches. Penicillium roqueforti is used as a...
Fungi exhibit substantial morphological and genetic diversity, often associated with cryptic species differing in ecological niches. Penicillium roqueforti is used as a starter culture for blue-veined cheeses, being responsible for their flavor and color, but is also a common spoilage organism in various foods. Different types of blue-veined cheeses are manufactured and consumed worldwide, displaying specific organoleptic properties. These features may be due to the different manufacturing methods and/or to the specific P. roqueforti strains used. Substantial morphological diversity exists within P. roqueforti and, although not taxonomically valid, several technological names have been used for strains on different cheeses (e.g., P. gorgonzolae, P. stilton). A worldwide P. roqueforti collection from 120 individual blue-veined cheeses and 21 other substrates was analyzed here to determine (i) whether P. roqueforti is a complex of cryptic species, by applying the Genealogical Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition criterion (GC-PSR), (ii) whether the population structure assessed using microsatellite markers correspond to blue cheese types, and (iii) whether the genetic clusters display different morphologies. GC-PSR multi-locus sequence analyses showed no evidence of cryptic species. The population structure analysis using microsatellites revealed the existence of highly differentiated populations, corresponding to blue cheese types and with contrasted morphologies. This suggests that the population structure has been shaped by different cheese-making processes or that different populations were recruited for different cheese types. Cheese-making fungi thus constitute good models for studying fungal diversification under recent selection.
Topics: Cheese; Food Microbiology; Genes, Fungal; Genetic Variation; Microsatellite Repeats; Penicillium; Phenotype; Phylogeny
PubMed: 26091176
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129849 -
Virulence Jan 2020Blue and green molds, the common phenotypes of post-harvest diseases in fruits, are mainly caused byfungal species, including and . We sequenced and assembled the genome...
UNLABELLED
Blue and green molds, the common phenotypes of post-harvest diseases in fruits, are mainly caused byfungal species, including and . We sequenced and assembled the genome of a strain, which contains 31,034,623 bp with 361 scaffolds and 627 contigs. The mechanisms underlying the evolution of host specificity among the analyzed species were associated with the expansion of protein families, genome restructuring, horizontal gene transfer, and positive selection pressure. A dual-transcriptome analysis following the infection of Valencia orange by resulted in the annotation of 9,307 genes and 24,591 Valencia orange genes. The pathogenicity ofmay be due to the activation of effectors, including 51 small secreted cysteine-rich proteins, 110 carbohydrate-active enzymes, and 12 G protein-coupled receptors. Additionally, 211 metabolites related to the interactions betweenand Valencia orange were identified by gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrography, three of which were further confirmed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. A metabolomics analysis indicated that pathogenicity is associated with the sphingolipid and salicylic acid signaling pathways. Moreover, a correlation analysis between the metabolite contents and gene expression levels suggested thatinduces carbohydrate metabolism in Valencia orange fruits as part of its infection strategy. This study provides useful information regarding the genomic determinants that drive the evolution of host specificity inspecies and clarifies the host-plant specificity during the infection of Valencia orange by .
IMPORTANCE
P. italicum GL_Gan1, a local strain in Guangzhou, China, was sequenced. Comparison of the genome of GL_Gan1 with other pathogenic species, and , revealed that the expansion of protein families, genome restructuring, HGT, and positive selection pressure were related to the host range expansion of the analyzed species. Moreover, gene gains or losses might be associated with the speciation of these species. In addition, the molecular basis of host-plant specificity during the infection of Valencia orange () by was also elucidated by transcriptomic and metabolomics analysis. The data presented herein may be useful for further elucidating the molecular basis of the evolution of host specificity of species and for illustrating the host-plant specificity during the infection of Valencia orange by .
Topics: China; Citrus sinensis; Computational Biology; Gene Expression Profiling; Genome, Fungal; Genomics; Host Specificity; Penicillium; Plant Diseases; Transcriptome; Virulence
PubMed: 32525727
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1773038