-
Cirugia Pediatrica : Organo Oficial de... Oct 2022Ectopic scrotum is a rare clinical entity, potentially associated with other congenital abnormalities. We present the case of a patient with buried penis secondary to... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Ectopic scrotum is a rare clinical entity, potentially associated with other congenital abnormalities. We present the case of a patient with buried penis secondary to ectopic scrotum. The surgical technique was described, and a literature review was carried out.
CLINICAL CASE
1-year-old patient with ectopic right hemiscrotum and the testes within the scrotal sac. A double Z-plasty was performed with two flaps - one above the penis, surrounding the ectopic scrotum, and the other one at the scrotum to modify the bifid scrotum. The upper flap was rotated downwards, which allowed ectopy to be repaired, and the lower flap was used to repair bifidity. No postoperative complications were recorded. Follow-time was 6 months, with good final cosmetic results.
DISCUSSION
Ectopic scrotum is an infrequent congenital malformation. Cutaneous rotation flaps with Z-plasties are a valid treatment option, with good long-term cosmetic results.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Male; Penis; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Scrotum; Surgical Flaps; Testis; Urogenital Abnormalities
PubMed: 36217791
DOI: 10.54847/cp.2022.04.21 -
Differentiation; Research in Biological... 2018The human penis and clitoris develop from the ambisexual genital tubercle. To compare and contrast the development of human penis and clitoris, we used macroscopic...
The human penis and clitoris develop from the ambisexual genital tubercle. To compare and contrast the development of human penis and clitoris, we used macroscopic photography, optical projection tomography, light sheet microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry. The human genital tubercle differentiates into a penis under the influence of androgens forming a tubular urethra that develops by canalization of the urethral plate to form a wide diamond-shaped urethral groove (opening zipper) whose edges (urethral folds) fuse in the midline (closing zipper). In contrast, in females, without the influence of androgens, the vestibular plate (homologue of the urethral plate) undergoes canalization to form a wide vestibular groove whose edges (vestibular folds) remain unfused, ultimately forming the labia minora defining the vaginal vestibule. The neurovascular anatomy is similar in both the developing human penis and clitoris and is the key to successful surgical reconstructions.
Topics: Clitoris; Female; Humans; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Penis; Urethra
PubMed: 30249413
DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2018.08.001 -
Current Biology : CB Dec 2012
Topics: Animals; Male; Models, Anatomic; Penis
PubMed: 23257184
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.001 -
BMJ Case Reports May 2016
Topics: Adult; Ecchymosis; Hematoma; Humans; Male; Penis; Ultrasonography; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 27177939
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-215385 -
International Journal of Biological... 2023As a peripheral nerve injury disease, cavernous nerve injury (CNI) caused by prostate cancer surgery and other pelvic surgery causes organic damage to cavernous blood...
As a peripheral nerve injury disease, cavernous nerve injury (CNI) caused by prostate cancer surgery and other pelvic surgery causes organic damage to cavernous blood vessels and nerves, thereby significantly attenuating the response to phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Here, we investigated the role of heme-binding protein 1 (Hebp1) in erectile function using a mouse model of bilateral CNI, which is known to promote angiogenesis and improve erection in diabetic mice. We found a potent neurovascular regenerative effect of Hebp1 in CNI mice, demonstrating that exogenously delivered Hebp1 improved erectile function by promoting the survival of cavernous endothelial-mural cells and neurons. We further found that endogenous Hebp1 delivered by mouse cavernous pericyte (MCP)-derived extracellular vesicles promoted neurovascular regeneration in CNI mice. Moreover, Hebp1 achieved these effects by reducing vascular permeability through regulation of claudin family proteins. Our findings provide new insights into Hebp1 as a neurovascular regeneration factor and demonstrate its potential therapeutic application to various peripheral nerve injuries.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Male; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Disease Models, Animal; Erectile Dysfunction; Extracellular Vesicles; Heme-Binding Proteins; Nerve Regeneration; Penis; Pericytes; Peripheral Nerve Injuries
PubMed: 37324943
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.81809 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Nov 2021Therapy of a high-grade balanoposthitis with partial penile and preputial prolapse after unsuccessful initial therapy of a ten-year-old dexter bull. Two punctures, about...
Therapy of a high-grade balanoposthitis with partial penile and preputial prolapse after unsuccessful initial therapy of a ten-year-old dexter bull. Two punctures, about 1 cm depth were found at the base of the prolapsed tissue, which were probably caused by partially perforating U-stitches by the local veterinarian. The highly inflamed and swollen tissue disabled the penis to retract. The prolapse was repositioned and the preputial opening was partially closed using a modified Buhner stitch. Consecutively, antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs were administered, and regular wound toilets were performed. After 14 days, the increase in circumference at the base of the prolapse was partially removed and histopathologically identified as pyogranulomatous inflammation. Surgery was repeated two weeks later. Potentia coeundi could thus be re-established. This case shows that regular breeding hygienic examinations are of great importance in order to identify morphological changes in early stages and to treat them adequately.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Male; Penis
PubMed: 34758954
DOI: 10.17236/sat00328 -
TheScientificWorldJournal Jun 2010Knowledge of penile embryology and anatomy is essential to any pediatric urologist in order to fully understand and treat congenital anomalies. Sex differentiation of... (Review)
Review
Knowledge of penile embryology and anatomy is essential to any pediatric urologist in order to fully understand and treat congenital anomalies. Sex differentiation of the external genitalia occurs between the 7th and 17th weeks of gestation. The Y chromosome initiates male differentiation through the SRY gene, which triggers testicular development. Under the influence of androgens produced by the testes, external genitalia then develop into the penis and scrotum. Dorsal nerves supply penile skin sensation and lie within Buck's fascia. These nerves are notably absent at the 12 o'clock position. Perineal nerves supply skin sensation to the ventral shaft skin and frenulum. Cavernosal nerves lie within the corpora cavernosa and are responsible for sexual function. Paired cavernosal, dorsal, and bulbourethral arteries have extensive anastomotic connections. During erection, the cavernosal artery causes engorgement of the cavernosa, while the deep dorsal artery leads to glans enlargement. The majority of venous drainage occurs through a single, deep dorsal vein into which multiple emissary veins from the corpora and circumflex veins from the spongiosum drain. The corpora cavernosa and spongiosum are all made of spongy erectile tissue. Buck's fascia circumferentially envelops all three structures, splitting into two leaves ventrally at the spongiosum. The male urethra is composed of six parts: bladder neck, prostatic, membranous, bulbous, penile, and fossa navicularis. The urethra receives its blood supply from both proximal and distal directions.
Topics: Humans; Male; Penis
PubMed: 20602076
DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2010.112 -
TheScientificWorldJournal Mar 2011This article considers the impact and outcomes of both treatment and underlying condition of penile anomalies in adolescent males. Major congenital anomalies (such as... (Review)
Review
This article considers the impact and outcomes of both treatment and underlying condition of penile anomalies in adolescent males. Major congenital anomalies (such as exstrophy/epispadias) are discussed, including the psychological outcomes, common problems (such as corporal asymmetry, chordee, and scarring) in this group, and surgical assessment for potential surgical candidates. The emergence of new surgical techniques continues to improve outcomes and potentially raises patient expectations. The importance of balanced discussion in conditions such as micropenis, including multidisciplinary support for patients, is important in order to achieve appropriate treatment decisions. Topical treatments may be of value, but in extreme cases, phalloplasty is a valuable option for patients to consider. In buried penis, the importance of careful assessment and, for the majority, a delay in surgery until puberty has completed is emphasised. In hypospadias patients, the variety of surgical procedures has complicated assessment of outcomes. It appears that true surgical success may be difficult to measure as many men who have had earlier operations are not reassessed in either puberty or adult life. There is also a brief discussion of acquired penile anomalies, including causation and treatment of lymphoedema, penile fracture/trauma, and priapism.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Male; Penis
PubMed: 21399858
DOI: 10.1100/tsw.2011.38 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2011Congenital disorders, cancer, trauma, or other conditions of the genitourinary tract can lead to significant organ damage or loss of function, necessitating eventual... (Review)
Review
Congenital disorders, cancer, trauma, or other conditions of the genitourinary tract can lead to significant organ damage or loss of function, necessitating eventual reconstruction or replacement of the damaged structures. However, current reconstructive techniques are limited by issues of tissue availability and compatibility. Physicians and scientists have begun to explore tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies for repair and reconstruction of the genitourinary tract. Tissue engineering allows the development of biological substitutes which could potentially restore normal function. Tissue engineering efforts designed to treat or replace most organs are currently being undertaken. Most of these efforts have occurred within the past decade. However, before these engineering techniques can be applied to humans, further studies are needed to ensure the safety and efficacy of these new materials. Recent progress suggests that engineered urologic tissues and cell therapy may soon have clinical applicability.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Embryonic Stem Cells; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Male; Penile Diseases; Penis; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Regenerative Medicine; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 22235188
DOI: 10.1100/2011/323989 -
Urology Dec 2012
Topics: Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Humans; Male; Penis; Urethra
PubMed: 23206788
DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.07.061