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Nature Reviews. Urology Apr 2010Acute radiation cystitis occurs during or soon after radiation treatment. It is usually self-limiting, and is generally managed conservatively. Late radiation cystitis,... (Review)
Review
Acute radiation cystitis occurs during or soon after radiation treatment. It is usually self-limiting, and is generally managed conservatively. Late radiation cystitis, on the other hand, can develop from 6 months to 20 years after radiation therapy. The main presenting symptom is hematuria, which may vary from mild to severe, life-threatening hemorrhage. Initial management includes intravenous fluid replacement, blood transfusion if indicated and transurethral catheterization with bladder washout and irrigation. Oral or parenteral agents that can be used to control hematuria include conjugated estrogens, pentosan polysulfate or WF10. Cystoscopy with laser fulguration or electrocoagulation of bleeding points is sometimes effective. Injection of botulinum toxin A in the bladder wall may relieve irritative bladder symptoms. Intravesical instillation of aluminum, placental extract, prostaglandins or formalin can also be effective. More-aggressive treatment options include selective embolization or ligation of the internal iliac arteries. Surgical options include urinary diversion by percutaneous nephrostomy or intestinal conduit, with or without cystectomy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) involves the administration of 100% oxygen at higher than atmospheric pressure. The reported success rate of HBOT for radiation cystitis varies from 60% to 92%. An important multicenter, double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of HBOT for refractory radiation cystitis is currently being conducted.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Cystitis; Disease Management; Humans; Hyperbaric Oxygenation; Radiation Injuries
PubMed: 20212517
DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2010.23 -
JAMA Ophthalmology Jan 2022Case series have identified a macular condition hypothesized to be associated with the use of pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS). Observational studies seeking to...
IMPORTANCE
Case series have identified a macular condition hypothesized to be associated with the use of pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS). Observational studies seeking to quantify this association have yielded equivocal results.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate the association between PPS exposure and maculopathy.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This disproportionality analysis was conducted using the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System from January 2013 through June 2020.
EXPOSURE
Adverse event reports for pentosan polysulfate were selected and compared with adverse event reports associated with drugs taken for the following indications: interstitial cystitis, cystitis, bladder disorder, or bladder pain.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Retinal adverse events were identified using the retinal disorders Standardized Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) Query, which includes conditions associated with retinal damage attributable to blockage of its blood supply, nutritional deficiencies, toxins, and diseases affecting the retina.
RESULTS
There were 2775 reports available for analysis in the PPS group (of which 1966 were for women [70.9%]) and 6833 reports in the other drugs group (of which 4036 [59.1%] were for women). The proportion of adverse events for any macular event relative to all other events was elevated for the users of PPS compared with those using other interstitial cystitis and bladder pain drugs (proportionate reporting ratio [PRR], 1.21 [95% CI, 1.01-1.44]). With respect to specific retinal conditions, macular degeneration (20 [0.8%] vs 15 [0.2%]), maculopathy (83 [3.4%] vs 2 [0.03%]), retinal dystrophy (3 [0.1%] vs 0), retinal injury (5 [0.2%] vs 0), and retinal toxicity (3 [0.1%] vs 0) were proportionately more common among users of PPS compared with those using other interstitial cystitis and bladder pain drugs, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The results of the current study add to the growing evidence that PPS use is associated with an increased risk of maculopathy. Studies that rule out prevalent retinal abnormalities prior to the initiation of PPS would strengthen the current body of literature.
Topics: Anticoagulants; Cystitis, Interstitial; Female; Humans; Macular Degeneration; Male; Pain; Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester; Retinal Dystrophies
PubMed: 34792558
DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.4778 -
The Canadian Journal of Urology Dec 2023Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic disease with urinary tract symptoms and pain. Pentosan polysulfate (PPS) is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic disease with urinary tract symptoms and pain. Pentosan polysulfate (PPS) is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved oral medication for the treatment of IC pain and symptoms. Recently, articles described a pigmentary maculopathy in IC patients on long term PPS therapy. Currently, there is no definitive study directly linking PPS as the cause of the pigmentary maculopathy. The aim of this review is to evaluate if PPS is the causative factor of the pigmentary maculopathy or if PPS use is only associated with the pigmentary maculopathy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A comprehensive review of peer reviewed journals using the search terms IC, maculopathy, mast cells, immune inflammatory components, Tamm-Horsfall protein, cations and tight junctions was performed to examine the pathophysiology and role of chronic inflammation in IC and known retinal maculopathies.
RESULTS
Chronic inflammatory cells have been reported in age-related macular degeneration choroid blood vessels and in bladder submucosal and detrusor layers in IC patients. Studies in IC and maculopathies demonstrate a significant milieu of activated chronic inflammatory and immunologic responses that cause a more "leaky" epithelium and a subsequent cascade of inflammatory events that results in the pathological changes seen in these two conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
After an analysis of the literature describing a pigmentary maculopathy in IC patients on long term PPS, a causal relationship does not appear to be present. An alternate model is proposed postulating that the causative factor for the pigmentary maculopathy is the underlying inflammatory state associated with IC and not PPS use.
Topics: Humans; Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester; Macular Degeneration; Cystitis, Interstitial; Pain; Inflammation
PubMed: 38104330
DOI: No ID Found -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022With the increased prevalence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, such as Delta and Omicron, the COVID-19 pandemic has become an ongoing human health disaster,...
With the increased prevalence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, such as Delta and Omicron, the COVID-19 pandemic has become an ongoing human health disaster, killing millions worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 invades its host through the interaction of its spike (S) protein with a host cell receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In addition, heparan sulfate (HS) on the surface of host cells plays an important role as a co-receptor for this viral pathogen-host cell interaction. Our previous studies demonstrated that many sulfated glycans, such as heparin, fucoidans, and rhamnan sulfate have anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities. In the current study, a small library of sulfated glycans and highly negatively charged compounds, including pentosan polysulfate (PPS), mucopolysaccharide polysulfate (MPS), sulfated lactobionic acid, sulodexide, and defibrotide, was assembled and evaluated for binding to the S-proteins and inhibition of viral infectivity in vitro. These compounds inhibited the interaction of the S-protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) (wild type and different variants) with immobilized heparin, a highly sulfated HS, as determined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). PPS and MPS showed the strongest inhibition of interaction of heparin and S-protein RBD. The competitive binding studies showed that the IC of PPS and MPS against the S-protein RBD binding to immobilized heparin was ~35 nM and ~9 nM, respectively, much lower than the IC for soluble heparin (IC = 56 nM). Both PPS and MPS showed stronger inhibition than heparin on the S-protein RBD or spike pseudotyped lentiviral particles binding to immobilized heparin. Finally, in an in vitro cell-based assay, PPS and MPS exhibited strong antiviral activities against pseudotyped viral particles of SARS-CoV-2 containing wild-type or Delta S-proteins.
PubMed: 35215371
DOI: 10.3390/ph15020258 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Jul 2011Chronic prostatitis can cause pain and urinary symptoms, and usually occurs without positive bacterial cultures from prostatic secretions (known as chronic abacterial... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Chronic prostatitis can cause pain and urinary symptoms, and usually occurs without positive bacterial cultures from prostatic secretions (known as chronic abacterial prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome [CP/CPPS]). Bacterial infection can result from urinary tract instrumentation, but the cause and natural history of CP/CPPS are unknown.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of treatments for chronic bacterial prostatitis? What are the effects of treatments for chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to August 2010 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 33 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, allopurinol, alpha-blockers, biofeedback, local injections of antimicrobial drugs, mepartricin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), oral antimicrobial drugs, pentosan polysulfate, prostatic massage, quercetin, radical prostatectomy, sitz baths, transurethral microwave thermotherapy, and transurethral resection.
Topics: 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Mepartricin; Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester; Prostatitis; Quercetin
PubMed: 21736764
DOI: No ID Found -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Jul 2021
Review
Topics: Humans; Macular Degeneration; Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester
PubMed: 34312174
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.201900-f -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022This narrative review highlights the complexities of the gut microbiome and health-promoting properties of prebiotic xylans metabolized by the gut microbiome. In animal... (Review)
Review
This narrative review highlights the complexities of the gut microbiome and health-promoting properties of prebiotic xylans metabolized by the gut microbiome. In animal husbandry, prebiotic xylans aid in the maintenance of a healthy gut microbiome. This prevents the colonization of the gut by pathogenic organisms obviating the need for dietary antibiotic supplementation, a practice which has been used to maintain animal productivity but which has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria that are passed up the food chain to humans. Seaweed xylan-based animal foodstuffs have been developed to eliminate ruminant green-house gas emissions by gut methanogens in ruminant animals, contributing to atmospheric pollution. Biotransformation of pentosan polysulfate by the gut microbiome converts this semi-synthetic sulfated disease-modifying anti-osteoarthritic heparinoid drug to a prebiotic metabolite that promotes gut health, further extending the therapeutic profile and utility of this therapeutic molecule. Xylans are prominent dietary cereal components of the human diet which travel through the gastrointestinal tract as non-digested dietary fibre since the human genome does not contain xylanolytic enzymes. The gut microbiota however digest xylans as a food source. Xylo-oligosaccharides generated in this digestive process have prebiotic health-promoting properties. Engineered commensal probiotic bacteria also have been developed which have been engineered to produce growth factors and other bioactive factors. A xylan protein induction system controls the secretion of these compounds by the commensal bacteria which can promote gut health or, if these prebiotic compounds are transported by the vagal nervous system, may also regulate the health of linked organ systems via the gut-brain, gut-lung and gut-stomach axes. Dietary xylans are thus emerging therapeutic compounds warranting further study in novel disease prevention protocols.
PubMed: 36145372
DOI: 10.3390/ph15091151 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence May 2008Chronic prostatitis can cause pain and urinary symptoms, and usually occurs without positive bacterial cultures from prostatic secretions (known as chronic abacterial... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Chronic prostatitis can cause pain and urinary symptoms, and usually occurs without positive bacterial cultures from prostatic secretions (known as chronic abacterial prostatitis or chronic pelvic pain syndrome, CP/CPPS). Bacterial infection can result from urinary tract instrumentation, but the cause and natural history of CP/CPPS are unknown.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of treatments for chronic bacterial prostatitis? What are the effects of treatments for chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to August 2007 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 30 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, allopurinol, alpha-blockers, biofeedback, local injections of antimicrobial drugs, mepartricin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, oral antimicrobial drugs, pentosan polysulfate, prostatic massage, quercetin, radical prostatectomy, sitz baths, transurethral microwave thermotherapy, and transurethral resection.
Topics: Cholestenone 5 alpha-Reductase; Humans; Male; Prostatitis
PubMed: 19450305
DOI: No ID Found -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023Pentosan polysulfate (PPS), a small semi-synthetic highly sulfated heparan sulfate (HS)-like molecule, shares many of the interactive properties of HS. The aim of this... (Review)
Review
Pentosan polysulfate (PPS), a small semi-synthetic highly sulfated heparan sulfate (HS)-like molecule, shares many of the interactive properties of HS. The aim of this review was to outline the potential of PPS as an interventional therapeutic protective agent in physiological processes affecting pathological tissues. PPS is a multifunctional molecule with diverse therapeutic actions against many disease processes. PPS has been used for decades in the treatment of interstitial cystitis and painful bowel disease, it has tissue-protective properties as a protease inhibitor in cartilage, tendon and IVD, and it has been used as a cell-directive component in bioscaffolds in tissue engineering applications. PPS regulates complement activation, coagulation, fibrinolysis and thrombocytopenia, and it promotes the synthesis of hyaluronan. Nerve growth factor production in osteocytes is inhibited by PPS, reducing bone pain in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (OA/RA). PPS also removes fatty compounds from lipid-engorged subchondral blood vessels in OA/RA cartilage, reducing joint pain. PPS regulates cytokine and inflammatory mediator production and is also an anti-tumor agent that promotes the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and the development of progenitor cell lineages that have proven to be useful in strategies designed to effect repair of the degenerate intervertebral disc (IVD) and OA cartilage. PPS stimulates proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes in the presence or absence of interleukin (IL)-1, and stimulates hyaluronan production by synoviocytes. PPS is thus a multifunctional tissue-protective molecule of potential therapeutic application for a diverse range of disease processes.
PubMed: 36986536
DOI: 10.3390/ph16030437