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International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2020The current management of critical size bone defects (CSBDs) remains challenging and requires multiple surgeries. To reduce the number of surgeries, wrapping a...
The current management of critical size bone defects (CSBDs) remains challenging and requires multiple surgeries. To reduce the number of surgeries, wrapping a biodegradable fibrous membrane around the defect to contain the graft and carry biological stimulants for repair is highly desirable. Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) can be utilised to realise nonwoven fibrous barrier-like structures through free surface electrospinning (FSE). Human periosteum and induced membrane (IM) samples informed the development of an FSE membrane to support platelet lysate (PL) absorption, multipotential stromal cells (MSC) growth, and the prevention of cell migration. Although thinner than IM, periosteum presented a more mature vascular system with a significantly larger blood vessel diameter. The electrospun membrane (PCL3%-E) exhibited randomly configured nanoscale fibres that were successfully customised to introduce pores of increased diameter, without compromising tensile properties. Additional to the PL absorption and release capabilities needed for MSC attraction and growth, PCL3%-E also provided a favourable surface for the proliferation and alignment of periosteum- and bone marrow derived-MSCs, whilst possessing a barrier function to cell migration. These results demonstrate the development of a promising biodegradable barrier membrane enabling PL release and MSC colonisation, two key functionalities needed for the in situ formation of a transitional periosteum-like structure, enabling movement towards single-surgery CSBD reconstruction.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Cell Movement; Humans; Membranes, Artificial; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Periosteum
PubMed: 32718036
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155233 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Nov 2023We have previously reported that the cortical bone thinning seen in mice lacking the Wnt signaling antagonist is due in part to impaired periosteal apposition. The...
We have previously reported that the cortical bone thinning seen in mice lacking the Wnt signaling antagonist is due in part to impaired periosteal apposition. The periosteum contains cells which function as a reservoir of stem cells and contribute to cortical bone expansion, homeostasis, and repair. However, the local or paracrine factors that govern stem cells within the periosteal niche remain elusive. Cathepsin K (Ctsk), together with additional stem cell surface markers, marks a subset of periosteal stem cells (PSCs) which possess self-renewal ability and inducible multipotency. is expressed in periosteal Ctsk-lineage cells, and global deletion decreases the pool of PSCs, impairs their clonal multipotency for differentiation into osteoblasts and chondrocytes and formation of bone organoids. Bulk RNA sequencing analysis of Ctsk-lineage PSCs demonstrated that deletion down-regulates signaling pathways associated with skeletal development, positive regulation of bone mineralization, and wound healing. Supporting these findings, deletion hampers the periosteal response to bone injury and impairs Ctsk-lineage periosteal cell recruitment. Ctsk-lineage PSCs express the PTH receptor and PTH treatment increases the % of PSCs, a response not seen in the absence of . Importantly, in the absence of , PTH-dependent increase in cortical thickness and periosteal bone formation is markedly impaired. Thus, this study provides insights into the regulation of a specific population of periosteal cells by a secreted local factor, and shows a central role for Sfrp4 in the regulation of Ctsk-lineage periosteal stem cell differentiation and function.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Cathepsin K; Stem Cell Niche; Osteogenesis; Periosteum; Cell Differentiation; Wnt Signaling Pathway; Proto-Oncogene Proteins
PubMed: 37931101
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312677120 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... Feb 2014Significant changes have occurred recently in fixation methods following fracture or osteotomy in children and teenagers. Children have benefited the most from these... (Review)
Review
Significant changes have occurred recently in fixation methods following fracture or osteotomy in children and teenagers. Children have benefited the most from these advances. A child's growth is anatomically and physiologically ensured by the growth plate and periosteum. The need to keep the periosteum intact during trauma cases has led to the introduction of flexible intramedullary nailing. We will review the basic principles of this safe, universally adopted technique, and also describe available material, length and diameter options. The problems and the limitations of this method will be discussed extensively. In orthopedics, the desire to preserve the periosteum has led to the use of locking compression plates. Because of their low profile and high stability, they allow the micromovements essential for bone union. These new methods reduce the immobilization period and allow autonomy to be regained more quickly, which is especially important in children with neurological impairment. The need to preserve the growth plate, which is well known in pediatric surgery, is reviewed with the goal of summarizing current experimental data on standard fracture and osteotomy fixation methods. Adjustable block stop wires provide better control over compression. These provide an alternate means of fixation between K-wires and screws (now cannulated) and have contributed to the development of minimally invasive surgical techniques. The aim of this lecture is to provide a rationale for the distinct technical features of pediatric surgery, while emphasizing the close relationship between the physiology of growth, bone healing and technical advances.
Topics: Adolescent; Bone Development; Bone Plates; Child; Fracture Fixation; Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary; Fracture Healing; Fractures, Bone; Growth Plate; Humans; Osteotomy; Periosteum
PubMed: 24394918
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2013.11.006 -
Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews Apr 2013The periosteum, a thin, fibrous tissue layer covering most bones, resides in a dynamic, mechanically loaded environment. The periosteum also provides a niche for... (Review)
Review
The periosteum, a thin, fibrous tissue layer covering most bones, resides in a dynamic, mechanically loaded environment. The periosteum also provides a niche for mesenchymal stem cells. The mechanics of periosteum vary greatly between species and anatomical locations, indicating the specialized role of periosteum as bone's bounding membrane. Furthermore, periosteum exhibits stress-state-dependent mechanical and material properties, hallmarks of a smart material. This review discusses what is known about the multiscale mechanical and material properties of the periosteum as well as their potential effect on the mechanosensitive progenitor cells within the tissue. Furthermore, this review addresses open questions and barriers to understanding periosteum's multiscale structure-function relationships. Knowledge of the smart material properties of the periosteum will maximize the translation of periosteum and substitute periosteum to regenerative medicine, facilitate the development of biomimetic tissue-engineered periosteum for use in instances where the native periosteum is lacking or damaged, and provide inspiration for a new class of smart, advanced materials.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Humans; Periosteum; Regeneration; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 23189933
DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2012.0216 -
Biomedical Research (Tokyo, Japan) 2014The periosteum supplies osteoblasts and nutrients for bone metabolism and is important for osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis. Recently, periosteum-derived...
The periosteum supplies osteoblasts and nutrients for bone metabolism and is important for osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis. Recently, periosteum-derived cells have been used for orofacial bone regeneration therapy. However, little is known about the function of the periosteum in physiological bone remodeling. On our hypothesis that the periosteum senses a mechanical stress to induce bone remodeling, we subjected human jaw bone periosteum cells (HJBPCs) to uniaxial stretching for 24 h and characterized their gene expression profiles by microarray analysis. Of62,976 genes detected, 550 genes related to bone metabolism were extracted, and 76 of these genes with large changes in gene expression were short-listed. The results indicated that mechanical stretch in HJBPCs regulated the expression levels of genes involved in the Wingless-type MMTV integration (Wnt) site, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways, and inflammatory cytokines. We propose that periosteum-derived cells sense mechanical stress and then activate and regulate signals for osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis.
Topics: Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; Cells, Cultured; Female; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Osteoblasts; Periosteum; Signal Transduction; Stress, Mechanical; Transcriptome; Wnt Proteins; Young Adult
PubMed: 24573203
DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.35.69 -
Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za... Jun 2017To review the research progress of the role of periosteum in distraction osteogenesis. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the research progress of the role of periosteum in distraction osteogenesis.
METHODS
The related domestic and foreign literature about the role of periosteum in distraction osteogenesis in recent years was extensively reviewed, summarized, and the mechanism and influencing factors of periosteum during traction and osteogenesis were analyzed.
RESULTS
The periosteum is rich in all kinds of cells (mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, etc.), microvessel and various growth factors, which are necessary for the formation of new bone. It can promote the formation of new bone in the process of traction osteogenesis significantly.
CONCLUSION
The periosteum plays an important role in the progress of distraction osteogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Osteogenesis, Distraction; Periosteum
PubMed: 29798535
DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201701073 -
Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine :... Mar 2019Thickening and elevation of the periosteum from the underlying bone cortex, defined as a periosteal reaction, can be associated with several bone disorders. Although...
Thickening and elevation of the periosteum from the underlying bone cortex, defined as a periosteal reaction, can be associated with several bone disorders. Although ultrasound (US) has limited possibilities in assessing bones, it can depict a periosteal reaction earlier than plain radiography, thus indicating underlying bone disorders. This pictorial essay aims to illustrate the normal and pathologic US appearances of the periosteum in both children and adults. Several disorders are discussed, such as pediatric bone trauma, infections and tumors, as well as trauma, overuse, including medial tibial stress syndrome, and finally certain seronegative spondyloarthropathies in adults. Whenever US depicts a periosteal reaction, a correlation with clinical and laboratory data is mandatory to differentiate different bone disorders. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging must be performed when an infection or a tumor is suspected based on both US and the clinical presentation.
Topics: Bone Diseases; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Periosteum; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 30244490
DOI: 10.1002/jum.14762 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Research :... Dec 2012While century old clinical reports document the periosteum's remarkable regenerative capacity, only in the past decade have scientists undertaken mechanistic... (Review)
Review
While century old clinical reports document the periosteum's remarkable regenerative capacity, only in the past decade have scientists undertaken mechanistic investigations of its regenerative potential. At a Workshop at the 2012 Annual Meeting of Orthopaedic Research Society, we reviewed the molecular, cellular, and tissue scale approaches to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the periosteum's regenerative potential as well as translational therapies engineering solutions inspired by its remarkable regenerative capacity. The entire population of osteoblasts within periosteum, and at endosteal and trabecular bone surfaces within the bone marrow, derives from the embryonic perichondrium. Periosteal cells contribute more to cartilage and bone formation within the callus during fracture healing than do cells of the bone marrow or endosteum, which do not migrate out of the marrow compartment. Furthermore, a current healing paradigm regards the activation, expansion, and differentiation of periosteal stem/progenitor cells as an essential step in building a template for subsequent neovascularization, bone formation, and remodeling. The periosteum comprises a complex, composite structure, providing a niche for pluripotent cells and a repository for molecular factors that modulate cell behavior. The periosteum's advanced, "smart" material properties change depending on the mechanical, chemical, and biological state of the tissue. Understanding periosteum development, progenitor cell-driven initiation of periosteum's endogenous tissue building capacity, and the complex structure-function relationships of periosteum as an advanced material are important for harnessing and engineering ersatz materials to mimic the periosteum's remarkable regenerative capacity.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow Cells; Bone and Bones; Cell Differentiation; Fracture Healing; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Orthopedics; Osteogenesis; Periosteum; Regeneration; Stem Cells; Time Factors; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 22778049
DOI: 10.1002/jor.22181 -
Bone Jan 2024The periosteum plays a crucial role in bone healing and is an important source of skeletal stem and progenitor cells. Recent studies in mice indicate that diverse...
The periosteum plays a crucial role in bone healing and is an important source of skeletal stem and progenitor cells. Recent studies in mice indicate that diverse populations of skeletal progenitors contribute to growth, homeostasis and healing. Information about the in vivo identity and diversity of skeletal stem and progenitor cells in different compartments of the adult human skeleton is limited. In this study, we compared non-hematopoietic populations in matched tissues from the femoral head and neck of 21 human participants using spectral flow cytometry of freshly isolated cells. High-dimensional clustering analysis indicated significant differences in marker distribution between periosteum, articular cartilage, endosteum and bone marrow populations, and identified populations that were highly enriched or unique to specific tissues. Periosteum-enriched markers included CD90 and CD34. Articular cartilage, which has very poor regenerative potential, showed enrichment of multiple markers, including the PDPNCD73CD164CD146 population previously reported to represent human skeletal stem cells. We further characterized periosteal populations by combining CD90 with other strongly expressed markers. CD90CD34 cells sorted directly from periosteum showed significant colony-forming unit fibroblasts (CFU-F) enrichment, rapid expansion, and consistent multi-lineage differentiation of clonal populations in vitro. In situ, CD90CD34 cells include a perivascular population in the outer layer of the periosteum and non-perivascular cells closer to the bone surface. CD90 cells are also highly enriched for CFU-F in bone marrow and endosteum, but not articular cartilage. In conclusion, our study indicates considerable diversity in the non-hematopoietic cell populations in different tissue compartments within the adult human skeleton, and suggests that periosteal progenitor cells reside within the CD90CD34 population.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Mice; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Antigens, CD34; Stem Cells; Biomarkers; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Periosteum
PubMed: 37793499
DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116926 -
PLoS Genetics Nov 2020Chondrocytes proliferate and mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes. Vascular invasion into the cartilage occurs in the terminal hypertrophic chondrocyte layer, and...
Chondrocytes proliferate and mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes. Vascular invasion into the cartilage occurs in the terminal hypertrophic chondrocyte layer, and terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes die by apoptosis or transdifferentiate into osteoblasts. Runx2 is essential for osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation. Runx2-deficient mice are composed of cartilaginous skeletons and lack the vascular invasion into the cartilage. However, the requirement of Runx2 in the vascular invasion into the cartilage, mechanism of chondrocyte transdifferentiation to osteoblasts, and its significance in bone development remain to be elucidated. To investigate these points, we generated Runx2fl/flCre mice, in which Runx2 was deleted in hypertrophic chondrocytes using Col10a1 Cre. Vascular invasion into the cartilage was similarly observed in Runx2fl/fl and Runx2fl/flCre mice. Vegfa expression was reduced in the terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes in Runx2fl/flCre mice, but Vegfa was strongly expressed in osteoblasts in the bone collar, suggesting that Vegfa expression in bone collar osteoblasts is sufficient for vascular invasion into the cartilage. The apoptosis of terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes was increased and their transdifferentiation was interrupted in Runx2fl/flCre mice, leading to lack of primary spongiosa and osteoblasts in the region at E16.5. The osteoblasts appeared in this region at E17.5 in the absence of transdifferentiation, and the number of osteoblasts and the formation of primary spongiosa, but not secondary spongiosa, reached to levels similar those in Runx2fl/fl mice at birth. The bone structure and volume and all bone histomophometric parameters were similar between Runx2fl/fl and Runx2fl/flCre mice after 6 weeks of age. These findings indicate that Runx2 expression in terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes is not required for vascular invasion into the cartilage, but is for their survival and transdifferentiation into osteoblasts, and that the transdifferentiation is necessary for trabecular bone formation in embryonic and neonatal stages, but not for acquiring normal bone structure and volume in young and adult mice.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Apoptosis; Cancellous Bone; Cartilage; Cell Survival; Cell Transdifferentiation; Chondrocytes; Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; Embryo, Mammalian; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Male; Mice; Mice, Knockout; Models, Animal; Osteoblasts; Osteogenesis; Periosteum; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 33253203
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009169