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International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2020The relationship between Dark Triad traits and risky behaviours has been shown in recent years. However, few studies have attempted to disentangle this relationship...
The relationship between Dark Triad traits and risky behaviours has been shown in recent years. However, few studies have attempted to disentangle this relationship using a person-centred approach. The goal of the current study was to identify subgroups of individuals on the basis of their scores on Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism and analyse the differences between them in a set of risky behaviours (i.e., frequency of substance use, reactive and proactive aggression, risk perception and risk engagement, and problematic internet use). The sample consisted of 317 undergraduates aged 18-34 (46% males). The results of the latent profile analysis showed five subgroups of individuals that were identified based on their scores on the Dark Triad traits: low-Dark Triad, narcissistic, Machiavellian/narcissistic, psychopathic, and Machiavellian/psychopathic. Overall, the Machiavellian/narcissistic and Machiavellian/psychopathic subgroups showed higher scores for most risky behaviours. The low-Dark Triad scored higher for risk perception. No significant differences between subgroups were found as regards frequency of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use. These findings suggest that the combination of the Dark Triad traits lead to more negative outcomes as regards risky behaviour than individual components. Moreover, they highlight the relevance of using a person-centred approach in the study of dark personalities.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aggression; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Behavior, Addictive; Female; Humans; Machiavellianism; Male; Narcissism; Personality; Personality Inventory; Risk-Taking; Students; Substance-Related Disorders; Young Adult
PubMed: 32858996
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176194 -
PloS One 2024Having a secure sense of belonging at school supports students' academic achievement and well-being. However, little research has examined how students' personalities...
Having a secure sense of belonging at school supports students' academic achievement and well-being. However, little research has examined how students' personalities relate to their feelings of school belonging. We address this gap in the literature by leveraging data from a large sample of first-year college students (N = 4,753) from a diverse set of North American colleges and universities (N = 12). We found that both extraversion and agreeableness were positively associated with belonging, while neuroticism was negatively associated with belonging. In an exploratory analysis, we examined differences between large and small schools. Students who were more extraverted, less neurotic, and less open were more likely to attend large schools. Additionally, the association between extraversion and belonging was stronger for students at large schools. These findings advance our understanding of who comes to feel like they belong at college and how school context may influence these relationships. We emphasize the need for continued research on the relationship between personality and belonging. Additionally, we highlight the implications of these results for higher education institutions.
Topics: Humans; Universities; Emotions; Personality; Schools; Students
PubMed: 38232053
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295436 -
Acta Psychologica Apr 2023Thin-slice methodology has provided us with abundant behavioral streams that self-reported measures would fail to capture, but traditional analytical paradigms in social...
Thin-slice methodology has provided us with abundant behavioral streams that self-reported measures would fail to capture, but traditional analytical paradigms in social and personality psychology cannot fully capture the temporal trajectories of person perception at zero acquaintance. At the same time, empirical investigations into how persons and situations jointly predict behavior enacted in situ are scarce, despite the importance of examining real-world behavior to understand any phenomenon of interest. To complement existing theoretical models and analyses, we propose the dynamic latent state-trait model blending dynamical systems theory and person perception. We present a data-driven case study using thin-slice methodology to demonstrate the model. This study provides direct empirical support for the proposed theoretical model on person perception at zero acquaintance highlighting the target, the perceiver, the situation, and time. The results of the study demonstrate that dynamical systems theory approaches can be leveraged to provide information about person perception at zero acquaintance above and beyond that of more traditional approaches. CLASSIFICATION CODE: 3040 (Social Perception & Cognition).
Topics: Humans; Personality; Friends; Social Perception; Cognition; Social Cognition
PubMed: 36801488
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103866 -
Memory (Hove, England) Aug 2010The present research addressed fundamental questions about the visual perspective of autobiographical memories: Are stable personality characteristics associated with...
The present research addressed fundamental questions about the visual perspective of autobiographical memories: Are stable personality characteristics associated with visual perspective? Does visual perspective influence the memory's phenomenological qualities? Participants in Study 1 (N=1684) completed individual-difference measures and indicated the perspective from which they generally retrieve memories. Participants in Study 2 (N=706) retrieved a memory from their natural or manipulated perspective, rated its phenomenology, and completed the same individual-difference measures. Dissociation and anxiety were associated with third person retrieval style; the Big Five personality traits were primarily unrelated to perspective. Compared to third person memories, naturally occurring first person memories were higher on Vividness, Coherence, Accessibility, Sensory Detail, Emotional Intensity, and Time Perspective, and lower on Distancing; manipulating perspective eliminated these differences. Visual perspective is associated with clinically relevant constructs and, although associated with the memory's phenomenology, perspective does not shape it.
Topics: Aging; Anxiety; Dissociative Disorders; Female; Humans; Individuality; Male; Memory; Mental Recall; Personality; Photic Stimulation; Set, Psychology; Visual Perception; Young Adult
PubMed: 20665336
DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2010.497765 -
Psychopharmacology Feb 2018Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other serotonergic hallucinogens can induce profound alterations of consciousness and mystical-type experiences, with reportedly... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
RATIONALE
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and other serotonergic hallucinogens can induce profound alterations of consciousness and mystical-type experiences, with reportedly long-lasting effects on subjective well-being and personality.
METHODS
We investigated the lasting effects of a single dose of LSD (200 μg) that was administered in a laboratory setting in 16 healthy participants. The following outcome measures were assessed before and 1 and 12 months after LSD administration: Persisting Effects Questionnaire (PEQ), Mysticism Scale (MS), Death Transcendence Scale (DTS), NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).
RESULTS
On the PEQ, positive attitudes about life and/or self, positive mood changes, altruistic/positive social effects, positive behavioral changes, and well-being/life satisfaction significantly increased at 1 and 12 months and were subjectively attributed by the subjects to the LSD experience. Five-Dimensions of Altered States of Consciousness (5D-ASC) total scores, reflecting acutely induced alterations in consciousness, and Mystical Experience Questionnaire (MEQ30) total scores correlated with changes in well-being/life satisfaction 12 months after LSD administration. No changes in negative attitudes, negative mood, antisocial/negative social effects, or negative behavior were attributed to the LSD experience. After 12 months, 10 of 14 participants rated their LSD experience as among the top 10 most meaningful experiences in their lives. Five participants rated the LSD experience among the five most spiritually meaningful experiences in their lives. On the MS and DTS, ratings of mystical experiences significantly increased 1 and 12 months after LSD administration compared with the pre-LSD screening. No relevant changes in personality measures were found.
CONCLUSIONS
In healthy research subjects, the administration of a single dose of LSD (200 μg) in a safe setting was subjectively considered a personally meaningful experience that had long-lasting subjective positive effects.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Registration identification number: NCT01878942.
Topics: Adult; Affect; Attitude; Consciousness; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Female; Hallucinogens; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Male; Middle Aged; Mysticism; Personality; Surveys and Questionnaires; Time Factors
PubMed: 28918441
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4733-3 -
PloS One 2019Our personalities (who we are) influence our social relationships (how we relate to people around us), and our social relationships influence our personalities. However,...
Our personalities (who we are) influence our social relationships (how we relate to people around us), and our social relationships influence our personalities. However, little is known about the specific processes underlying the complex interplay of personality and social relationships. According to the PERSOC framework, the identification of underlying social interaction processes promotes the understanding of how personality and social relationships are expressed, develop, and influence each other over time. The aim of the present paper is twofold: First, we outline and discuss four methodological challenges that arise when trying to empirically realize a process approach to the personality-relationship interplay. Second, we describe two data sets that are designed to meet these challenges and that are open for collaborative investigations: a laboratory-based process approach (Personality Interaction Laboratory Study; PILS) and a field-based process approach (CONNECT). We provide detailed information on the samples (two student samples; PILS: N = 311; CONNECT: N = 131), procedures (longitudinal and multimethodological), and measures (personality and social relationships, appearance and behavior, interpersonal perceptions), for which we present descriptive information, reliabilities, and intercorrelations. We summarize how these studies' designs targeted the introduced methodological challenges, discuss the advantages and limitations of laboratory- and field-based process approaches, and call for their combination. We close by outlining an open research policy, aimed at accelerated collaborative efforts to further open the process black box, ultimately leading to a better understanding of the expression, development, and complex interplay of personality and social relationships.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Laboratories; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Peer Group; Personality; Social Behavior; Students; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 30699128
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210424 -
Journal of Personality Jun 2023Loneliness represents a public health threat given its central role in predicting adverse mental and physical health outcomes. Prior research has established four of the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
Loneliness represents a public health threat given its central role in predicting adverse mental and physical health outcomes. Prior research has established four of the Big Five personality traits as consistent cross-sectional predictors of loneliness in largely western, White samples. However, it is not clear if the personality predictors of loneliness vary across cultures.
METHOD
The present study estimates associations between the Big Five traits and loneliness across distinct samples of White American, Black American, and Japanese adults (n = 6051 at T1). Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling were used to examine measurement invariance properties of the Big Five and loneliness across these groups. The factor structures were then carried forward to estimate associations between personality and loneliness across two assessments waves using structural equation modeling.
RESULTS
While Neuroticism was a strong predictor across groups, low Extraversion was more predictive of loneliness in Japan than in the U.S., and low Conscientiousness was only a significant predictor in the U.S.
CONCLUSIONS
Previous literature offers a framework for interpreting these findings in that loneliness may be shaped comparatively more through interconnectedness in Japanese culture, while, in the U.S., individual goals and personal romantic expectations are more salient.
Topics: Loneliness; Personality; Humans; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cross-Sectional Studies; Black or African American; White; Japan; United States; Neuroticism; Extraversion, Psychological; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Introversion, Psychological; East Asian People
PubMed: 35929351
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12765 -
Journal of Medical Internet Research Apr 2023Memory strategy training for older adults helps maintain and improve cognitive health but is traditionally offered face-to-face, which is resource intensive, limits... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Examination of the Feasibility, Acceptability, and Efficacy of the Online Personalised Training in Memory Strategies for Everyday Program for Older Adults: Single-Arm Pre-Post Trial.
BACKGROUND
Memory strategy training for older adults helps maintain and improve cognitive health but is traditionally offered face-to-face, which is resource intensive, limits accessibility, and is challenging during a pandemic. Web-based interventions, such as the Online Personalised Training in Memory Strategies for Everyday (OPTIMiSE) program, may overcome such barriers.
OBJECTIVE
We report on OPTIMiSE's feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy.
METHODS
Australians aged ≥60 years reporting subjective cognitive decline participated in this single-arm pre-post web-based intervention. OPTIMiSE is a 6-module web-based program offered over 8-weeks with a 3-month booster. It has a problem-solving approach to memory issues, focusing on psychoeducation about memory and aging, knowledge and practice of compensatory memory strategies, and personalized content related to individual priorities. We examined the feasibility (recruitment, attrition, and data collection), acceptability (recommendation to others, suggestions for improvement, and withdrawal reasons), and efficacy (change in goal satisfaction, strategy knowledge and use, self-reported memory, memory satisfaction and knowledge, and mood; thematic content analysis of the most significant change; and the application of knowledge and strategies in daily life) of OPTIMiSE.
RESULTS
OPTIMiSE was feasible, demonstrated by strong interest (633 individuals screened), a satisfactory level of attrition (158/312, 50.6%), and minimal missing data from those completing the intervention. It was acceptable, with 97.4% (150/154) of participants agreeing they would recommend OPTIMiSE, the main suggestion for improvement being more time to complete modules, and withdrawal reasons similar to those in in-person interventions. OPTIMiSE was also efficacious, with linear mixed-effects analyses revealing improvements, of moderate to large effect sizes, across all primary outcomes (all P<.001): memory goal satisfaction (Cohen d after course=1.24; Cohen d at 3-month booster=1.64), strategy knowledge (Cohen d after course=0.67; Cohen d at 3-month booster=0.72) and use (Cohen d after course=0.79; Cohen d at 3-month booster=0.90), self-reported memory (Cohen d after course=0.80; Cohen d at 3-month booster=0.83), memory satisfaction (Cohen d after course=1.25; Cohen d at 3-month booster=1.29) and knowledge (Cohen d after course=0.96; Cohen d at 3-month booster=0.26), and mood (Cohen d after course=-0.35; nonsignificant Cohen d at booster). Furthermore, the most significant changes reported by participants (strategy use, improvements in daily life, reduced concern about memory, confidence and self-efficacy, and sharing and shame busting with others) reflected the course objectives and were consistent with themes arising from previous in-person interventions. At the 3-month booster, many participants reported continued implementation of knowledge and strategies in their daily lives.
CONCLUSIONS
This feasible, acceptable, and efficacious web-based program has the potential to enable access to evidence-based memory interventions for older adults worldwide. Notably, the changes in knowledge, beliefs, and strategy use continued beyond the initial program. This is particularly important for supporting the growing number of older adults living with cognitive concerns.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12620000979954; https://tinyurl.com/34cdantv.
INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID)
RR2-10.3233/ADR-200251.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Aging; Australia; Cognitive Dysfunction; Feasibility Studies; Self Efficacy
PubMed: 37079356
DOI: 10.2196/41712 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Dec 2010In this paper we review recent models that provide adaptive explanations for animal personalities: individual differences in behaviour (or suites of correlated... (Review)
Review
In this paper we review recent models that provide adaptive explanations for animal personalities: individual differences in behaviour (or suites of correlated behaviours) that are consistent over time or contexts. We start by briefly discussing patterns of variation in behaviour that have been documented in natural populations. In the main part of the paper we discuss models for personality differences that (i) explain animal personalities as adaptive behavioural responses to differences in state, (ii) investigate how feedbacks between state and behaviour can stabilize initial differences among individuals and (iii) provide adaptive explanations for animal personalities that are not based on state differences. Throughout, we focus on two basic questions. First, what is the basic conceptual idea underlying the model? Second, what are the key assumptions and predictions of the model? We conclude by discussing empirical features of personalities that have not yet been addressed by formal modelling. While this paper is primarily intended to guide empiricists through current adaptive theory, thereby stimulating empirical tests of these models, we hope it also inspires theoreticians to address aspects of personalities that have received little attention up to now.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Behavioral Research; Ecological and Environmental Phenomena; Feedback, Psychological; Models, Psychological; Personality
PubMed: 21078647
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0221 -
Scientific Data Jun 2022Generic emotion prediction models based on physiological data developed in the field of affective computing apparently are not robust enough. To improve their...
Generic emotion prediction models based on physiological data developed in the field of affective computing apparently are not robust enough. To improve their effectiveness, one needs to personalize them to specific individuals and incorporate broader contextual information. To address the lack of relevant datasets, we propose the 2nd Study in Bio-Reactions and Faces for Emotion-based Personalization for AI Systems (BIRAFFE2) dataset. In addition to the classical procedure in the stimulus-appraisal paradigm, it also contains data from an affective gaming session in which a range of contextual data was collected from the game environment. This is complemented by accelerometer, ECG and EDA signals, participants' facial expression data, together with personality and game engagement questionnaires. The dataset was collected on 102 participants. Its potential usefulness is presented by validating the correctness of the contextual data and indicating the relationships between personality and participants' emotions and between personality and physiological signals.
Topics: Emotions; Facial Expression; Humans; Personality
PubMed: 35672378
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01402-6