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Cognitive Research: Principles and... Oct 2022Matching the identity of unfamiliar faces is important in applied identity verification tasks, for example when verifying photo ID at border crossings, in secure access...
Matching the identity of unfamiliar faces is important in applied identity verification tasks, for example when verifying photo ID at border crossings, in secure access areas, or when issuing identity credentials. In these settings, other biographical details-such as name or date of birth on an identity document-are also often compared to existing records, but the impact of these concurrent checks on decisions has not been examined. Here, we asked participants to sequentially compare name, then face information between an ID card and digital records to detect errors. Across four experiments (combined n = 274), despite being told that mismatches between written name pairs and face image pairs were independent, participants were more likely to say that face images matched when names also matched. Across all experiments, we found that this bias was unaffected by the image quality, suggesting that the source of the bias is somewhat independent of perceptual processes. In a final experiment, we show that this decisional bias was found only for name checks, but not when participants were asked to check ID card expiration dates or unrelated object names. We conclude that the bias arises from processing identity information and propose that it operates at the level of unfamiliar person identity representations. Results are interpreted in the context of theoretical models of face processing, and we discuss applied implications.
Topics: Bias; Facial Recognition; Humans; Names; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 36224440
DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00441-2 -
Current Aging Science 2019Recent findings on retrieval of proper names in cognitively healthy middle- aged persons indicate that Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) states occurring during proper name... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Recent findings on retrieval of proper names in cognitively healthy middle- aged persons indicate that Tip-Of-The-Tongue (TOT) states occurring during proper name retrieval implicate inferior frontal (BA 44) and parietal (BA 40) cortical areas. Such findings give rise to the possibility that anatomical connectivity via dorsal white matter may be associated with difficulties in name retrieval in midlife.
OBJECTIVES & METHOD
Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging, we examined in vivo microstructural properties of white matter in 72 cognitively healthy Middle-Aged (MA) and 59 Young Adults (YA), comparing their naming abilities as well as testing, for possible associations between dorsal white matter integrity and naming abilities in the MA group.
RESULTS
The MA group was better in retrieving correct names (U = 1525.5, p = .006), but they also retrieved more incorrect names than YA believing they had retrieved the correct ones (U = 1265.5, p < .001). Furthermore, despite being more familiar with the tested names than YA (U = 930, p < .001), MA experienced significantly more TOTs relative to YA (U = 1498.5, p = .004). Tract-based spatial statistics showed significant group differences in values of fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and mode of anisotropy in a range of white matter tracts. In the MA group, FA values in the right Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF) were positively correlated with "don't know" scores (rs = .287, p = .014).
CONCLUSION
The association of SLF integrity and name retrieval ability in midlife indicates a need to revisit the models of name retrieval that posit no role for dorsal white matter in proper name retrieval.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Anisotropy; Cohort Studies; Diffusion Tensor Imaging; Healthy Aging; Humans; Memory Disorders; Mental Recall; Middle Aged; Names; Neuropsychological Tests; Prospective Studies; Reference Values; White Matter; Young Adult
PubMed: 31589112
DOI: 10.2174/1874609812666190614110214 -
PloS One 2022Data sharing is very important for accelerating scientific research, business innovations, and for informing individuals. Yet, concerns over data privacy, cost, and lack...
Data sharing is very important for accelerating scientific research, business innovations, and for informing individuals. Yet, concerns over data privacy, cost, and lack of secure data-sharing solutions have prevented data owners from sharing data. To overcome these issues, several research works have proposed blockchain-based data-sharing solutions for their ability to add transparency and control to the data-sharing process. Yet, while models for decentralized data sharing exist, how to incentivize these structures to enable data sharing at scale remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we study different incentive mechanisms for decentralized data-sharing platforms. Smart contracts are used to automate different payment options between data owners and data requesters. We evaluate multiple cost pricing scenarios for data monetization by simulating incentive mechanisms on a blockchain-based data-sharing platform. We show that a cost compensation model for the data owner rapidly cover the cost of data sharing and balance the overall incentives for all the actors in the platform.
Topics: Blockchain; Humans; Information Dissemination; Motivation; Names; Privacy
PubMed: 35421150
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266624 -
Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... Oct 2009Although some of the anatomical underpinnings of learning and memory systems have been identified, there remains little understanding of how the brain moves from... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Although some of the anatomical underpinnings of learning and memory systems have been identified, there remains little understanding of how the brain moves from acquiring new information to retaining it. This study was designed to further explore and elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying encoding and memory in a common real-life task, that is, face-name associations. One possible outcome is that the tasks will recruit different neural structures mediating these processes, which can be identified through contrast analysis of activations. Alternatively, it is possible that similar anatomical regions, such as the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, may be involved in both tasks. In that case, analysis of blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) amplitude differences between the tasks in those common neural structures may be able to detect whether physiological activation differences occur in encoding versus memory.
METHODS
Five healthy adult participants underwent high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) while learning face-name pairs (encoding phase) and during a multiple-choice recognition task after a brief delay (memory phase). Average activation and BOLD response amplitudes in specific regions of interest and whole-brain activation maps were analyzed.
RESULTS
Common activations were observed in the encoding and recognition memory tasks in several regions of interest encompassing the medial temporal and inferior occipital regions. However, higher BOLD response amplitudes occurred in the right fusiform gyrus and the right hippocampus during encoding. In contrast, higher amplitudes were detected in the lingual gyrus bilaterally during recognition memory. Encoding activated distributed prefrontal and temporal cortical regions bilaterally, which mediate attentional, executive, language, and memory systems. Recognition memory recruited a different network of regions encompassing convergence zones in the left prefrontal cortex and the parietal-occipital-temporal region bilaterally, where multimodal visual association, language, memory, and decision-making systems interact.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher BOLD response amplitudes in the right fusiform gyrus and the right hippocampus during face-name encoding suggest a potentially specific binding pathway where disparate information might be neurally linked. In contrast, the increased BOLD response in the lingual gyrus during recognition memory may indicate a key neural substrate for memory consolidation and long-term knowledge of what is learned. Whole-brain activation maps revealed task-specific differences in areas of the prefrontal, temporal, and occipital-parietal-temporal junctions as well. Findings suggest that there are distinctive anatomical and physiological nodes for face-name learning and memory within large-scale cortical-subcortical networks. Hence, lesions in fairly widespread cerebral regions may potentially disrupt specific binding and/or memory consolidation processes.
Topics: Adult; Association Learning; Brain; Brain Mapping; Evoked Potentials, Visual; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mental Recall; Middle Aged; Names; Neural Pathways
PubMed: 20859188
DOI: 10.1097/RMR.0b013e3181e8f1f9 -
Research in Developmental Disabilities Nov 2018Responding to one's own name (RtN) has been reported as atypical in children with developmental disorders, yet comparative studies on RtN across syndromes are rare. (Review)
Review
Response to name and its value for the early detection of developmental disorders: Insights from autism spectrum disorder, Rett syndrome, and fragile X syndrome. A perspectives paper.
BACKGROUND
Responding to one's own name (RtN) has been reported as atypical in children with developmental disorders, yet comparative studies on RtN across syndromes are rare.
AIMS
We aim to (a) overview the literature on RtN in different developmental disorders during the first 24 months of life, and (b) report comparative data on RtN across syndromes.
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
In Part 1, a literature search, focusing on RtN in children during the first 24 months of life with developmental disorders, identified 23 relevant studies. In Part 2, RtN was assessed utilizing retrospective video analysis for infants later diagnosed with ASD, RTT, or FXS, and typically developing peers.
OUTCOMES AND RESULTS
Given a variety of methodologies and instruments applied to assess RtN, 21/23 studies identified RtN as atypical in infants with a developmental disorder. We observed four different developmental trajectories of RtN in ASD, RTT, PSV, and FXS from 9 to 24 months of age. Between-group differences became more distinctive with age.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
RtN may be a potential parameter of interest in a comprehensive early detection model characterising age-specific neurofunctional biomarkers associated with specific disorders, and contribute to early identification.
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Behavioral Symptoms; Developmental Disabilities; Early Diagnosis; Fragile X Syndrome; Humans; Infant; Interpersonal Relations; Names; Prefrontal Cortex; Reaction Time; Rett Syndrome; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
PubMed: 29655507
DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.04.004 -
Journal of the National Medical... Apr 2003Fibromyalgia is the name given to a collection of symptoms with no clear physiologic cause, The constellation of symptoms are clearly recognizable as a distinct... (Review)
Review
Fibromyalgia is the name given to a collection of symptoms with no clear physiologic cause, The constellation of symptoms are clearly recognizable as a distinct pathologic entity. The diagnosis is made through clinical observations made by the examiner. Differential diagnosis must include other somatic syndromes as well as disease entities like hepatitis, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, electrolyte imbalance, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. Diagnostic criteria are given as guidelines for the diagnosis, not as absolute requirements. Treatment of this condition remains individualized and relies heavily on having a therapeutic relationship with a provider. Treatment of this syndrome needs to be looked at as an ongoing process. Goal oriented treatment aimed at maintaining specific functions can be directed at helping a patient get restorative sleep, alleviating the somatic pains that ail the patient, keeping a person productive, regulating schedules or through goal oriented agreements made with the patient. Since this syndrome is chronic and may effect all areas of a persons functioning the family and social support system of the person being treated need to be evaluated. Patients often seek alternative medical treatments for this problem including diet therapy, acupuncture, and herbal therapy. Treatment must involve more than just the symptoms presented and the patient can only be treated successfully if they are willing to work at changing their own perceptions, and ways of relating to stressors in their world.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Complementary Therapies; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fibromyalgia; Humans; Medical History Taking; Middle Aged; Myofascial Pain Syndromes; Personality; Physical Examination
PubMed: 12749618
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Medicine & Research Mar 2020Percussion is derived from the Latin word to hear and to touch. Percussion of the abdomen is used to detect areas of tenderness, dullness within an area of tenderness...
BACKGROUND
Percussion is derived from the Latin word to hear and to touch. Percussion of the abdomen is used to detect areas of tenderness, dullness within an area of tenderness suggestive of a mass, shifting dullness representing fluid or blood, splenic, hepatic and bladder enlargement, and free air in the peritoneum. Covered are abdominal signs of percussion attributed as medical eponyms from the time-period beginning in the mid-late nineteenth century. Described is historical information behind the sign, descriptions of the sign, and implication in modern clinical practice.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, Medline, online Internet word searches, textbooks, and references from other source text. PubMed was searched using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) of the name of the eponyms and text words associated with the sign.
CONCLUSION
Percussion signs defined as medical eponyms were important discoveries adopted by physicians prior to the advent of radiographs and other imaging and diagnostic techniques. The signs perfected during this time-period provided important clinical cues as to the presence of air within the peritoneum or rupture of the spleen.
Topics: Abdomen; Eponyms; History, 19th Century; Humans; Palpation; Physicians
PubMed: 31324736
DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2018.1428 -
Annals of Medicine Dec 2023Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) implies high morbidity and mortality. The assessment of covert HE (CHE) [i.e. minimal HE (MHE) plus grade 1 HE] is often neglected in Taiwan....
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) implies high morbidity and mortality. The assessment of covert HE (CHE) [i.e. minimal HE (MHE) plus grade 1 HE] is often neglected in Taiwan. Therefore, the aim was to investigate the potential of the animal naming test (ANT and simplified ANT (S-ANT) for assessing CHE in Chinese-speaking regions, specifically Taiwan.
METHODS
A prospective cohort study was conducted, comprising 65 cirrhotic patients and 29 healthy controls (relatives of the patients). Patients were followed up every three months and censored after two years or until death. Hospitalization for overt HE (OHE) and mortality were considered. All subjects underwent ANT, psychometric HE score (PHES), and mini-mental state examination (MMSE). The patients underwent an electroencephalogram (EEG) to detect slowing indicative of MHE. Cut-off values for ANT and S-ANT were assessed by ROC analysis and Youden's index, considering CHE as a reference. The prognostic values for OHE and OHE-free survival were assessed.
RESULTS
Preliminary analysis confirmed that PHES ≤-4 is a good discriminant point for abnormal results. CHE was found in 29 patients: 9 had MHE (PHES ≤ -4 or altered EEG) and 20 had grade 1 HE. ANT and S-ANT were found to have diagnostic values for CHE: AUC = 0.807, 0.786; cut off: 18 and 19, respectively. ANT and S-ANT were found to have prognostic value for OHE, number of hospitalization episodes for OHE, and OHE recurrence-free survival.
CONCLUSIONS
ANT shows promise as a tool for CHE detection, quantification, and follow-up in Taiwan and other Chinese-speaking regions.Key messagesThe animal naming test (ANT) is a simple and valid semantic fluency test that can be easily performed in outpatient or bedside settings in one minute and can also be used as a tool for covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) detection, quantification, and follow-up in Taiwan, other Chinese-speaking regions, and many other countries.The diagnostic value of ANT and S-ANT for CHE were found to be significant, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values of 0.807 and 0.786 respectively, and cut-off scores of 18 and 19.ANT and S-ANT have prognostic value for the first breakthrough of overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE), number of hospitalization episodes for OHE, and OHE recurrence-free survival, independent of the MELD score.
Topics: Animals; Humans; East Asian People; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Liver Cirrhosis; Prospective Studies; ROC Curve; Names
PubMed: 37494454
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2236013 -
Annals of Family Medicine 2021At age 11, my child Neo told me he was a boy and not a girl, as assigned at birth. Despite my training as a child and adolescent psychiatrist, I struggled to accept his...
At age 11, my child Neo told me he was a boy and not a girl, as assigned at birth. Despite my training as a child and adolescent psychiatrist, I struggled to accept his declaration and had to learn how to best support him. He was never a typical girl, but when he decided he was transgender, my husband and I navigated the adjustment to new pronouns, a name change, the transition at school, and telling friends and family. Seeing Neo's sadness and despondency when he was not accepted sparked me to educate myself about medical options for transgender individuals and other ways to be gender affirming. Although I initially felt a sense of loss and hurt about Neo being transgender, these feelings changed to acceptance and pride as I watched Neo change and grow. Neo taught me to challenge societal dichotomies and taught me about how physicians in particular can support families with gender-creative children.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Female; Friends; Gender Identity; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Parenting; Physicians; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 34750131
DOI: 10.1370/afm.2737 -
Journal of the American Medical... Jan 2022There are over 1 million transgender people living in the United States, and 33% report negative experiences with a healthcare provider, many of which are connected to...
There are over 1 million transgender people living in the United States, and 33% report negative experiences with a healthcare provider, many of which are connected to data representation in electronic health records (EHRs). We present recommendations and common pitfalls involving sex- and gender-related data collection in EHRs. Our recommendations leverage the needs of patients, medical providers, and researchers to optimize both individual patient experiences and the efficacy and reproducibility of EHR population-based studies. We also briefly discuss adequate additions to the EHR considering name and pronoun usage. We add the disclaimer that these questions are more complex than commonly assumed. We conclude that collaborations between local transgender and gender-diverse persons and medical providers as well as open inclusion of transgender and gender-diverse individuals on terminology and standards boards is crucial to shifting the paradigm in transgender and gender-diverse health.
Topics: Data Collection; Electronic Health Records; Gender Identity; Humans; Reproducibility of Results; Transgender Persons; United States
PubMed: 34486655
DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocab136