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Cognitive Research: Principles and... Oct 2022Matching the identity of unfamiliar faces is important in applied identity verification tasks, for example when verifying photo ID at border crossings, in secure access...
Matching the identity of unfamiliar faces is important in applied identity verification tasks, for example when verifying photo ID at border crossings, in secure access areas, or when issuing identity credentials. In these settings, other biographical details-such as name or date of birth on an identity document-are also often compared to existing records, but the impact of these concurrent checks on decisions has not been examined. Here, we asked participants to sequentially compare name, then face information between an ID card and digital records to detect errors. Across four experiments (combined n = 274), despite being told that mismatches between written name pairs and face image pairs were independent, participants were more likely to say that face images matched when names also matched. Across all experiments, we found that this bias was unaffected by the image quality, suggesting that the source of the bias is somewhat independent of perceptual processes. In a final experiment, we show that this decisional bias was found only for name checks, but not when participants were asked to check ID card expiration dates or unrelated object names. We conclude that the bias arises from processing identity information and propose that it operates at the level of unfamiliar person identity representations. Results are interpreted in the context of theoretical models of face processing, and we discuss applied implications.
Topics: Bias; Facial Recognition; Humans; Names; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 36224440
DOI: 10.1186/s41235-022-00441-2 -
PloS One 2014Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition clinically characterized by social interaction and communication difficulties. To date,...
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition clinically characterized by social interaction and communication difficulties. To date, the majority of research efforts have focused on brain mechanisms underlying the deficits in interpersonal social cognition associated with ASD. Recent empirical and theoretical work has begun to reveal evidence for a reduced or even absent self-preference effect in patients with ASD. One may hypothesize that this is related to the impaired attentional processing of self-referential stimuli. The aim of our study was to test this hypothesis. We investigated the neural correlates of face and name detection in ASD. Four categories of face/name stimuli were used: own, close-other, famous, and unknown. Event-related potentials were recorded from 62 electrodes in 23 subjects with ASD and 23 matched control subjects. P100, N170, and P300 components were analyzed. The control group clearly showed a significant self-preference effect: higher P300 amplitude to the presentation of own face and own name than to the close-other, famous, and unknown categories, indicating preferential attentional engagement in processing of self-related information. In contrast, detection of both own and close-other's face and name in the ASD group was associated with enhanced P300, suggesting similar attention allocation for self and close-other related information. These findings suggest that attention allocation in the ASD group is modulated by the personal significance factor, and that the self-preference effect is absent if self is compared to close-other. These effects are similar for physical and non-physical aspects of the autistic self. In addition, lateralization of face and name processing is attenuated in ASD, suggesting atypical brain organization.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Analysis of Variance; Attention; Brain; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive; Electroencephalography; Event-Related Potentials, P300; Evoked Potentials; Face; Humans; Names; Neuropsychological Tests; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Photic Stimulation; Recognition, Psychology; Self Concept; Young Adult
PubMed: 24465847
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086020 -
PLoS Biology Apr 2020Putting a name to a face is a highly common activity in our daily life that greatly enriches social interactions. Although this specific person-identity association...
Putting a name to a face is a highly common activity in our daily life that greatly enriches social interactions. Although this specific person-identity association becomes automatic with learning, it remains difficult and can easily be disrupted in normal circumstances or neurological conditions. To shed light on the neural basis of this important and yet poorly understood association between different input modalities in the human brain, we designed a crossmodal frequency-tagging paradigm coupled to brain activity recording via scalp and intracerebral electroencephalography. In Experiment 1, 12 participants were presented with variable pictures of faces and written names of a single famous identity at a 4-Hz frequency rate while performing an orthogonal task. Every 7 items, another famous identity appeared, either as a face or a name. Robust electrophysiological responses were found exactly at the frequency of identity change (i.e., 4 Hz / 7 = 0.571 Hz), suggesting a crossmodal neural response to person identity. In Experiment 2 with twenty participants, two control conditions with periodic changes of identity for faces or names only were added to estimate the contribution of unimodal neural activity to the putative crossmodal face-name responses. About 30% of the response occurring at the frequency of crossmodal identity change over the left occipito-temporal cortex could not be accounted for by the linear sum of unimodal responses. Finally, intracerebral recordings in the left ventral anterior temporal lobe (ATL) in 7 epileptic patients tested with this paradigm revealed a small number of "pure" crossmodal responses, i.e., with no response to changes of identity for faces or names only. Altogether, these observations provide evidence for integration of verbal and nonverbal person identity-specific information in the human brain, highlighting the contribution of the left ventral ATL in the automatic retrieval of face-name identity associations.
Topics: Electroencephalography; Epilepsy; Face; Female; Humans; Male; Names; Neuropsychological Tests; Nontherapeutic Human Experimentation; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Temporal Lobe; Young Adult
PubMed: 32243450
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000659 -
Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral... Jun 2022The "Attentional Blink" refers to difficulty in detecting the second of two target stimuli presented in rapid temporal succession. Studies have shown that salient target...
The "Attentional Blink" refers to difficulty in detecting the second of two target stimuli presented in rapid temporal succession. Studies have shown that salient target stimuli, such as one's own name, reduce the magnitude of this effect. Given indications that self-related processing is altered in autism, it is an open question whether this attentional self-bias is reduced in autism. To investigate this, in the current study we utilised an Attentional Blink paradigm involving one's own and others' names, in a group of 24 autistic adults, and 22 neurotypical adults, while measuring EEG. In line with previous studies, the Attentional Blink was reduced when the participant's own name was the second target, with no differences between autistic and neurotypical participants. ERP results show that the effect on the Attentional Blink of one's own name was reflected in increased N2 and P3 amplitudes, for both autistic and nonautistic individuals. This is the first event-related potential study of own-name processing in the context of the Attentional Blink. The results provide evidence of an intact attentional self-bias in autism, both at the behavioural and neural level.
Topics: Adult; Attentional Blink; Autistic Disorder; Electroencephalography; Evoked Potentials; Humans; Names
PubMed: 34762235
DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00967-w -
Journal of Registry Management 2013Arab Americans constitute a large, heterogeneous, and quickly growing subpopulation in the United States. Health statistics for this group are difficult to find because...
OBJECTIVES
Arab Americans constitute a large, heterogeneous, and quickly growing subpopulation in the United States. Health statistics for this group are difficult to find because US governmental offices do not recognize Arab as separate from white. The development and validation of an Arab- and Chaldean-American name database will enhance research efforts in this population subgroup.
METHODS
A previously validated name database was supplemented with newly identified names gathered primarily from vital statistic records and then evaluated using a multistep process. This process included 1) review by 4 Arabic- and Chaldean-speaking reviewers, 2) ethnicity assessment by social media searches, and 3) self-report of ancestry obtained from a telephone survey.
RESULTS
Our Arab- and Chaldean-American name algorithm has a positive predictive value of 91 percent and a negative predictive value of 100 percent.
CONCLUSIONS
This enhanced name database and algorithm can be used to identify Arab Americans in health statistics data, such as cancer and hospital registries, where they are often coded as white, to determine the extent of health disparities in this population.
Topics: Algorithms; Arabs; Databases, Factual; Health Services Research; Healthcare Disparities; Humans; Middle East; Names; United States
PubMed: 24625771
DOI: No ID Found -
NeuroImage Jul 2023Person-knowledge encompasses the diverse types of knowledge we have about other people. This knowledge spans the social, physical, episodic, semantic & nominal...
Person-knowledge encompasses the diverse types of knowledge we have about other people. This knowledge spans the social, physical, episodic, semantic & nominal information we possess about others and is served by a distributed cortical network including core (perceptual) and extended (non-perceptual) subsystems. Our understanding of this cortical system is tightly linked to the perception of faces and the extent to which cortical knowledge-access processes are independent of perception is unclear. In this study, participants were presented with the written names of famous people and performed ten different semantic access tasks drawn from five cognitive domains (biographic, episodic, nominal, social and physical). We used representational similarity analysis, adapted to investigate network-level representations (NetRSA) to characterise the inter-regional functional coordination within the non-perceptual extended subsystem across access to varied forms of person-knowledge. Results indicate a hierarchical cognitive taxonomy consistent with that seen during face-processing and forming the same three macro-domains: socio-perceptual judgements, episodic-semantic memory and nominal knowledge. The coordination across regions was largely preserved within elements of the extended system associated with internalised cognition but differed in prefrontal regions. Results suggest the elements of the extended system work together in a consistent way to access knowledge when viewing faces and names but that coordination patterns also change as a function of input-processing demands.
Topics: Humans; Recognition, Psychology; Facial Recognition; Cognition; Semantics; Memory, Episodic; Names; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37080346
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120100 -
Medical Care Jun 2010Many clinical data sources used to assess health disparities lack Asian subgroup information, but do include patient names.
BACKGROUND
Many clinical data sources used to assess health disparities lack Asian subgroup information, but do include patient names.
OBJECTIVE
This project validates Asian surname and given name lists for identifying Asian subgroups (Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese) in clinical records.
SUBJECTS
We used 205,000 electronic medical records from the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, a multipayer, outpatient healthcare organization in Northern California, containing patient self-identified race/ethnicity information.
RESEARCH DESIGN
Name lists were used to infer racial/ethnic subgroup for patients with self-identified race/ethnicity data. Using self-identification as the "gold standard," sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of classification by name were calculated. Clinical outcomes (obesity and hypertension) were compared for name-identified versus self-identified racial/ethnic groups.
RESULTS
With classification using surname and given name, the overall sensitivities ranged from 0.45 to 0.76 for the 6 racial/ethnic groups when no race data are available, and 0.40 to 0.79 when the broad racial classification of "Asian" is known. Specificities ranged from 0.99 to 1.00. PPV and NPV depended on the prevalence of Asians in the population. The lists performed better for men than women and better for persons aged 65 and older. Clinical outcomes were very similar for name-identified and self-identified racial/ethnic groups.
CONCLUSIONS
In a clinical setting with a high prevalence of Asian Americans, name-identified and self-identified racial/ethnic groups had similar clinical characteristics. Asian name lists may be a valid substitute for identifying Asian subgroups when self-identification is unavailable.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Asian; California; Ethnicity; Female; Hospital Information Systems; Humans; Male; Medical Records; Middle Aged; Names; Patient Identification Systems; Sex Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 20421828
DOI: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181d559e9 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) Jan 2014Recent findings from neuropsychology and experimental psychology appear incompatible with the claim that feelings of familiarity about known people require activation of... (Review)
Review
Recent findings from neuropsychology and experimental psychology appear incompatible with the claim that feelings of familiarity about known people require activation of amodal person identity nodes. Evidence suggests that there are modality-specific effects after the point at which faces, names and voices have been found familiar. It therefore appears that activation of distinct modality-specific face, name and voice processing systems can signal that a known person is familiar. There is no convincing evidence, however, of modular effects on the way that information about familiar people is represented in semantic memory. Instead, semantic information about people appears to be stored separately from other forms of knowledge such as knowledge of objects. Anatomical evidence suggests that amodal person-specific semantic knowledge is stored in the right anterior temporal lobe where it has close connections with modality specific recognition systems. Failures to retrieve names in proper name anomia may be caused by impairments to the links between semantic knowledge in the right anterior temporal lobe and lexical representations in the left temporal pole.
Topics: Anomia; Face; Humans; Mental Recall; Models, Psychological; Names; Recognition, Psychology; Semantics; Temporal Lobe; Voice
PubMed: 24389153
DOI: 10.2741/e702 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2018In countries where the private clinics of physicians can be freely named, registering a clinic with a physician's name is one way to make patients familiar with the...
In countries where the private clinics of physicians can be freely named, registering a clinic with a physician's name is one way to make patients familiar with the physician. No previous study had investigated how clinics make use of this method of personal branding. Therefore, the current study analyzed 10,847 private physician Western medicine clinics in Taiwan. Of those clinics, 31.0% ( = 3363) were named with a physician's full name, 8.9% ( = 960) with a surname, and 8.1% ( = 884) with a given name. The proportion of clinics registered with a physician's name was lower in rural areas (37.3%) than in urban (48.5%) and suburban areas (49.2%), respectively. Among clinics with only one kind of specialist, a physician's name was used most frequently in clinics of obstetrics and gynecology (64.9%), otorhinolaryngology (64.1%), and dermatology (63.4%). In Taiwan, fewer than half of clinics used a physician's name as a brand. The sociocultural or strategic factors and real benefits of doing so could be further studied in the future for a better understanding of healthcare services management.
Topics: Ambulatory Care Facilities; Databases, Factual; Female; Gynecology; Humans; Male; Marketing of Health Services; Names; Obstetrics; Physicians; Pregnancy; Private Practice; Registries; Specialization; Surveys and Questionnaires; Taiwan
PubMed: 29857574
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061134 -
The Journal of Adolescent Health :... Sep 2019Transgender adults may avoid medical settings due to concerns about discrimination or past experiences of maltreatment. Emerging evidence shows improved outcomes and...
PURPOSE
Transgender adults may avoid medical settings due to concerns about discrimination or past experiences of maltreatment. Emerging evidence shows improved outcomes and psychosocial functioning when transgender adolescents receive gender-affirming care, but little is known about transgender adolescents' experiences in primary care. The objective of this study was to learn about the experiences in primary care of transgender and gender nonconforming (TGN) adolescents and their recommendations for primary care practices and clinicians.
METHODS
Participants were recruited from primary care clinics, gender care clinics, and list serves. Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 TGN adolescents aged 13-21 years (75% white/non-Hispanic, average age 16.7 years). Participants answered questions about primary care experiences, how to improve care, suggestions regarding how to ask about gender identity, and recommendations for making offices more welcoming for TGN adolescents. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed for themes.
RESULTS
Overall, participants reported positive experiences in primary care. Most participants commented on distress resulting from being called the incorrect name or the incorrect pronoun. Several concrete recommendations emerged from the interviews, including asking all patients about their gender identity and pronouns at every primary care visit and not asking about gender identity when caregivers are in the room. Participants emphasized the importance of using their affirmed name and pronouns and wanted providers to be knowledgeable about transgender health.
CONCLUSION
Delivery of primary care services for transgender adolescents may be optimized if offices provide a welcoming environment, use correct names and pronouns, and discuss gender confidentially with patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Confidentiality; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Primary Health Care; Qualitative Research; Surveys and Questionnaires; Transgender Persons; Young Adult
PubMed: 31227384
DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.03.009