-
Fertility and Sterility Jan 2004
Topics: Female; Humans; Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome; Ovulation Induction; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnancy Rate; Pregnancy, Multiple; Regression Analysis; Triplets
PubMed: 14711574
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.09.015 -
PLoS Computational Biology Jan 2022The replay of task-relevant trajectories is known to contribute to memory consolidation and improved task performance. A wide variety of experimental data show that the...
The replay of task-relevant trajectories is known to contribute to memory consolidation and improved task performance. A wide variety of experimental data show that the content of replayed sequences is highly specific and can be modulated by reward as well as other prominent task variables. However, the rules governing the choice of sequences to be replayed still remain poorly understood. One recent theoretical suggestion is that the prioritization of replay experiences in decision-making problems is based on their effect on the choice of action. We show that this implies that subjects should replay sub-optimal actions that they dysfunctionally choose rather than optimal ones, when, by being forgetful, they experience large amounts of uncertainty in their internal models of the world. We use this to account for recent experimental data demonstrating exactly pessimal replay, fitting model parameters to the individual subjects' choices.
Topics: Computational Biology; Decision Making; Humans; Memory Consolidation; Models, Neurological; Optimism; Pessimism; Uncertainty
PubMed: 35020718
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009634 -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Jun 2014Optimism is a cognitive construct (expectancies regarding future outcomes) that also relates to motivation: optimistic people exert effort, whereas pessimistic people... (Review)
Review
Optimism is a cognitive construct (expectancies regarding future outcomes) that also relates to motivation: optimistic people exert effort, whereas pessimistic people disengage from effort. Study of optimism began largely in health contexts, finding positive associations between optimism and markers of better psychological and physical health. Physical health effects likely occur through differences in both health-promoting behaviors and physiological concomitants of coping. Recently, the scientific study of optimism has extended to the realm of social relations: new evidence indicates that optimists have better social connections, partly because they work harder at them. In this review, we examine the myriad ways this trait can benefit an individual, and our current understanding of the biological basis of optimism.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Affect; Health; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Personality
PubMed: 24630971
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.003 -
The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and... 2016Recovery as a process through which people reclaim their lives even while continuing to experience symptoms of mental illness has at times been misunderstood or...
Recovery as a process through which people reclaim their lives even while continuing to experience symptoms of mental illness has at times been misunderstood or misinterpreted, including being used as an excuse for cutting needed services and supports in the guise of allowing people to pursue their own personal "recovery journeys." In delivering a message of hope to individuals and fostering initiatives to counter the debilitating impact of clinical pessimism, recovery literature has also, at times, paid less attention to the material, social, cultural, political and economic contexts in which people pursue recovery. The importance of these contexts are implied in a 1961 American Report on Mental Illness and Health that argued that people with mental illnesses should be able to live their lives "in the normal manner" in their home communities. We argue for a disability model that provides people with necessary supports and services to make individual recovery possible for persons with prolonged mental illnesses. Another model that has emerged over the past decade to counterbalance this overweening emphasis on the lone individual pursuing his or her recovery journey is citizenship. We discuss this concept and our research on it since the late 1990s. We then argue for "recovering citizenship" as a concept and metaphor to capture the individual recovery process within the context and goal of a life in the community that the citizenship framework supports.
PubMed: 28856875
DOI: No ID Found -
Sleep Medicine Mar 2019Depression increases during menopause, and subclinical depressive symptoms increase risk for major depression. Insomnia is common among postmenopausal women and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
Treating insomnia improves depression, maladaptive thinking, and hyperarousal in postmenopausal women: comparing cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI), sleep restriction therapy, and sleep hygiene education.
INTRODUCTION
Depression increases during menopause, and subclinical depressive symptoms increase risk for major depression. Insomnia is common among postmenopausal women and increases depression-risk in this already-vulnerable population. Recent evidence supports the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) to treat menopausal insomnia, but it remains unclear whether treating insomnia also alleviates co-occurring depressive symptoms and depressogenic features. This trial tested whether CBTI improves depressive symptoms, maladaptive thinking, and somatic hyperarousal in postmenopausal women with insomnia; as well as whether sleep restriction therapy (SRT)-a single component of CBTI-is equally efficacious.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Single-site, randomized controlled trial. 117 postmenopausal women (56.34 ± 5.41 years) with peri-or-postmenopausal onset of chronic insomnia were randomized to three treatment conditions: sleep hygiene education control (SHE), SRT, and CBTI. Blinded assessments were performed at baseline, posttreatment, and six-month follow-up.
RESULTS
CBTI produced moderate-to-large reductions in depressive symptoms, whereas SRT produced moderate reductions but not until six months posttreatment. Treatment effects on maladaptive thinking were mixed. CBTI and SRT both produced large improvements in dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, but weaker influences on presleep cognitive arousal, rumination, and worry. Presleep somatic arousal greatly improved in the CBTI group and moderately improved in the SRT group. Improvements in depression, maladaptive thinking, and hyperarousal were linked to improved sleep. SHE produced no durable treatment effects.
CONCLUSIONS
CBTI and SRT reduce depressive symptoms, dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, and presleep somatic hyperarousal in postmenopausal women, with CBTI producing superior results. Despite its cognitive emphasis, cognitive arousal did not respond strongly or durably to CBTI. NAME: Behavioral Treatment of Menopausal Insomnia: Sleep and Daytime Outcomes. URL: clinicaltrials.gov.
REGISTRATION
NCT01933295.
Topics: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Depression; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Middle Aged; Patient Education as Topic; Pessimism; Postmenopause; Sleep Arousal Disorders; Sleep Deprivation; Sleep Hygiene; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30785053
DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.11.019 -
Experimental Neurobiology Sep 2013Our survival and wellness require a balance between optimism and pessimism. Undue pessimism makes life miserable; however, excessive optimism can lead to dangerously... (Review)
Review
Our survival and wellness require a balance between optimism and pessimism. Undue pessimism makes life miserable; however, excessive optimism can lead to dangerously risky behaviors. A review and synthesis of the literature on the neurophysiology subserving these two worldviews suggests that optimism and pessimism are differentially associated with the two cerebral hemispheres. High self-esteem, a cheerful attitude that tends to look at the positive aspects of a given situation, as well as an optimistic belief in a bright future are associated with physiological activity in the left-hemisphere (LH). In contrast, a gloomy viewpoint, an inclination to focus on the negative part and exaggerate its significance, low self-esteem as well as a pessimistic view on what the future holds are interlinked with neurophysiological processes in the right-hemisphere (RH). This hemispheric asymmetry in mediating optimistic and pessimistic outlooks is rooted in several biological and functional differences between the two hemispheres. The RH mediation of a watchful and inhibitive mode weaves a sense of insecurity that generates and supports pessimistic thought patterns. Conversely, the LH mediation of an active mode and the positive feedback it receives through its motor dexterity breed a sense of confidence in one's ability to manage life's challenges, and optimism about the future.
PubMed: 24167413
DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.3.173 -
Cells Jul 2023Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with long-term recurrent depressed mood, pain and despair, pessimism and anxiety, and even suicidal tendencies as the... (Review)
Review
Depression is a common neuropsychiatric disorder with long-term recurrent depressed mood, pain and despair, pessimism and anxiety, and even suicidal tendencies as the main symptoms. Depression usually induces or aggravates the development of other related diseases, such as sleep disorders and endocrine disorders. In today's society, the incidence of depression is increasing worldwide, and its pathogenesis is complex and generally believed to be related to genetic, psychological, environmental, and biological factors. Current studies have shown the key role of glial cells in the development of depression, and it is noteworthy that some recent evidence suggests that the development of depression may be closely related to viral infections, such as SARS-CoV-2, BoDV-1, ZIKV, HIV, and HHV6, which infect the organism and cause some degree of glial cells, such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia. This can affect the transmission of related proteins, neurotransmitters, and cytokines, which in turn leads to neuroinflammation and depression. Based on the close relationship between viruses and depression, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the new mechanism of virus-induced depression, which is expected to provide a new perspective on the mechanism of depression and a new idea for the diagnosis of depression in the future.
Topics: Humans; Depression; Zika Virus Infection; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Zika Virus; Neurons
PubMed: 37443801
DOI: 10.3390/cells12131767 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading chronic mental illness worldwide, characterized by anhedonia, pessimism and even suicidal thoughts. Connexin 43 (Cx43),... (Review)
Review
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading chronic mental illness worldwide, characterized by anhedonia, pessimism and even suicidal thoughts. Connexin 43 (Cx43), mainly distributed in astrocytes of the brain, is by far the most widely and ubiquitously expressed connexin in almost all vital organs. Cx43 forms gap junction channels in the brain, which mediate energy exchange and effectively maintain physiological homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests the crucial role of Cx43 in the pathogenesis of MDD. Neuroinflammation is one of the most common pathological features of the central nervous system dysfunctions. Inflammatory factors are abnormally elevated in patients with depression and are closely related to nearly all links of depression. After activating the inflammatory pathway in the brain, the release and uptake of glutamate and adenosine triphosphate, through Cx43 in the synaptic cleft, would be affected. In this review, we have summarized the association between Cx43 and neuroinflammation, the cornerstones linking inflammation and depression, and Cx43 abnormalities in depression. We also discuss the significant association of Cx43 in inflammation and depression, which will help to explore new antidepressant drug targets.
Topics: Humans; Connexin 43; Depressive Disorder, Major; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Depression; Astrocytes; Inflammation
PubMed: 36838809
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041820 -
British Dental Journal Jan 2017Discusses how dental and medical scares have resulted in a "culture of fear" which has damaged patients and dentists. Forty years of pessimism have created a demoralised...
Discusses how dental and medical scares have resulted in a "culture of fear" which has damaged patients and dentists. Forty years of pessimism have created a demoralised and risk-averse society. The reality of a steadily improving world demands a new attitude of rational optimism and a healthy scepticism about new scares.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Attitude of Health Personnel; Attitude to Health; Child; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome; Dental Amalgam; Dental Care for Children; Dentist-Patient Relations; Dentists; Fear; Female; Fluorides, Topical; Health Behavior; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Immunity; Male; Radiography, Dental; Risk Factors
PubMed: 28084346
DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.23 -
Psychiatria Danubina Sep 2017There is evidence in the literature that adverse early attachment experiences and subsequent attachment insecurities during adulthood would lead to pessimism, low... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
There is evidence in the literature that adverse early attachment experiences and subsequent attachment insecurities during adulthood would lead to pessimism, low self-esteem, hopelessness and, ultimately, to suicide risk.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
This paper aims to review finding on the link between attachment style and suicidality. We searched the literature using the database of the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)-MedLine/Pubmed system from January 1992 until December 2016. We started with 1992 because, as far as we know, there are no published studies exploring the relationship between suicide and insecure attachment before that year. We considered reports published on the relationship between attachment style and suicidality. We applied several combinations of the following search terms: attachment, adult attachment style and suicidality, suicide, suicidal ideation, suicidal behavior or suicidal thoughts, and suicide attempts. We selected only English language studies.
RESULTS
Research suggests that insecure attachment style, mostly anxious, and unresolved traumas are associated with an increased suicide risk. Few studies prospectively examined clinical course, comorbid psychiatric disorders, familial suicidality or other psychosocial factors.
CONCLUSIONS
Further research is needed to highlight the nature of the link between attachment and suicidality. The presence of suicidal ideation and attempts might be a consequence of an underlying interaction between the emergence of psychiatrics symptoms, and the long-lasting presence of inadequate patterns of attachment. Within this context, Separation Anxiety Disorder, categorized in the DSM-5 as a condition not confined to childhood but as an anxiety disorder that may occur through the entire lifespan, might be the a key for the comprehension of this link. From a neurobiological point of view, the role of oxytocin remains unclear.
Topics: Adult; Anxiety Disorders; Female; Hope; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Object Attachment; Pessimism; Risk Factors; Self Concept; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide; Suicide, Attempted; Suicide Prevention
PubMed: 28949306
DOI: 10.24869/psyd.2017.250