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Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 2019Exogenous lipoid pneumonia is a rare alveolar-filling disorder characterized by foreign body reaction to inhaled/aspirated hydrocarbon that may be vegetable oil, animal...
Exogenous lipoid pneumonia is a rare alveolar-filling disorder characterized by foreign body reaction to inhaled/aspirated hydrocarbon that may be vegetable oil, animal fat, or mineral oil. It is vanishingly rare and often missed except in the classical clinical settings of acute aspiration of petroleum products. We present a toddler with iatrogenic exogenous lipoid pneumonia and highlight clinical and radiological clues that can prompt early recognition of this entity.
Topics: Bronchoalveolar Lavage; Bronchoscopy; Child, Preschool; Fever; Humans; Lung; Mineral Oil; Pneumonia, Lipid; Radiography; Respiratory Aspiration; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Weight Loss
PubMed: 29943743
DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.JPGM_496_17 -
PloS One 2023Many animals display innate preferences for some odors, but the physiological mechanisms underlying these preferences are poorly understood. Here, with behavioral tests,...
Many animals display innate preferences for some odors, but the physiological mechanisms underlying these preferences are poorly understood. Here, with behavioral tests, we establish a model system well suited to investigating olfactory mechanisms, the locust Schistocerca americana. We conducted open field tests in an arena designed to provide only olfactory cues to guide navigation choices. We found that newly hatched locusts navigated toward, and spent more time near, the odor of wheat grass than humidified air. In similar tests, we found that hatchlings avoided moderate concentrations of major individual components of the food blend odor, 1-hexanol (1% v/v) and hexanal (0.9% v/v) diluted in mineral oil relative to control presentations of unscented mineral oil. Hatchlings were neither attracted nor repelled by a lower concentration (0.1% v/v) of 1-hexanol but were moderately attracted to a low concentration (0.225% v/v) of hexanal. We quantified the behavior of the animals by tracking their positions with the Argos software toolkit. Our results establish that hatchlings have a strong, innate preference for food odor blend, but the valence of the blend's individual components may be different and may change depending on the concentration. Our results provide a useful entry point for an analysis of physiological mechanisms underlying innate sensory preferences.
Topics: Animals; Odorants; Mineral Oil; Smell
PubMed: 37428771
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284641 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2021Prolonged use of tight-fitting PPE, e.g., by COVID-19 healthcare workers leads to skin injuries. An important contributor is the shear exerted on the skin due to static...
Prolonged use of tight-fitting PPE, e.g., by COVID-19 healthcare workers leads to skin injuries. An important contributor is the shear exerted on the skin due to static friction at the skin-PPE interface. This study aims to develop an optimised wax-oil lubricant that reduces the friction, or shear, in the skin-PPE contact for up to four hours. Lubricants with different wax-oil combinations were prepared using beeswax, paraffin wax, olive oil, and mineral oil. In-vivo friction measurements involving seven participants were conducted by sliding a polydimethylsiloxane ball against the volar forearms to simulate the skin-PPE interface. The maximum static coefficient of friction was measured immediately and four hours after lubricant application. It was found that the coefficient of friction of wax-oil lubricants is mainly governed by the ratio of wax to oil and the thermal stability and morphology of the wax. To maintain long-term lubricity, it is crucial to consider the absorption of oil into the PPE material. The best performing lubricant is a mixture of 20 wt% beeswax, 40 wt% olive oil, and 40 wt% mineral oil, which compared to unlubricated skin, provides 87% (P = 0.0006) and 59% (P = 0.0015) reduction in instantaneous and 4-h coefficient of friction, respectively.
Topics: Adult; COVID-19; Female; Forearm; Humans; Lubricants; Male; Mineral Oil; Olive Oil; Personal Protective Equipment; Skin; Time Factors; Waxes
PubMed: 34078980
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91119-0 -
Polimery W Medycynie 2015Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are the main autoimmune inflammatory bowel diseases. Metronidazole is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of Crohn’s...
BACKGROUND
Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are the main autoimmune inflammatory bowel diseases. Metronidazole is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. However, the pharmacokinetic profile of this drug indicates that the largest amount of the drug is absorbed from the upper part of the intestines and very little concentration of the drugs reaches the colon.Objectives: The aim of this investigation was to formulate metronidazole loaded microspheres for the efficient therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases.Material and Methods: Microspheres were prepared using the emulsification-solvent evaporation method. The effect of Eudragit S100 concentration and the ratio of liquid paraffin (light: heavy) on percentage yield, particle size, morphology, drug encapsulation and in vitro drug release was examined. Drug-polymer interaction was investigated using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).
RESULTS
The results showed that the particle had good flow properties, encapsulation efficiency (56.11 ・} 1.51–81.02 ・} 2.14%)and cumulative drug release (64.14 ・} 0.83–79.69 ・} 2.45%) in a phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) after 10 h of the dissolution study.An increased particle size was observed with an increasing polymer concentration. It was observed that the Eudragit had a positive effect on the drug encapsulation and negative effect on drug release. Aggregation of drug-polymer droplets was observed at a lower level of magnesium stearate during microsphere preparation. The results of FTIR spectroscopy revealed the absence of any drug-polymer interactions. However, slight peak shifting and suppression in peak height was observed.This might be due to the minor ionic interactions. The microspheres were discrete, spherical and free-flowing. The spherical shape of the microspheres was confirmed from SEM photomicrographs. The developed microspheres showed a controlled drug release and were found to follow Higuchi’s model. The release mechanism of metronidazole from the microspheres was Fickian diffusion without swelling.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that the developed microspheres could enhance drug entrapment, and inflect the drug release.
Topics: Colon; Drug Carriers; Drug Liberation; Humans; Metronidazole; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microspheres; Mineral Oil; Particle Size; Polymethacrylic Acids; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
PubMed: 26994887
DOI: 10.17219/pim/60583 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2017Mineral oils are extensively used in our daily life, in food, cosmetics, biomedicine, vaccines and in different industrial applications. However, exposure to these...
Mineral oils are extensively used in our daily life, in food, cosmetics, biomedicine, vaccines and in different industrial applications. However, exposure to these mineral oils has been associated with immune adjuvant effects and the development of autoimmune diseases. Here we investigate the structural impacts of the hydrocarbon oil molecules on their adjuvanticity and autoimmunity. First, we showed that hydrocarbon oil molecules with small atomic differences could result in experimental arthritis in DA rats differing in disease severity, incidence, weight change and serum levels of acute phase proteins. Injection of these hydrocarbon oils resulted in the activation, proliferation and elevated expression of Th1 and especially Th17 cytokines by the T cells, which correlate with the arthritogenicity of the T cells. Furthermore, the more arthritogenic hydrocarbon oils resulted in an increased production of autoantibodies against cartilage joint specific, triple-helical type II collagen epitopes. When injected together with ovalbumin, the more arthritogenic hydrocarbon oils resulted in an increased production of αβ T cell-dependent anti-ovalbumin antibodies. This study shows the arthritogenicity of hydrocarbon oils is associated with their adjuvant properties with implications to not only arthritis research but also other diseases and medical applications such as vaccines in which oil adjuvants are involved.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Autoantibodies; Autoimmunity; Collagen Type II; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Hydrocarbons; Male; Mineral Oil; Ovalbumin; Rats; Severity of Illness Index; Vaccines
PubMed: 29118363
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15096-z -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1969Emulsified inactivated influenza vaccines have been in use for some 18 years and the goal of enhanced serological response lasting 2 years or more has been attained. The...
Emulsified inactivated influenza vaccines have been in use for some 18 years and the goal of enhanced serological response lasting 2 years or more has been attained. The safety of the method in relation to immediate pyrogenic reactions has been demonstrated and no carcinogenic effects are known to have occurred in man. However, the problem of delayed local reactions after the injection of mineral-oil vaccines has not been solved. British experience of adverse reactions to commercial adjuvant influenza vaccine is quoted.New methods for obtaining adjuvant action without the risk of local abscess formation are needed both for inactivated whole virus and for split haemagglutinin vaccines. Reversal of water-in-mineral-oil emulsion to oil-in-water emulsion reduces viscosity and permits diffusion of the depot injection. A trial in Britain has shown equally good adjuvant properties of the reversed emulsion incorporating influenza virus vaccine so far as serological response is concerned, although it has not yet been conducted on a scale that would allow of adequate evaluation of the likelihood of delayed local reactions.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Antibody Formation; Emulsions; Humans; Influenza Vaccines; Mineral Oil
PubMed: 5309486
DOI: No ID Found -
Redox Report : Communications in Free... 2012Vitamin E is the most important lipid-soluble antioxidant. Recently, it has been proposed as a gene regulator, and its gene modulation effects have been observed at...
Time- and dose-dependent differential regulation of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase enzymatic activity and mRNA level by vitamin E in rat blood cells.
BACKGROUND
Vitamin E is the most important lipid-soluble antioxidant. Recently, it has been proposed as a gene regulator, and its gene modulation effects have been observed at different levels of gene expression and cell signaling. This study was performed to investigate the effects of vitamin E on the activity and expression of the most important endogenous antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD), in rat plasma.
METHODS
Twenty-eight male Sprauge-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control group and three dosing groups. The control group received the vehicle (liquid paraffin), and the dosing groups received twice-weekly intraperitoneal injections of 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg of vitamin E ((±)-α-Tocopherol) for 6 weeks. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme assays were used to assess the levels of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD mRNA and enzyme activity levels in blood cells at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks following vitamin E administration. Catalase enzyme activity and total antioxidant capacity were also assessed in plasma at the same time intervals.
RESULTS
Mn-SOD activity was significantly increased in the 100 and 30 mg/kg dosing groups after 4 and 6 weeks, with corresponding significant increase in their mRNA levels. Cu/Zn-SOD activity was not significantly changed in response to vitamin E administration at any time points, whereas Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA levels were significantly increased after longer time points with high doses (30 and 100 mg/kg) of vitamin E. Catalase enzyme activity was transiently but significantly increased after 4 weeks of vitamin E treatment in 30 and 100 mg/kg dosing groups. Total antioxidant status was significantly increased after 4 and 6 weeks in the 100 mg/kg dosing group.
CONCLUSION
Only the chronic administration of higher doses of alpha-tocopherol is associated with the increased activity and expression of Mn-SOD in rats. Cu/Zn-SOD activity and expression does not dramatically change in response to vitamin E.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Blood Cells; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Enzyme Activation; Enzyme Assays; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Male; Mineral Oil; Oxidative Stress; RNA, Messenger; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Superoxide Dismutase; Time Factors; alpha-Tocopherol
PubMed: 22732938
DOI: 10.1179/1351000212Y.0000000008 -
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and... Aug 2019To investigate the stability of osmolality in non-humidified and humidified incubators for assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
PURPOSE
To investigate the stability of osmolality in non-humidified and humidified incubators for assisted reproductive technologies (ART).
METHODS
Drops of three single-step culture media (media A, B, and C) were incubated for 5 or 6 days covered with four different mineral oils (oils A, B, C, and D) in non-humidified incubator A, non-humidified incubator B, or humidified incubator C to investigate the effects of incubator environment (humidification), drop volume, culture media, and mineral oil on the stability of osmolality in microdrops.
RESULTS
A significant and linear increase was shown in the osmolality of 50-μL and 200-μL microdrops covered with mineral oil during 5 days incubation in non-humidified benchtop incubators. The maximum increase was 20 mOsm/kg, and the extent of the increase was affected by microdrop volume and possibly by the type of mineral oil used to cover the drops. In contrast, the osmolality of 50-μL and 200-μL microdrops did not change during 5 days incubation in a humidified benchtop incubator.
CONCLUSIONS
Mineral oil alone may not adequately prevent gradual changes in the osmolality of low-volume microdrops during extended in vitro culture of human embryos in non-humidified incubators. As a result, the osmolality may increase to high enough levels to stress some human embryos and adversely affect clinical outcomes. We therefore recommend that the stability of osmolality should be given more consideration to ensure optimal culture conditions for ART.
Topics: Culture Media; Embryo Culture Techniques; Embryo, Mammalian; Embryonic Development; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Humans; Humidity; Incubators; Mineral Oil; Osmolar Concentration
PubMed: 31267335
DOI: 10.1007/s10815-019-01515-9 -
Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 2023Dry skin is a hallmark of impaired skin barrier function. Moisturizers are a mainstay of treatment to help the skin retain moisture, and there is a high consumer demand...
INTRODUCTION
Dry skin is a hallmark of impaired skin barrier function. Moisturizers are a mainstay of treatment to help the skin retain moisture, and there is a high consumer demand for effective products. However, the development and optimization of new formulations are hampered due to lack of reliable efficacy measures using in vitro models.
METHODS
In this study, a microscopy-based barrier functional assay was developed using an in vitro skin model of chemically induced barrier damage to evaluate the occlusive activity of moisturizers.
RESULTS
The assay was validated by demonstrating the different effects on barrier function between humectant (glycerol) and occlusive (petrolatum). Significant changes in barrier function were observed upon tissue disruption, which was ameliorated by commercial moisturizing products.
CONCLUSION
This newly developed experimental method may be helpful to develop new and improved occlusive moisturizers for the treatment of dry skin conditions.
Topics: Humans; Emollients; Skin; Petrolatum; Skin Diseases; Skin Absorption
PubMed: 36863326
DOI: 10.1159/000529630 -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia Mar 2018Topical agents used in combination with phototherapy or photochemotherapy may have both blocking or enhancing effects in ultraviolet rays.
BACKGROUND
Topical agents used in combination with phototherapy or photochemotherapy may have both blocking or enhancing effects in ultraviolet rays.
OBJECTIVE
In this in vivo study, the effects of topical petrolatum, basis cream, glycerine, and olive oil on the transmission of ultraviolet A radiation were investigated.
METHODS
A test was performed to determine the minimal phototoxic dose on 29 volunteers with only psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) and then the same test was repeated with white petrolatum, basis cream, glycerine, olive oil, and sunscreen (0.3cc/25cm2). The effects of each agent on the minimal phototoxic dose were determined after 72 h.
RESULTS
When compared to pure PUVA, there was a statistically significant increase in the mean minimal phototoxic dose values by the application of white petrolatum (P = 0.011), but there was no significant increase or decrease in the mean minimal phototoxic dose values after the application of basis cream (P = 0.326), glycerine (P = 0.611) or olive oil (P = 0.799).
STUDY LIMITATIONS
Low number of patients Conclusion: The application of white petrolatum, which has a blocking effect, and also of basis cream immediately before PUVA therapy should not be recommended. Although we specify that glycerine and maybe olive oil can be used before photochemotherapy, there is a need for further research in larger series.
Topics: Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Emollients; Glycerol; Humans; Olive Oil; PUVA Therapy; Petrolatum; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Reproducibility of Results; Single-Blind Method; Skin Diseases; Skin Tests; Statistics, Nonparametric; Sunscreening Agents; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 29723354
DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20186869