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Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and... Apr 2021Endometriosis is a chronic systemic disease, which influence negatively the quality of life of affected women and responsible for infertility and chronic pelvic pain....
INTRODUCTION
Endometriosis is a chronic systemic disease, which influence negatively the quality of life of affected women and responsible for infertility and chronic pelvic pain. Pathophysiology of the disease is still enigmatic, but insufficient immune surveillance may play a role in it. Peripheral natural immune cell function is rarely examined. The aim of the study was to examine phagocyte function of peripheral neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes, whether this phagocytic activity is affected by the presence or removal of endometriotic lesions in women with endometriosis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Twenty-six preoperative, 13 postoperative samples from women with endometriosis, 23 samples from healthy women, 14 pre- and postoperative samples from the surgical control group were enrolled. Cells were isolated from peripheral blood samples, marked and evaluated for the phagocytosis index with immunofluorescent microscope after phagocyting the zymosane molecules.
RESULTS
Phagocyte function of monocytes and neutrophil granulocytes decreased significantly women with endometriosis before surgery compared to healthy controls. However, 7 days after surgery the postoperative values showed significant improvement compared to the preoperative results of women with endometriosis. This increment reached the values of the healthy women. In the surgical control group no difference was detected between the pre- and postoperative outcomes.
DISCUSSION
Decreased phagocyte function of the examined cells, which can be the result of the circulating immunosuppressive factors, may play a role in the deficient clearance of ectopic endometrial tissue. Based on the postoperative results, these immunosuppressive factors may be reduced or eliminated 7 days after surgery in women with endometriosis.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Endometriosis; Female; Granulocytes; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Monocytes; Neutrophils; Phagocytosis; Postoperative Period
PubMed: 32413524
DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101796 -
American Journal of Physiology. Renal... Apr 2017Mononuclear phagocytes are the most common cells in the kidney associated with immunity and inflammation. Although the presence of these cells in the kidney has been... (Review)
Review
Mononuclear phagocytes are the most common cells in the kidney associated with immunity and inflammation. Although the presence of these cells in the kidney has been known for decades, the study of mononuclear phagocytes in the context of kidney function and dysfunction is still at an early stage. The purpose of this review is to summarize the present knowledge regarding classification of these cells in the mouse kidney and to identify relevant questions that would further advance the field and potentially lead to new opportunities for treatment of acute kidney injury and other kidney diseases.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Plasticity; Fibrosis; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Kidney; Mice; Nephritis; Phagocytes; Phenotype; Receptors, Immunologic; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 28100500
DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00369.2016 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2020The fungal pathogen can cause life-threatening infections in immune compromised individuals. This pathogen is typically acquired via inhalation, and enters the... (Review)
Review
The fungal pathogen can cause life-threatening infections in immune compromised individuals. This pathogen is typically acquired via inhalation, and enters the respiratory tract. Innate immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are the first host cells that encounter , and the interactions between and innate immune cells play a critical role in the progression of disease. possesses several virulence factors and evasion strategies to prevent its killing and destruction by pulmonary phagocytes, but these phagocytic cells can also contribute to anti-cryptococcal responses. This review will focus on the interactions between and primary macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), dealing specifically with the cryptococcal/pulmonary cell interface.
Topics: Cryptococcosis; Cryptococcus neoformans; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Macrophages; Macrophages, Alveolar
PubMed: 32117810
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00037 -
Trends in Immunology Oct 2017The life of an organism requires the assistance of an unlikely process: programmed cell death. Both development and the maintenance of homeostasis result in the... (Review)
Review
The life of an organism requires the assistance of an unlikely process: programmed cell death. Both development and the maintenance of homeostasis result in the production of superfluous cells that must eventually be disposed of. Furthermore, programmed cell death can also represent a defense mechanism; for example, by depriving pathogens of a replication niche. The responsibility of handling these dead cells falls on phagocytes of the immune system, which surveil their surroundings for dying or dead cells and efficiently clear them in a quiescent manner. This process, termed efferocytosis, depends on cooperation between the phagocyte and the dying cell. In this review we explore different types of programmed cell death and their impact on innate immune responses.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Homeostasis; Humans; Immune System; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation; Mononuclear Phagocyte System; Phagocytes; Phagocytosis
PubMed: 28734635
DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.06.009 -
Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. :... Feb 2017Since the pioneering work of Elie Metchnikoff and the discovery of cellular immunity, the phagocytic clearance of cellular debris has been considered an integral... (Review)
Review
Since the pioneering work of Elie Metchnikoff and the discovery of cellular immunity, the phagocytic clearance of cellular debris has been considered an integral component of resolving inflammation and restoring function of damaged and infected tissues. We now know that the phagocytic clearance of dying cells (efferocytosis), particularly by macrophages and other immune phagocytes, has profound consequences on innate and adaptive immune responses in inflamed tissues. These immunomodulatory effects result from an array of molecular signaling events between macrophages, dying cells, and other tissue-resident cells. In recent years, many of these molecular pathways have been identified and studied in the context of tissue inflammation, helping us better understand the relationship between efferocytosis and inflammation. We review specific types of efferocytosis-related signals that can impact macrophage immune responses and discuss their relevance to inflammation-related diseases.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cells, Cultured; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation; Macrophages; Mice; Phagocytes; Phagocytosis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 28167649
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601520 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021The rapid and efficient phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, termed efferocytosis, is a critical mechanism in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Removal of... (Review)
Review
The rapid and efficient phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells, termed efferocytosis, is a critical mechanism in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Removal of apoptotic cells through efferocytosis prevents secondary necrosis and the resultant inflammation caused by the release of intracellular contents. The importance of efferocytosis in homeostasis is underscored by the large number of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, including atherosclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, that are characterized by defective apoptotic cell clearance. Although mechanistically similar to the phagocytic clearance of pathogens, efferocytosis differs from phagocytosis in that it is immunologically silent and induces a tissue repair response. Efferocytes face unique challenges resulting from the internalization of apoptotic cells, including degradation of the apoptotic cell, dealing with the extra metabolic load imposed by the processing of apoptotic cell contents, and the coordination of an anti-inflammatory, pro-tissue repair response. This review will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the cellular response to apoptotic cell uptake, including trafficking of apoptotic cell cargo and antigen presentation, signaling and transcriptional events initiated by efferocytosis, the coordination of an anti-inflammatory response and tissue repair, unique cellular metabolic responses and the role of efferocytosis in host defense. A better understanding of how efferocytic cells respond to apoptotic cell uptake will be critical in unraveling the complex connections between apoptotic cell removal and inflammation resolution and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
Topics: Antigen Presentation; Apoptosis; Gene Expression Regulation; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation; Phagocytes; Phagocytosis; Phagosomes; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33959122
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631714 -
Trends in Cell Biology Apr 2018Specialized phagocytes are a newly appreciated classification of phagocyte that currently encompasses Sertoli cells (SCs) of the testes and the retinal pigment... (Review)
Review
Specialized phagocytes are a newly appreciated classification of phagocyte that currently encompasses Sertoli cells (SCs) of the testes and the retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) of the retina. While these cells support very different tissues, they have a striking degree of similarity both as phagocytes and in ways that go beyond cell clearance. The clearance of apoptotic germ cells, cell debris, and used photoreceptor outer segments are critical functions of these cells, and the unique nature of their clearance events make specialized phagocytes uniquely suited for studying the larger implications of cell clearance in vivo. The shared functions of specialized phagocytes could provide novel insights into how phagocytosis impacts tissue homeostasis and immune modulation. In this review, we examine the remarkable similarities between SCs and RPE as specialized phagocytes and the physiological effects of cell clearance within a tissue.
Topics: Animals; Homeostasis; Humans; Male; Phagocytes; Phagocytosis; Retina; Retinal Pigment Epithelium; Sertoli Cells; Testis
PubMed: 29454661
DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.01.004 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Dec 2017Mammalian body temperature triggers differentiation of the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum into yeast cells. The Drk1 regulatory kinase and an interdependent... (Review)
Review
Mammalian body temperature triggers differentiation of the fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum into yeast cells. The Drk1 regulatory kinase and an interdependent network of Ryp transcription factors establish the yeast state. Beyond morphology, the differentiation-dependent expression program equips yeasts for invasion and survival within phagosomes. Yeast cells produce α-glucan and the Eng1 endoglucanase which hide yeasts from immune detection. Secretion of yeast phase-specific Sod3 and CatB detoxify phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen molecules. Histoplasma cells adapt to iron and zinc limitation in activated macrophages by production of siderophores and the Zrt2 transporter, respectively. Yeasts also respond to inflammation-associated hypoxia. Histoplasma pathogenicity thus relies on factors controlled by yeast differentiation as well as environment-dependent responses.
Topics: Animals; Fungal Proteins; Histoplasma; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Phagocytes
PubMed: 29096192
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.003 -
Seminars in Immunology Apr 2018Apparent redundancy is a recurrent theme in innate immunity in various domains including inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and pattern recognition receptors. While... (Review)
Review
Apparent redundancy is a recurrent theme in innate immunity in various domains including inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and pattern recognition receptors. While sharing core function, different mediators may subserve distinct functions related for instance to production and release (e.g. IL-1α versus IL-1β), predominantly local versus systemic function (e.g. PTX3 versus C-reactive protein) or fine tuning of innate and adaptive responses (chemokines). Based on hard-wired phagocyte recruitment and regulation by a wide spectrum of chemokines and conventional or atypical receptors, I argue that trafficking of phagocytic cells is a robust output of the chemokine system, resistant to genetic or environmental variation. In general, I speculate that the apparent overlap and redundancy observed in core functions represents an evolutionary strategy to preserve robust essential core outputs in the face of genetically or environmentally caused variation.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Biological Evolution; Cell Movement; Chemokines; Cytokines; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Inflammation; Phagocytes; Polymorphism, Genetic; Receptors, Pattern Recognition
PubMed: 29273304
DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2017.12.006 -
Biochemical Society Transactions Apr 2021Although millions of cells in the human body will undergo programmed cell death each day, dying cells are rarely detected under homeostatic settings in vivo. The swift... (Review)
Review
Although millions of cells in the human body will undergo programmed cell death each day, dying cells are rarely detected under homeostatic settings in vivo. The swift removal of dying cells is due to the rapid recruitment of phagocytes to the site of cell death which then recognise and engulf the dying cell. Apoptotic cell clearance - the engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytes - is a well-defined process governed by a series of molecular factors including 'find-me', 'eat-me', 'don't eat-me' and 'good-bye' signals. However, in recent years with the rapid expansion of the cell death field, the removal of other necrotic-like cell types has drawn much attention. Depending on the type of death, dying cells employ different mechanisms to facilitate engulfment and elicit varying functional impacts on the phagocyte, from wound healing responses to inflammatory cytokine secretion. Nevertheless, despite the mechanism of death, the clearance of dying cells is a fundamental process required to prevent the uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory mediators and inflammatory disease. This mini-review summarises the current understandings of: (i) apoptotic, necrotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic cell clearance; (ii) the functional consequences of dying cell engulfment and; (iii) the outstanding questions in the field.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cytokines; Humans; Models, Biological; Necroptosis; Necrosis; Phagocytes; Phagocytosis; Pyroptosis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33843978
DOI: 10.1042/BST20200696