-
Pediatric Clinics of North America Jun 2005Acute pharyngitis is one of the most common illnesses for which children visit primary care physicians. Most cases of acute pharyngitis in children are caused by viruses... (Review)
Review
Acute pharyngitis is one of the most common illnesses for which children visit primary care physicians. Most cases of acute pharyngitis in children are caused by viruses and are benign and self-limited. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus is the most important of the bacterial causes of acute pharyngitis. Strategies for diagnosis and treatment of acute pharyngitis are directed at distinguishing children with viral pharyngitis, who would not benefit from antimicrobial therapy, from children with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis, for whom antimicrobial therapy would be beneficial. Making this distinction is crucial in attempting to minimize the unnecessary use of antimicrobial agents in children.
Topics: Acute Disease; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriological Techniques; Carrier State; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Latex Fixation Tests; Patient Selection; Pediatrics; Pharyngitis; Physical Examination; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Primary Health Care; Recurrence; Sensitivity and Specificity; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes; Treatment Failure; United States; Unnecessary Procedures
PubMed: 15925660
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2005.02.004 -
Indian Journal of Pediatrics Oct 2011Sore throat is one of the common reasons for outpatient and emergency visits among children. It could be because of several etiologies; of these bacterial pharyngitis is... (Review)
Review
Sore throat is one of the common reasons for outpatient and emergency visits among children. It could be because of several etiologies; of these bacterial pharyngitis is the most important. Major challenge for the clinician is to diagnose group A beta hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) pharyngitis and diphtheria, which are associated with serious complications. Throat swab smear with culture and rapid antigen tests are useful for making the diagnosis but the later may not be available in resource poor settings. Many clinical scores have been devised to diagnose GABHS with variable success but usually clinical features, epidemiological criteria and expert clinical judgment with or without supportive investigations indicate need for antibiotics. A child with sore throat and toxic look may have diphtheria or parapharyngeal/retropharyngeal abscess, and therefore should be hospitalized.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Humans; Medical History Taking; Pharyngitis; Pharynx; Physical Examination; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 21660400
DOI: 10.1007/s12098-011-0467-0 -
The Medical Clinics of North America Sep 2010Sore throat is a common medical complaint seen by the emergency practitioner, internist, pediatrician, and otolaryngologist. The differential for sore throat is vast.... (Review)
Review
Sore throat is a common medical complaint seen by the emergency practitioner, internist, pediatrician, and otolaryngologist. The differential for sore throat is vast. However, with a directed history this can often be narrowed down to 2 to 3 possible diagnoses. By paying particular attention to the associated symptoms and duration of symptoms, common self-limited etiologies like viral pharyngitis and nonstreptococcal tonsillitis can be distinguished from those that require more investigation, such as supraglottitis and tonsillar cancer. A sore throat is most commonly caused by an infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic etiologic factor.
Topics: Epiglottitis; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Pharyngeal Neoplasms; Pharyngitis; Referral and Consultation; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 20736104
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2010.06.001 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jul 2015Antibiotics are sometimes used to prevent recurrent sore throat, despite concern about resistance. However, there is conflicting primary evidence regarding their... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Antibiotics are sometimes used to prevent recurrent sore throat, despite concern about resistance. However, there is conflicting primary evidence regarding their effectiveness.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of antibiotics in patients with recurrent sore throat.
SEARCH METHODS
The Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group (CENTDG) Trials Search Co-ordinator searched the CENTDG Trials Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2015, Issue 5); PubMed; EMBASE; CINAHL; Web of Science; Clinicaltrials.gov; ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the search was 25 June 2015.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of antibiotics in adults and children suffering from pre-existing recurrent sore throat, defined as three or more sore throats in a year, examining the incidence of sore throat recurrence, with follow-up of at least 12 months post-antibiotic therapy.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Multiple attempts to contact the authors of one study yielded no response.
MAIN RESULTS
We identified no trials that met the inclusion criteria for the review. We discarded the majority of the references retrieved from our search following screening of the title and abstract. We formally excluded four studies following review of the full-text report.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics for preventing recurrent sore throat. This finding must be balanced against the known adverse effects and cost of antibiotic therapy, when considering antibiotics for this purpose. There is a need for high quality RCTs that compare the effects of antibiotics versus placebo in adults and children with pre-existing recurrent sore throat on the following outcomes: incidence of sore throat recurrence, adverse effects, days off work and absence from school, and the incidence of complications. Future studies should be conducted and reported according to the CONSORT statement.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Humans; Pharyngitis; Recurrence; Secondary Prevention
PubMed: 26171901
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008911.pub2 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jul 2019The human oral-nasal mucosa is the primary reservoir for infections. Although the most common infection of consequence in temperate climates is pharyngitis, the past 25... (Review)
Review
The human oral-nasal mucosa is the primary reservoir for infections. Although the most common infection of consequence in temperate climates is pharyngitis, the past 25 years have witnessed a dramatic increase in invasive disease in many regions of the world. Historically, has been associated with sepsis and fulminate systemic infections, but the mechanism by which these streptococci traverse mucosal or epidermal barriers is not understood. The discovery that can be internalized by mammalian epithelial cells at high frequencies (1-3) and/or open tight junctions to pass between cells (4) provides potential explanations for changes in epidemiology and the ability of this species to breach such barriers. In this article, the invasins and pathways that uses to reach the intracellular state are reviewed, and the relationship between intracellular invasion and human disease is discussed.
Topics: Animals; Cytoplasm; Humans; Pharyngitis; Receptors, Cell Surface; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus pyogenes
PubMed: 31267891
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0049-2018 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Mar 1999Lemierre's syndrome or postanginal septicaemia (necrobacillosis) is caused by an acute oropharyngeal infection with secondary septic thrombophlebitis of the internal... (Review)
Review
Lemierre's syndrome or postanginal septicaemia (necrobacillosis) is caused by an acute oropharyngeal infection with secondary septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and frequent metastatic infections. Fusobacterium necrophorum is the most common pathogen isolated from the patients. The interval between the oropharyngeal infection and the onset of the septicaemia is usually short. The most common sites of septic embolisms are the lungs and joints, and other locations can be affected. A high degree of clinical suspicion is needed to diagnose the syndrome. Computed tomography of the neck with contrast is the most useful study to detect internal jugular vein thrombosis. Treatment includes intravenous antibiotic therapy and drainage of septic foci. The role of anticoagulation is controversial. Ligation or excision of the internal jugular vein may be needed in some cases.
Topics: Fusobacterium Infections; Fusobacterium necrophorum; Humans; Jugular Veins; Oropharynx; Pharyngitis; Syndrome; Venous Thrombosis
PubMed: 10448489
DOI: 10.1136/pgmj.75.881.141 -
Journal of General Internal Medicine Oct 2014
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Lemierre Syndrome; Male; Pharyngitis; Young Adult
PubMed: 24841558
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-014-2879-9 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2019Chronic pharyngitis is a common disease, which has a long duration and a wide range of onset. It is easy to misdiagnose by mistaking it with other diseases, such as...
Chronic pharyngitis is a common disease, which has a long duration and a wide range of onset. It is easy to misdiagnose by mistaking it with other diseases, such as chronic tonsillitis, by using common diagnostic methods. In order to reduce costs and avoid misdiagnosis, the search for an affordable and rapid diagnostic method is becoming more and more important for chronic pharyngitis research. Speech disorder is one of the typical symptoms of patients with chronic pharyngitis. This paper introduces a convolutional neural network model for diagnosis based on the typical symptom of speech disorder. First of all, the voice data is converted into a speech spectrogram, which can better output the speech characteristic information and lay a foundation for computer diagnosis and discrimination. Second, we construct a deep convolutional neural network for the diagnosis of chronic pharyngitis through the design of the structure, the design of the network layer, and the description of the function. Finally, we perform a parameter optimization experiment on the convolutional neural network and judge the recognition efficiency of chronic pharyngitis. The results show that the convolutional neural network has a high recognition rate for patients with chronic pharyngitis and has a good diagnostic effect.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Humans; Neural Networks, Computer; Pharyngitis
PubMed: 31091759
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101688 -
Swiss Medical Weekly 2012Paediatric infectious diseases have been reported since Hippocrates, and were always closely linked with the evolution of medicine. Current insights and recommendations... (Review)
Review
Paediatric infectious diseases have been reported since Hippocrates, and were always closely linked with the evolution of medicine. Current insights and recommendations by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Group of Switzerland for the management of common paediatric diseases, such as acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and acute viral gastroenteritis are reviewed. The emergence of "old" vaccine-preventable diseases - pertussis and measles - is also discussed. Furthermore, the impact of the appearance of new hosts in paediatric - very low birthweight infants, immunosuppressed patients - is evaluated. Finally, new emerging paediatric infectious diseases caused by newly discovered viruses, such as human metapneumovirus, human bocavirus, or human coronavirus NL63 are explored. This overview gives a general idea on some topics that are currently significant and specific to paediatric infectious diseases.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Dysentery; Humans; Infant; Measles; Otitis Media; Pharyngitis; Whooping Cough
PubMed: 22847721
DOI: 10.4414/smw.2012.13654 -
MSphere Oct 2023Sore throat is one of the most common complaints encountered in the ambulatory clinical setting. Rapid, culture-independent diagnostic techniques that do not rely on...
Sore throat is one of the most common complaints encountered in the ambulatory clinical setting. Rapid, culture-independent diagnostic techniques that do not rely on pharyngeal swabs would be highly valuable as a point-of-care strategy to guide outpatient antibiotic treatment. Despite the promise of this approach, efforts to detect volatiles during oropharyngeal infection have yet been limited. In our research study, we sought to evaluate for specific bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOC) biomarkers in isolated cultures , in order to establish proof-of-concept prior to initial clinical studies of breath biomarkers. A particular challenge for the diagnosis of pharyngitis due to is the likelihood that many metabolites may be shared by and other related oropharyngeal colonizing bacterial species. Therefore, we evaluated whether sufficient metabolic differences are present, which distinguish the volatile metabolome of Group A streptococci from other streptococcal species that also colonize the respiratory mucosa, such as and . In this work, we identified 27 discriminatory VOCs (-values < 0.05), composed of aldehydes, alcohols, nitrogen-containing compounds, hydrocarbons, ketones, aromatic compounds, esters, ethers, and carboxylic acid. From this group of volatiles, we identify candidate biomarkers that distinguish from other species and establish highly produced VOCs that indicate the presence of , supporting future breath-based diagnostic testing for streptococcal pharyngitis. IMPORTANCE Acute pharyngitis accounts for approximately 15 million ambulatory care visits in the United States. The most common and important bacterial cause of pharyngitis is , accounting for 15%-30% of pediatric pharyngitis. Distinguishing between bacterial and viral pharyngitis is key to management in US practice. The culture of a specimen obtained by a throat swab is the standard laboratory procedure for the microbiologic confirmation of pharyngitis; however, this method is time-consuming, which delays appropriate treatment. If left untreated, pharyngitis may lead to local and distant complications. In this study, we characterized the volatile metabolomes of and other related oropharyngeal colonizing bacterial species. We identify candidate biomarkers that distinguish from other species and provide evidence to support future breath-based diagnostic testing for streptococcal pharyngitis.
Topics: Humans; Child; Streptococcus pyogenes; Streptococcal Infections; Pharyngitis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37791788
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00194-23