-
MicrobiologyOpen Oct 2022Five yeast fungi strains (i.e., two Cryptococcus albidus, one Candida guillermondii, and two Candida tropicalis) were isolated from sugarcane and tested for their use of...
Five yeast fungi strains (i.e., two Cryptococcus albidus, one Candida guillermondii, and two Candida tropicalis) were isolated from sugarcane and tested for their use of lignin as sole carbon source and their potential to grow in the presence of phenol and phenol derivatives (i.e., pentachlorophenol and p-nitrophenol). The full set of isolated yeasts showed ligninolytic activity, achieving at least 36% lignin degradation after 25 days. The C. albidus JS-B1 strain had the highest ligninolytic activity, achieving 27% lignin degradation within 4 days. This increased activity was associated with the production of ligninolytic laccase enzymes. All the tested yeast fungi strains showed growth in the presence of high concentrations of phenolic compounds (i.e., 900 mg/L phenol, 200 mg/L p-nitrophenol, 50 mg/L pentachlorophenol) and showed significant potential for lignin and lignin by-product degradation. Each of these five strains has the potential to be used in biological treatment processes for contaminated effluents from paper pulping and bleaching or phenol and phenol-derivative biodegradation processes for other industrial wastewater effluents.
Topics: Lignin; Pentachlorophenol; Nitrophenols; Yeasts; Phenol; Biodegradation, Environmental; Phenols
PubMed: 36314751
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1326 -
Food Chemistry Mar 2023Heating of either 3,5-heptadien-2-one or 2,6-heptanedione in the presence of ammonia produced 2,6-dimethylpyridine, and also 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one for the second...
Heating of either 3,5-heptadien-2-one or 2,6-heptanedione in the presence of ammonia produced 2,6-dimethylpyridine, and also 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one for the second ketone. When phenolics were present, inhibition of pyridine formation was only observed in mixtures of 3,5-heptadien-2-one and resorcinol. This inhibition was due to the formation of ketone-resorcinol adducts, which were isolated and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) as 2,4-dimethyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-2,6-methanobenzo[d][1,3]dioxocin-9-ol and 1-(7-hydroxy-4-methylchroman-2-yl)propan-2-one. The other assayed phenolics increased pyridine formation. This increase was mainly observed in the presence of oxygen, at slightly basic pH values, depended on time, temperature, and the phenolic concentration, and had an activation energy of 56.8 kJ/mol for the formation of 2,6-dimethylpyridine from 2,6-heptanedione in the presence of orcinol. This increase was a consequence of the promotion by phenolics of a required aromatization step in the pyridine formation pathway. This phenolic function needs to be considered when phenolics are added to food products.
Topics: Phenol; Ketones; Phenols; Resorcinols; Pyridines
PubMed: 36252373
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134554 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2023In this study, four different olive fruit and leaf varieties collected in Jordan were assessed for quality using both chemical and biological methods. To quantify the...
In this study, four different olive fruit and leaf varieties collected in Jordan were assessed for quality using both chemical and biological methods. To quantify the phenol and antioxidant content in the olive fruit and leaf extracts, a validated UV method was employed. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of fruit and leaf extracts of the olive varieties were measured using the DPPH radical scavenging assay and Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, respectively. The researchers also conducted a biological assay against colon cells to examine the potential health benefits of the olive extracts. The results showed that the phenol content of the samples varied depending on the region they were collected from and that they contained a significant amount of antioxidants. Additionally, it was observed that the samples with higher antioxidant content had lower cell viability against colon cells. Overall, this study suggests that olive extracts may have potential health benefits for colon health and that the phenol and antioxidant content of the extracts can vary depending on the source of the olives.
Topics: Antioxidants; Phenol; Olea; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Colon
PubMed: 37868295
DOI: 10.1155/2023/9165902 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Vitamin E, a collection of lipophilic phenolic compounds based on chroman-6-ol, has a rich and fascinating oxidative chemistry involving a range of intermediate forms,... (Review)
Review
Vitamin E, a collection of lipophilic phenolic compounds based on chroman-6-ol, has a rich and fascinating oxidative chemistry involving a range of intermediate forms, some of which are proposed to be important in its biological functions. In this review, the available electrochemical and spectroscopic data on these oxidized intermediates are summarized, along with a discussion on how their lifetimes and chemical stability are either typical of similar phenolic and chroman-6-ol derived compounds, or atypical and unique to the specific oxidized isomeric form of vitamin E. The overall electrochemical oxidation mechanism for vitamin E can be summarized as involving the loss of two-electrons and one-proton, although the electron transfer and chemical steps can be controlled to progress along different pathways to prolong the lifetimes of discreet intermediates by modifying the experimental conditions (applied electrochemical potential, aqueous or non-aqueous solvent, and pH). Depending on the environment, the electrochemical reactions can involve single electron transfer (SET), proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), as well as homogeneous disproportionation and comproportionation steps. The intermediate species produced via chemical or electrochemical oxidation include phenolates, phenol cation radicals, phenoxyl neutral radicals, dications, diamagnetic cations (phenoxeniums) and -quinone methides. The cation radicals of all the tocopherols are atypically long-lived compared to the cation radicals of other phenols, due to their relatively weak acidity. The diamagnetic cation derived from α-tocopherol is exceptionally long-lived compared to the diamagnetic cations from the other β-, γ- and δ-isomers of vitamin E and compared with other phenoxenium cations derived from phenolic compounds. In contrast, the lifetime of the phenoxyl radical derived from α-tocopherol, which is considered to be critical in biological reactions, is typical for what is expected for a compound with its structural features. Over longer times via hydrolysis reactions, hydroxy -quinone hemiketals and quinones can be formed from the oxidized intermediates, which can themselves undergo reduction processes to form intermediate anion radicals and dianions. Methods for generating the oxidized intermediates by chemical, photochemical and electrochemical methods are discussed, along with a summary of how the final products vary depending on the method used for oxidation. Since the intermediates mainly only survive in solution, they are most often monitored using UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR or Raman spectroscopies, and EPR spectroscopy, with the spectroscopic techniques sometimes combined with fast photoinitiated excitation and time-resolved spectroscopy for detection of short-lived species.
Topics: Benzoquinones; Chromans; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy; Oxidation-Reduction; Phenol; Phenols; Protons; Solvents; Tocopherols; Vitamin E; alpha-Tocopherol
PubMed: 36234726
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196194 -
Environment International Dec 2022Non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including phthalates and phenols, are ubiquitous in both the environment and human body. A growing body of... (Review)
Review
Non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including phthalates and phenols, are ubiquitous in both the environment and human body. A growing body of epidemiologic studies have identified concerning links between EDCs and adverse reproductive and developmental health effects. Despite consistent evidence, risk assessments and policy interventions often arrive late. This presents an urgent need to identify evidence-based interventions for implementation at both clinical and community levels to reduce EDC exposure, especially in susceptible populations. The reproductive life cycle (menarche to menopause for females and after pubertal onset for males) includes some of the most vulnerable periods to environmental exposures, such as the preconception and perinatal stages, representing a key window of opportunity to intervene and prevent unfavorable health outcomes. This review aims to synthesize and assess behavioral, dietary, and residential EDC-driven interventions to develop recommendations for subsequent, larger-scale studies that address knowledge-gaps in current interventions during the reproductive life cycle. We selected 21 primary interventions for evaluation, in addition to four supplemental interventions. Among these, accessible (web-based) educational resources, targeted replacement of (known) toxic products, and personalization of the intervention through meetings and support groups, were the most promising strategies for reducing EDC concentrations. However, we document a paucity of interventions to prevent phthalate and phenol exposures during the reproductive years, especially among men. Accordingly, we recommend additional, larger clinical and community-based intervention studies to reduce EDC exposure. Specifically, future intervention studies should focus on short-term, mid-, and long-term exposure reduction to phthalates and phenols. The latter, especially, is required for the development of clinical and public health guidelines to promote reproductive and developmental health globally.
Topics: Humans; Phenol
PubMed: 36283156
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107576 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2023Environmental pollution is a global phenomenon and troublesome fact that poses a grave risk to all living entities. Via coupling carbonaceous feedstocks with outstanding...
Environmental pollution is a global phenomenon and troublesome fact that poses a grave risk to all living entities. Via coupling carbonaceous feedstocks with outstanding microbial activity, kinetic experiments were established using the consortium of Proteus mirabilis and Raoultella planticola, biochar-derived sunflower seed husk (SHB) and rice straw (RSB), and their composites, which investigated at 30 °C (150 rpm) to eliminate 700 mg L lead (120 h) and phenol (168 h) from synthetic wastewater. The derived biochars physicochemical properties of were studied. According to adsorption capacity (q), consortium-SHB composites and consortium-RSB composites removed lead completely (70 mg g) within 48 h and 66 h, respectively. Besides, phenol was remediated entirely after 42 h and 48 h by both composite systems (69.90 mg g), respectively, comparing with bacterial consortium only or parent SHB and RSB. Moreover, four kinetic models were studied to describe the bioremediation process. Fractional power and Elovich models could be recommended for describing the adsorption kinetics for lead and phenol removal by the studied biomaterials with high correlation coefficient (R ≥ 0.91 for Pb and ≥ 0.93 for phenol) and lower residual root mean square error (RMSE) and chi-square (X). Overall, bacterial consortium-biochar composites exhibited greater remediation of lead and phenol than the sum of each single bacterial consortium and biochar systems; reflecting synergistic interaction of adsorptive capability of biochar and metabolic performance of bacterial consortium, as denoted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The current study addressed the successful design of employing functional remediating consortium immobilized on waste biomass-derived biochar as a conducive alternative eco-sorbent and economic platform to detoxify organic and inorganic pollutants.
Topics: Adsorption; Biodegradation, Environmental; Charcoal; Helianthus; Kinetics; Lead; Oryza; Phenol; Phenols; Seeds; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification
PubMed: 38081934
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49036-x -
The Science of the Total Environment Jul 2020Chemicals found in personal care products and plastics have been associated with asthma, allergies, and lung function, but methods to address real life exposure to...
BACKGROUND
Chemicals found in personal care products and plastics have been associated with asthma, allergies, and lung function, but methods to address real life exposure to mixtures of these chemicals have not been applied to these associations.
METHODS
We quantified urinary concentrations of eleven phthalate metabolites, four parabens, and five other phenols in mothers twice during pregnancy and assessed probable asthma, aeroallergies, and lung function in their age seven children. We implemented Bayesian Profile Regression (BPR) to cluster women by their exposures to these chemicals and tested the clusters for differences in outcome measurements. We used Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) to fit biomarkers into one model as joint independent variables.
RESULTS
BPR clustered women into seven groups characterized by patterns of personal care product and plastic use, though there were no significant differences in outcomes across clusters. BKMR showed that monocarboxyisooctyl phthalate and 2,4-dichlorophenol were associated with probable asthma (predicted probability of probable asthma per IQR of biomarker z-score (standard deviation) = 0.08 (0.09) and 0.11 (0.12), respectively) and poorer lung function (predicted probability per IQR = -0.07 (0.05) and -0.07 (0.06), respectively), and that mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate and bisphenol A were associated with aeroallergies (predicted probability per IQR = 0.13 (0.09) and 0.11 (0.08), respectively). Several biomarkers demonstrated positive additive effects on other associations.
CONCLUSIONS
BPR and BKMR are useful tools to evaluate associations of biomarker concentrations within a mixture of exposure and should supplement single-chemical regression models when data allow.
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Child; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Parabens; Phenol; Phenols; Phthalic Acids; Pregnancy
PubMed: 32302842
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138418 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2020The clinically important () and related mycobacterial pathogens use various virulence mechanisms to survive and cause disease in their hosts. Several well-established... (Review)
Review
The clinically important () and related mycobacterial pathogens use various virulence mechanisms to survive and cause disease in their hosts. Several well-established virulence factors include the surface-exposed lipids in the mycobacterial outer membrane, as well as the Esx family proteins and the Pro-Glu (PE)/ Pro-Pro-Glu (PPE) family proteins secreted by type VII secretion systems (T7SS). Five ESX T7SS exist in and three-EsxA secretion system-1 (ESX-1), ESX-3, and ESX-5-have been implicated in virulence, yet only the structures of ESX-3 and ESX-5 have been solved to date. Here, we summarize the current research on three outer membrane lipids-phthiocerol dimycocerosates, phenolic glycolipids, and sulfolipids-as well as the secretion machinery and substrates of three mycobacterial T7SS-ESX-1, ESX-3, and ESX-5. We propose a structural model of the ESX-1 system based on the latest structural findings of the ESX-3 and ESX-5 secretion apparatuses to gain insight into the transport mechanism of ESX-associated virulence factors.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Bacterial Proteins; Glycolipids; Humans; Lipids; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Phenol; Surface Properties; THP-1 Cells; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 32498243
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113985 -
Organic Letters Jun 2023A C-N bond-forming cross-dehydrogenative coupling of a collection of Tyr-containing peptides and estrogens with heteroarenes is described. This oxidative coupling is...
A C-N bond-forming cross-dehydrogenative coupling of a collection of Tyr-containing peptides and estrogens with heteroarenes is described. This oxidative coupling is distinguished by its scalability, operational simplicity, and air tolerance and enables the appendance of phenothiazines and phenoxazines in phenol-like compounds. When incorporated into a Tb(III) metallopeptide, the Tyr-phenothiazine moiety acts as a sensitizer for the Tb(III) ion, providing a new tool for the design of luminescent probes.
Topics: Amination; Phenol; Oxidative Coupling; Phenols
PubMed: 37284781
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01560 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Artificial gene delivery systems are in great demand from both scientific and practical biomedical points of view. In this paper, we present the synthesis of a new click...
Artificial gene delivery systems are in great demand from both scientific and practical biomedical points of view. In this paper, we present the synthesis of a new click chemistry calix[4]arene precursor with free lower rim and new water-soluble calixarene triazoles with 12 amino-groups on the upper rim (one with free phenol hydroxyl groups and two another containing four butyl or tetradecyl fragments). Aggregation in the series of amino-triazole calixarenes of different lipophilicity (calixarene with free phenol hydroxyl groups or butyl and tetradecyl fragments on the lower rim) was studied using dynamic light scattering and fluorescent pyrene probe. It was found that calix[4]arene with a free lower rim, like alkyl-substituted butyl calix[4]arene, forms stable submicron aggregates 150-200 nm in size, while the more lipophilic tetradecyl -substituted calix[4]arene forms micellar aggregates19 nm in size. Using UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorimetry and CD, it was shown that amino-triazole calix[4]arenes bind to calf thymus DNA by classical intercalation. According to DLS and TEM data, all studied macrocycles cause significant DNA compaction, forming stable nanoparticles 50-20 nm in size. Among all studied calix[4]arenes the most lipophilic tetradecyl one proved to be the best for both binding and compaction of DNA.
Topics: Triazoles; Polyamines; Phenol; Calixarenes; DNA
PubMed: 36499212
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314889