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Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi = Turkish... 2011According to the literature, it is assumed that fear and anxiety are basic emotions in anxiety disorders. Many recent studies report that disgust, as well as fear, has... (Review)
Review
According to the literature, it is assumed that fear and anxiety are basic emotions in anxiety disorders. Many recent studies report that disgust, as well as fear, has an important role in the etiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Evaluation of the role of disgust in anxiety disorders has led the theoretical and empirical literature in a new direction, beyond the traditional emphasis on fear. Most of this basic research has focused on specific phobias, such as blood-injection-injury phobia and spider phobia. Findings obtained from evaluation of physiological and cognitive processes, and subjective and behavioral experiences clearly show that in addition to fear, emotional reactions to phobic stimuli also include disgust; however, empirical studies show that disgust and fear have different relative impacts on specific phobias. To illustrate, individuals experience disgust as the basic emotion in blood-injection-injury phobia, whereas both fear and disgust are experienced in spider phobia. Nevertheless, it is concluded that fear has a more fundamental role in the latter. Yet, research indicates that basic emotions different from those identified from neural structures or physiological responses, such as heart rate, can be identified if facial expressions and cognitive appraisals are taken into account. In the present review the role of fear and disgust in blood-injection-injury phobia vs. spider phobia are discussed, based on the relationship between the phobias and disgust sensitivity, disgust as part of phobic responses, and disgust-motivated avoidance behavior.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Avoidance Learning; Blood; Emotions; Fear; Humans; Injections; Phobic Disorders; Spiders; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 21638233
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022The aim of this study was to review the health information of dental fear-, dental anxiety-, and dental phobia-related videos on YouTube. The 100 most widely viewed... (Review)
Review
The aim of this study was to review the health information of dental fear-, dental anxiety-, and dental phobia-related videos on YouTube. The 100 most widely viewed videos for the keywords "dental fear", "dental anxiety", and "dental phobia" were chosen for evaluation. Out of the 300 videos, 145 videos met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. It was found that most of them were produced by the professions, with a dentist delivering the key messages or with patients giving testimonials. Many etiological factors and symptoms were described. Many pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions were recommended to the audience, such as sedation and distraction, respectively. However, there was a lack of information on the definition or diagnostic criteria of dental fear, dental anxiety, and dental phobia. Videos with high views had a higher ratio of misleading information. Videos with a dentist being the informant had a similar ratio of misleading information compared to other videos. Without adequate information on how to diagnose, it would be very difficult for the audience to determine if the video content was relevant or useful. The dental profession can work together with psychologists or psychiatrists to produce authoritative videos with accurate content.
Topics: Humans; Anxiety; Information Dissemination; Patients; Phobic Disorders; Social Media; Video Recording
PubMed: 36613071
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010750 -
La Medicina Del Lavoro Jun 2022This study aims at investigating level and contributor factors of Cyberchondria, Covid-19-related Phobia, and Well-Being in a sample of teachers in Turkey.
BACKGROUND
This study aims at investigating level and contributor factors of Cyberchondria, Covid-19-related Phobia, and Well-Being in a sample of teachers in Turkey.
METHODS
The study was conducted on teachers (n=1000) working in a province in eastern Turkey. Data for the study were collected using a form that included participants' descriptive characteristics, the Covid-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-SE), the Cyberchondria Severity Scale, and the World Health Organization-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5). Spearman correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.
RESULTS
As participant's cyberchondria levels rose, C19P-SE scores increased (r=0.271, p<0.001), and WHO-5 scores decreased (r=-0.224, p<0.05). Corona-phobia was higher in those who used social media than in those who did not (p<0.05). Cyberchondria scale scores were higher among those who had taken medications without a physician's recommendation during the pandemic. Participants who had a disabled person or a person in need of care in their household had higher scores for distrust of the physician and C19P-SE than for the cyberchondria severity scale sub-dimension, and the WHO-5 mean scores were lower (p<0.001, P=0.016, and P=0.020, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
The study results show that increasing levels of cyberchondria trigger Covid-19 phobias in teachers during the Covid-19 pandemic and negatively affect their well-being. This descriptive study can help understand the risk group for cyberchondria, the influencing factors, and the health and economic consequences, and identify strategies for effective combating with cyberchondria.
Topics: Anxiety; COVID-19; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Pandemics; Phobic Disorders; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35766648
DOI: 10.23749/mdl.v113i3.12661 -
Schizophrenia Bulletin Feb 2018
Topics: Adult; Humans; Implosive Therapy; Male; Phobic Disorders; Psychotic Disorders
PubMed: 25908618
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv049 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2023Although fear plays a vital role in survival, an overly active threat detection system could be maladaptive due to its negative health consequences. Putatively...
Although fear plays a vital role in survival, an overly active threat detection system could be maladaptive due to its negative health consequences. Putatively maladaptive emotion regulation (ER) strategies are a core problem in phobias. In contrast, adaptive ER strategies could help downregulate the emotion elicited by a threatening stimulus and decrease anxiety. Yet, the number of studies directly examining the pattern of ER strategies linked to various phobias is still scarce. Thus, this study sought to map the patterns of adaptive and maladaptive ER strategies linked to the three most common phobias (social, animal, and blood-injection-injury [BII]). A total of 856 healthy participants filled out our survey including self-reported measures of social anxiety, snake-, spider-, BII phobia, and cognitive ER strategies. Structural equation modeling was used to test the effects between the variables. The results show that social anxiety and animal phobia were linked to both adaptive and maladaptive ER strategies, while BII was only associated with maladaptive ones. Further analyses showed that the most prominent ER strategies differed by subtype. This is in line with previous neuroimaging studies claiming that the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying phobias are also different. Theoretical as well as practical implications are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Emotional Regulation; Phobic Disorders; Emotions; Fear; Cognition
PubMed: 37055493
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33395-6 -
Epilepsia 1999Social phobia was initially classified with phobic anxiety states and was believed to be quite rare, but it is now gaining due recognition as a widespread and often... (Review)
Review
Social phobia was initially classified with phobic anxiety states and was believed to be quite rare, but it is now gaining due recognition as a widespread and often crippling disorder. The boundaries of social phobia merge into traits of shyness and universal performance anxiety, with symptoms commonly appearing in the teenage years. If left untreated, social phobia is a remarkably persistent condition, leading to potentially lifelong impairment in social development and occupational functioning. It may also give rise to other co-morbid disorders, particularly dysthymia, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, other phobic disorders, and substance abuse. Over the years, social phobia has been all too frequently viewed as a somewhat trivial, minor form of psychiatric illness and has received little clinical attention. This erroneous perception is now giving way under the mounting evidence in support of the extensive morbidity and disability associated with social phobia and the probable role of genetic and environmental influences. Furthermore, data from multiple controlled clinical trials reveal that this is a treatable condition, responding to both psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions. Here we examine issues to consider in the differential diagnosis of social phobia, review the goals of treatment, and summarize evidence in support of the effectiveness of individual pharmacologic treatments.
Topics: Acetates; Amines; Anticonvulsants; Benzodiazepines; Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Gabapentin; Humans; Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; Personality Inventory; Phobic Disorders; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; Psychometrics; Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
PubMed: 10530685
DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00935.x -
Seizure Feb 2022Epilepsy is characterized by unpredictable attacks. Hence, people with epilepsy (PWE) may develop anxious anticipation of upcoming seizures. Seizure phobia is an anxiety...
OBJECTIVE
Epilepsy is characterized by unpredictable attacks. Hence, people with epilepsy (PWE) may develop anxious anticipation of upcoming seizures. Seizure phobia is an anxiety disorder wherein seizure anticipatory situations trigger fear, accompanied by avoidance behaviors. Research on seizure phobia among PWE is scarce. Therefore, we aimed to describe the diagnosis of seizure phobia and its association with demographic, psychiatric and neurological variables.
METHODS
This is a cross-sectional study of adult PWE in a tertiary epilepsy outpatient clinic. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews, demographic questionnaires and medical records. Patients with and without seizure phobia were compared in terms of sociodemographic, psychiatric, and neurological variables. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify variables that predicted seizure phobia.
RESULTS
Among 69 PWE included in the study, 19 (27.5%) were diagnosed with seizure phobia. In comparison with PWE without seizure phobia, PWE with seizure phobia were predominantly female (84.2% vs 44.2%, p = 0.005), and had more comorbid anxiety disorders (84.2% vs 34.9%, p = 0.01), past major depressive episode (MDE) (63.2% vs 20.9%, p = 0.003), and post-traumatic stress disorder (26.3% vs 7%, p = 0.05). There was a significant association between seizure phobia and comorbid psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (36.8% vs 11.6%, p = 0.034). However, no significant association was found with epilepsy-related variables. A multivariate logistic regression model indicated anxiety and a past MDE as predictive factors for seizure phobia (R = 0.43).
CONCLUSION
Seizure phobia is a distinct psychiatric entity among PWE. Further research is required to understand its etiology, risk factors, and potential interventions for these patients.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depressive Disorder, Major; Epilepsy; Female; Humans; Phobic Disorders; Seizures
PubMed: 34974230
DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.12.009 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Jun 2014
Review
Topics: Animals; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Infections; Phobic Disorders
PubMed: 24847139
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.140352 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Jan 1982
Topics: Agoraphobia; Crowding; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Male; Phobic Disorders; Space Perception
PubMed: 6797660
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.284.6309.72 -
Brain Research Mar 2020Orexin has been implicated in a number of physiological functions, including arousal, regulation of sleep, energy metabolism, appetitive behaviors, stress, anxiety,... (Review)
Review
Orexin has been implicated in a number of physiological functions, including arousal, regulation of sleep, energy metabolism, appetitive behaviors, stress, anxiety, fear, panic, and cardiovascular control. In this review, we will highlight research focused on orexin system in the medial hypothalamic regions of perifornical (PeF) and dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), and describe the role of this hypothalamic neuropeptide in the behavioral expression of panic and consequent fear and avoidance responses, as well as sympathetic regulation and possible development of chronic hypertension. We will also outline recent data highlighting the clinical potential of single and dual orexin receptor antagonists for neuropsychiatric conditions including panic, phobia, and cardiovascular conditions, such as in hypertension.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Humans; Hypertension; Hypothalamus, Middle; Neural Pathways; Orexin Receptor Antagonists; Orexins; Panic; Phobic Disorders; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 30205108
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.010