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Brazilian Journal of Medical and... Sep 2008The effect of N-acetylcysteine, a thiolic antioxidant, on attenuation of phosphamidon-induced oxidative stress and immune dysfunction was evaluated in adult male Wistar...
The effect of N-acetylcysteine, a thiolic antioxidant, on attenuation of phosphamidon-induced oxidative stress and immune dysfunction was evaluated in adult male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g. Rats were divided into four groups, 8 animals/group, and treated with phosphamidon, N-acetylcysteine or the combination of both for 28 days. Oral administration of phosphamidon (1.74 mg/kg), an organophosphate insecticide, increased serum malondialdehyde (3.83 +/- 0.18 vs 2.91 +/- 0.24 nmol/mL; P < 0.05) and decreased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (567.8 +/- 24.36 vs 749.16 +/- 102.61 U/gHb; P < 0.05), catalase activity (1.86 +/- 0.18 vs 2.43 +/- 0.08 U/gHb; P < 0.05) and whole blood glutathione levels (1.25 +/- 0.21 vs 2.28 +/- 0.08 mg/gHb; P < 0.05) showing phosphamidon-induced oxidative stress. Phosphamidon exposure markedly suppressed humoral immune response as assessed by antibody titer to ovalbumin (4.71 +/- 0.51 vs 8.00 +/- 0.12 -log(2); P < 0.05), and cell-mediated immune response as assessed by leukocyte migration inhibition (25.24 +/- 1.04 vs 70.8 +/- 1.09%; P < 0.05) and macrophage migration inhibition (20.38 +/- 0.99 vs 67.16 +/- 5.30%; P < 0.05) response. Phosphamidon exposure decreased IFN-small u, Cyrillic levels (40.7 +/- 3.21 vs 55.84 +/- 3.02 pg/mL; P < 0.05) suggesting a profound effect of phosphamidon on cell-mediated immune response. A phosphamidon-induced increase in TNF-alpha level (64.19 +/- 6.0 vs 23.16 +/- 4.0 pg/mL; P < 0.05) suggests a contributory role of immunocytes in oxidative stress. Co-administration of N-acetylcysteine (3.5 mmol/kg, orally) with phosphamidon attenuated the adverse effects of phosphamidon. These findings suggest that oral N-acetylcysteine treatment exerts protective effect and attenuates free radical injury and immune dysfunction caused by subchronic phosphamidon exposure.
Topics: Acetylcysteine; Animals; Antibody Formation; Cell Migration Assays, Leukocyte; Free Radical Scavengers; Glutathione; Immunity, Cellular; Insecticides; Interferon-gamma; Male; Malondialdehyde; Ovalbumin; Oxidative Stress; Phosphamidon; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Superoxide Dismutase; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 18820765
DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2008000900004 -
Journal of Insect Science (Online) Feb 2014The toxicological and biochemical characteristics of acetylcholinesterases (AChE) in nine populations of the common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt...
The toxicological and biochemical characteristics of acetylcholinesterases (AChE) in nine populations of the common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae Burckhardt and Lauterer (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), were investigated in Kerman Province, Iran. Nine A. pistaciae populations were collected from pistachio orchards, Pistacia vera L. (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), located in Rafsanjan, Anar, Bam, Kerman, Shahrbabak, Herat, Sirjan, Pariz, and Paghaleh regions of Kerman province. The previous bioassay results showed these populations were susceptible or resistant to phosalone, and the Rafsanjan population was most resistant, with a resistance ratio of 11.3. The specific activity of AChE in the Rafsanjan population was significantly higher than in the susceptible population (Bam). The affinity (K(M)) and hydrolyzing efficiency (Vmax) of AChE on acetylthiocholine iodide, butyrylthiocholine iodide, and propionylthiocholine odide as artificial substrates were clearly lower in the Bam population than that in the Rafsanjan population. These results indicated that the AChE of the Rafsanjan population had lower affinity to these substrates than that of the susceptible population. The higher Vmax value in the Rafsanjan population compared to the susceptible population suggests a possible over expression of AChE in the Rafsanjan population. The in vitro inhibitory effect of several organophosphates and carbamates on AChE of the Rafsanjan and Bam populations was determined. Based on I50, the results showed that the ratios of AChE insensitivity of the resistant to susceptible populations were 23 and 21.7-fold to monocrotophos and phosphamidon, respectively. Whereas, the insensitivity ratios for Rafsanjan population were 0.86, 0.8, 0.78, 0.46, and 0.43 for carbaryl, eserine, propoxur, m-tolyl methyl carbamate, and carbofuran, respectively, suggesting negatively correlated sensitivity to organophosphate-insensitive AChE. Therefore, AChE from the Rafsanjan population showed negatively correlated sensitivity, being insensitive to phosphamidon and monocrotophos and sensitive to N-methyl carbamates.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Acetylthiocholine; Animals; Butyrylthiocholine; Hemiptera; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Iran; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Thiocholine
PubMed: 25373165
DOI: 10.1093/jis/14.1.18 -
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical... 2021In the current study, a liquid chromatography coupled mass detector was set up to detect and quantify 108 pesticide residues in rice samples. QuEChERS method was applied...
In the current study, a liquid chromatography coupled mass detector was set up to detect and quantify 108 pesticide residues in rice samples. QuEChERS method was applied for sample preparation and different validation parameters were determined to ensure the suitability of the method. The calibration curves were linear in the concentration 0.01-1.00 mg/kg with a coefficient of determination (R) of more than 0.990 for all compounds. Based on signal to noise studies, the calculated LODs and LOQs were 0.005-0.060 mg/kg and 0.018-0.199 mg/kg, respectively; and acquired mean recoveries at three spiked levels (0.025, 0.200 and 0.800 mg/kg) were 72% - 117% with RSD < 20%. The developed method was used to investigate the occurrence of the studied pesticides in 65 internal and 65 foreign rice samples. The results showed that 14 internal and 15 imported samples were found to be contaminated 12 pesticides in the amounts between 0.027 mg/kg to 0.078 mg/kg and 0.031 mg/kg to 0.081 mg/kg, respectively. According to the Iranian regulations, with the exception of nine prohibited pesticides for rice production in Iran, bioallethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, flutriafol, foramsulfuron, imazalil, phosphamidon, TCMTB, and triasulfuron, three permitted pesticides, cinosulfuron, triadimenol, and tricyclazole, found in positive rice samples were below MRLs established by Iranian National Standard Organization (INSO).
PubMed: 34400950
DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.113071.14095 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Sep 2021This study investigated the levels of highly toxic pesticides (HTPs) in 6554 vegetable and fruit samples from 31 regions of China, along with the associated risk of...
This study investigated the levels of highly toxic pesticides (HTPs) in 6554 vegetable and fruit samples from 31 regions of China, along with the associated risk of dietary exposure for the population between 2014 and 2017. 18 HTPs were detected in 325 (4.96%) samples, and the levels of HTPs in 103 (1.57%) samples were found to be higher than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of China. The rate of detection of HTPs in six types of vegetables and fruits, in a decreasing order, was found to be as follows: eggplant (8.84%) >grape (5.58%) >tomato (5.43%) >cucumber (5.43%) >pear (3.12%) >apple (2.30%). The level of contamination of HTPs was found to be higher in vegetables compared with fruits. The vegetable and fruit samples with the highest percentages of HTPs exceeding MRLs were found in eggplants from Guangxi (20%) and grapes from Inner Mongolia (12.5%), respectively. Both, the average target hazard quotient (THQ) of a single highly toxic pesticide (HTP) and the average hazard index (HI) of the mixture of HTPs for adults and children from vegetables and fruits from the 31 regions were found to be less than one. Omethoate, carbofuran, ethoprophos, triazophos, and phorate were identified as the major contributors to the average HI for vegetables, and carbofuran, ethoprophos, omethoate, phorate, and phosphamidon were identified as the primary contributors to the average HI for fruits. The results of this study revealed that HTPs in vegetables and fruits did not cause any significant chronic risk of dietary exposure. The detection of HTPs exceeding MRLs in some of the samples implied that appropriate management guidelines for HTPs should be implemented to protect the health of the consumers.
Topics: Adult; Child; China; Dietary Exposure; Food Contamination; Fruit; Humans; Pesticide Residues; Risk Assessment; Vegetables
PubMed: 34146981
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112428 -
National Cancer Institute... 1979A bioassay of technical-grade phosphamidon for possible carcinogenicity was conducted using Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. The test material was administered in...
A bioassay of technical-grade phosphamidon for possible carcinogenicity was conducted using Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. The test material was administered in feed to 50 rats and 50 mice of each sex at one of two doses, either 80 or 160 ppm. The rats were fed the test chemical for 80 weeks, then observed without compound administration for 30 or 31 weeks; the low-dose male mice were fed for 71 weeks, then observed for 19 weeks; the high-dose male mice were fed for 62 weeks, then observed for 28 weeks; and the low- and high-dose female mice were fed for 80 weeks, then observed for 10 or 11 weeks. Matched controls consisted of groups of 10 untreated rats or 10 untreated mice of each sex; pooled controls consisted of the matched controls combined with 85 male and 85 female untreated rats or 80 male and 80 female untreated mice from similar bioassays of eight other test chemicals. All surviving rats were killed at 110 or 111 weeks; all surviving mice were killed at 90 or 91 weeks. Hyperexcitability and tremors, both indications of phosphamidon toxicity, were observed in dosed rats and mice. However, sufficient numbers of all groups of both species were at risk for the development of late-appearing tumors. In male rats, the combined incidence of hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas in the spleen showed a statistically significant (P=0.012) dose-related trend. However, the comparison with matched controls was not significant, and the historical records of this laboratory on untreated males of this strain show a tumor incidence of 6/240 (3%) with incidences in individual control groups as high as 3/9 (33%)and 2/9 (22%), compared with 5/49 (10%) seen in the high-dose group in this study. No hemangiomas or hemangiosarcomas were found in the females. In female rats, the Cochran-Armitage test for dose-related trend was significant (P=0.003) for C-cell adenomas and carcinomas of the thyroid when pooled controls were compared with the dosed groups. The incidences of these tumors were also significant when low-dose females (P=0.003) and high-dose females (P=0.004) were compared directly with pooled controls. However, the historical records of this laboratory show a tumor incidence of 16/235 (7%) in untreated female rats of this strain of female rats, with incidences in individual control groups as high as 3/9 (33%) and 3/10 (30%); these data are therefore considered marginal and insufficient to establish an association between the tumors and administration of the chemical. In males, the incidence of these tumors was not statistically significant. In mice, no tumor occurred at a higher incidence in dosed animals than in controls. It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, technical-grade phosphamidon was not carcinogenic for B6C3F1 mice. The data obtained in this bioassay with Osborne-Mendel rats are insufficient to allow the interpretation that technical-grade phosphamidon is carcinogenic in this species.
PubMed: 12844151
DOI: No ID Found -
BioMed Research International 2014In the present study, the residual pesticide levels were determined in eggplants (Solanum melongena) (n = 16), purchased from four different markets in Dhaka,...
In the present study, the residual pesticide levels were determined in eggplants (Solanum melongena) (n = 16), purchased from four different markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The carbamate and organophosphorus pesticide residual levels were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the efficiency of gamma radiation on pesticide removal in three different types of vegetables was also studied. Many (50%) of the samples contained pesticides, and three samples had residual levels above the maximum residue levels determined by the World Health Organisation. Three carbamates (carbaryl, carbofuran, and pirimicarb) and six organophosphates (phenthoate, diazinon, parathion, dimethoate, phosphamidon, and pirimiphos-methyl) were detected in eggplant samples; the highest carbofuran level detected was 1.86 mg/kg, while phenthoate was detected at 0.311 mg/kg. Gamma radiation decreased pesticide levels proportionately with increasing radiation doses. Diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and phosphamidon were reduced by 40-48%, 35-43%, and 30-45%, respectively, when a radiation strength of 0.5 kGy was utilized. However, when the radiation dose was increased to 1.0 kGy, the levels of the pesticides were reduced to 85-90%, 80-91%, and 90-95%, respectively. In summary, our study revealed that pesticide residues are present at high amounts in vegetable samples and that gamma radiation at 1.0 kGy can remove 80-95% of some pesticides.
Topics: Bangladesh; Carbamates; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Environmental Monitoring; Gamma Rays; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticide Residues; Vegetables
PubMed: 24711991
DOI: 10.1155/2014/145159 -
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Dec 2009Organophosphate poisoning has a high mortality rate. Recently, differences among organophosphorus insecticides in human self-poisoning were reported. This study...
BACKGROUND/AIMS
Organophosphate poisoning has a high mortality rate. Recently, differences among organophosphorus insecticides in human self-poisoning were reported. This study investigated the prognostic risk factors and the mortality of different organophosphates following acute organophosphate poisoning.
METHODS
This retrospective study included 68 patients with acute organophosphate poisoning. We investigated patient survival according to initial parameters, including the initial Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score, serum cholinesterase level, and hemoperfusion and evaluated the mortality according to organophosphate types.
RESULTS
Thirteen of the 68 patients died. The agents responsible for mortality were different. The APACHE II score was a significant predictor of mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.194; p<0.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.089 to 1.309) and respiratory failure (OR, 1.273; p<0.01; 95% CI, 1.122 to 1.444). The mortality was 0% for dichlorvos, malathion, chlorpyrifos and profenofos. However, other organophosphates showed different mortality (16.7% for O-ethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate, 25% for phenthoate, 37.5% for phosphamidon, 50% for methidathion). The usefulness of hemoperfusion appears to be limited.
CONCLUSIONS
The initial APACHE II score is a useful prognostic indicator, and different organophosphates have different mortality.
Topics: APACHE; Acute Disease; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cholinesterases; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Organophosphate Poisoning; Poisoning; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 19949736
DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2009.24.4.362 -
The Western Journal of Medicine Apr 1985A group of 16 cauliflower workers poisoned by residues of the organophosphate insecticides mevinphos and phosphamidon was followed in weekly clinics with interviews and...
A group of 16 cauliflower workers poisoned by residues of the organophosphate insecticides mevinphos and phosphamidon was followed in weekly clinics with interviews and determinations of plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase levels. None had preexposure baseline values. Although six had initial erythrocyte cholinesterase values within the laboratory normal range, subsequent testing showed their erythrocyte activity had been significantly inhibited. While the most severe symptoms of the 16 subjects resolved after 28 days, their erythrocyte cholinesterase levels did not reach a plateau until an average of 66 days after exposure, after which most patients continued to report blurred vision, headache, weakness or anorexia. These findings support the view that the diagnostic utility of single cholinesterase levels is limited in the absence of baseline values.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Agricultural Workers' Diseases; Cholinesterases; Erythrocytes; Female; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Organophosphorus Compounds; Plasma
PubMed: 4013266
DOI: No ID Found -
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical... 2014A multi-residue method for simultaneous determination of 41 LC-amenable pesticides in rice, belonging to different chemical classes has been developed in Iran by...
Method Development for Simultaneous Determination of 41 Pesticides in Rice Using LC-MS/MS Technique and Its Application for the Analysis of 60 Rice Samples Collected from Tehran Market.
A multi-residue method for simultaneous determination of 41 LC-amenable pesticides in rice, belonging to different chemical classes has been developed in Iran by LC-MS/MS. For the first time the pesticides were analyzed simultaneously in a single run using positive electrospray ionization with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) after extraction with slightly modified QuEChERS method. The calibration curve for each analyte was linear over the concentration range of 0.02-1.0 μg/g with a correlation coefficient range between 0.993 and 0.999. The LOQ and LOD were .025 μg/g and 0.008 μg/g respectively, for all 41 pesticides and the mean recoveries obtained for three fortification levels (0.025, 0.08 and 0.250 μg/g) were 71-119% with satisfactory precision (RSD<20%). The developed method was used to investigate the occurrence of pesticides in 30 domestic and 30 imported rice samples collected from Tehran market. Five compounds were detected in 11 domestic and 9 imported positive samples in concentration range from 0.032 μg/g to 0.081 μg/g and 0.028 μg/g to 0.074 μg/g, respectively. With the exception of prohibited pesticides, phosphamidon and TCMTB, three permitted pesticides, cinosulfuron, triadimenol and tricyclazole, found in positive rice samples were below MRLs established by Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI).
PubMed: 25276193
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Dairy Science May 1973
Topics: Animals; Carbamates; Carbaryl; Cattle; Dichlorvos; Female; Hot Temperature; Insecticides; Milk; Naphthols; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Phenols; Phosphamidon; Phosphoric Acids; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Pyrazoles; Pyrimidines; Spectrophotometry; Thiocarbamates; Thiram
PubMed: 4350077
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(73)85218-X