-
Chinese Medical Journal Jan 2016This paper aimed to review the current literature on the surface modification of intraocular lenses (IOLs). (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This paper aimed to review the current literature on the surface modification of intraocular lenses (IOLs).
DATA SOURCES
All articles about surface modification of IOLs published up to 2015 were identified through a literature search on both PubMed and ScienceDirect.
STUDY SELECTION
The articles on the surface modification of IOLs were included, but those on design modification and surface coating were excluded.
RESULTS
Technology of surface modification included plasma, ion beam, layer-by-layer self-assembly, ultraviolet radiation, and ozone. The main molecules introduced into IOLs surface were poly (ethylene glycol), polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, TiO 2 , heparin, F-heparin, titanium, titanium nitride, vinyl pyrrolidone, and inhibitors of cytokines. The surface modification either resulted in a more hydrophobic lens, a more hydrophilic lens, or a lens with a hydrophilic anterior and hydrophobic posterior surface. Advances in research regarding surface modification of IOLs had led to a better biocompatibility in both in vitro and animal experiments.
CONCLUSION
The surface modification is an efficient, convenient, economic and promising method to improve the biocompatibility of IOLs.
Topics: Animals; Heparin; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Lenses, Intraocular; Methacrylates; Ozone; Phosphorylcholine; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 26830993
DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.173496 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal May 2018Visceral leishmaniasis affects 200-400 thousands people annually worldwide. For last few decades, there has been a steady decline in the response to pentavalent... (Review)
Review
Visceral leishmaniasis affects 200-400 thousands people annually worldwide. For last few decades, there has been a steady decline in the response to pentavalent antimonial (Sb), the drug that has been used for treating visceral leishmaniasis for almost a century. Oral miltefosine and amphotericin B are alternative drugs being been used in the treatment of leishmaniasis in children. Liposomal amphotericin B has the advantage over conventional amphotericin B is that higher doses can be given with fewer adverse effects. Liposomal amphotericin B in combination with other drugs is the preferred treatment option globally especially in Indian subcontinent. Combination therapy with multiple drugs should undergo larger clinical trials in children as these will shorten the duration of therapy, improve compliance and decrease both toxicity and drug resistance.
Topics: Amphotericin B; Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Phosphorylcholine
PubMed: 29280784
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000001885 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Mar 2006Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the bite of infected sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes. Nearly half... (Review)
Review
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani and transmitted by the bite of infected sandfly Phlebotomus argentipes. Nearly half of the VL cases occur in children (childhood or paediatric VL). The clinical manifestations of childhood VL are more or less same as in the adults. Prolonged fever with anorexia and loss of appetite are the major presenting features. Marked enlargement of the spleen and liver (spleen larger than liver) with moderate to severe anaemia and changes in hair take place. Bacterial infection is a common coinfection and intestinal parasitic infestations are very common in children with VL. Liver function tests, blood, urine and stool may show abnormalities. Confirmation of diagnosis is made by demonstration of parasite by microscopic examination and culture of materials obtained by bone marrow aspiration or splenic puncture. Sodium antimony gluconate (stibogluconate) has been the drug of choice for over past 50 yr. Pentamidine isothionate, though effective is relatively toxic. Amphotericin B is the most effective drug for the treatment of VL. Miltefosine is the first-ever oral drug, is highly effective. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in children poses a therapeutic challenge. In the absence of an ideal vaccine for VL, control measures would essentially include prevention of transmission through vector control and community awareness.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Amphotericin B; Animals; Antimony Sodium Gluconate; Antiprotozoal Agents; Humans; Leishmania donovani; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Phosphorylcholine; Psychodidae
PubMed: 16778316
DOI: No ID Found -
Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2022
Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Cardiotoxicity; Humans; Leishmaniasis, Visceral; Phosphorylcholine
PubMed: 35654652
DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2022.03.002 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2021The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with miltefosine (HePC) as an anticancer drug for the...
BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with miltefosine (HePC) as an anticancer drug for the treatment of breast cancer.
METHODS
HePC-NLCs were prepared using a microemulsion technique and then evaluated for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), incorporation efficiency, in vitro release of entrapped drug, and hemolytic potential. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, and liver toxicity analyses were performed in Sprague-Dawley rats, and antitumor efficacy was evaluated in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) and squamous cell carcinoma-7 (SCC-7) cells in vitro and in tumour-bearing BALB/c mice in vivo. Advanced analyses including survival rate, immunohistopathology, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assays were performed to evaluate apoptosis in vivo.
RESULTS
The average particle size of the HePC-NLCs was 143 ± 16 nm, with a narrow PDI (0.104 ± 0.002), and the incorporation efficiency was found to be 91 ± 7%. The NLCs released HePC in a sustained manner, and this release was significantly lower than that of free drug. The in vitro hemolytic assay demonstrated a significantly reduced hemolytic potential (~9%) of the NLCs compared to that of the test formulations. The HePC-NLCs demonstrated enhanced pharmacokinetic behaviour over free drug, including extended blood circulation and an abridged clearance rate in rats. Furthermore, the HePC-NLCs exhibited higher cytotoxicity than the free drug in MCF-7 and SCC-7 cells. Moreover, the HePC-NLCs showed significantly enhanced ( < 0.005) antitumor activity compared to that of the control and free drug-treated mouse groups. Tumour cell apoptosis was also confirmed, indicating the antitumor potential of the HePC-NLCs.
CONCLUSION
These findings demonstrate the ability of NLCs as a drug delivery system for enhanced pharmacokinetic, antitumor, and apoptotic effects, most importantly when loaded with HePC.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Drug Carriers; Humans; Lipids; MCF-7 Cells; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Nanostructures; Particle Size; Phosphorylcholine; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 34012260
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S299443 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases May 2021Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Ethiopia, caused by Leishmania aethiopica, is often severe and hard to treat compared to CL caused by other species elsewhere....
BACKGROUND
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Ethiopia, caused by Leishmania aethiopica, is often severe and hard to treat compared to CL caused by other species elsewhere. Miltefosine is the only oral anti-leishmanial drug, with a favorable side-effect profile compared to routinely available sodium stibogluconate (SSG), but evidence about its use for L. aethiopica is lacking.
METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
In an observational cohort study, treatment outcomes, safety and adherence among CL patients who required systemic treatment and received miltefosine for 28 days in Boru Meda Hospital and University of Gondar Hospital were studied. Patient cure was defined as 100% flattening for non-ulcerated lesions and 100% flattening and 100% re-epithelization for ulcerated lesions. Outcomes were documented for day 28, 90 and 180, both per site, and pooled, adjusting for site as a fixed effect with effect coding. Among 94 included patients (32 in Gondar, 62 in Boru Meda), median lesion duration was 12 months, median size six cm, and mucosal involvement (46.8%) and diffuse (30.9%) lesions were common. Adherence to miltefosine was good, and side-effects were tolerable. Initial outcomes at day 28 were promising, with 68.8% and 94.0% of patients having good improvement or cure in Gondar and Boru Meda respectively. In Boru Meda, outcomes were good with 72.7% and 72.9% cure at day 90 and day 180 respectively. In Gondar, results were less promising, with only 12.5% and 26.7% cure at day 90 and day 180, although confidence intervals were wide. In pooled estimates, 48.7% of patients reached cure at day 180, and 32.3% relapsed. Outcomes were better in Boru Meda Hospital, for smaller lesions and for mucosal lesions.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
Based on miltefosine's good initial response, tolerable side-effects, tablet-form, we propose to include miltefosine for future clinical trials using extended treatment schedules, combination therapy, or targeting specific subgroups.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04004754.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cohort Studies; Ethiopia; Female; Humans; Leishmania; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Male; Phosphorylcholine; Pilot Projects; Treatment Adherence and Compliance; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34048461
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009460 -
Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi May 2022Leishmaniasis is the second deadliest parasitic disease in the World Health Organisation's list of neglected diseases, following malaria. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is...
OBJECTIVE
Leishmaniasis is the second deadliest parasitic disease in the World Health Organisation's list of neglected diseases, following malaria. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most common form of the disease and it is one of the few communicable diseases with increasing incidence rates owing to factors like armed conflicts and climate change. CL can be divided into two major groups: Acute CL (ACL) and chronic CL (CCL). The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of miltefosine and pentavalent antimony compounds in the CCL patient samples.
METHODS
Five isolates previously isolated from 5 CCL patients were included in this study. Genotyping is performed using internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) gene region real-time PCR. drug efficacy tests were applied to determine their activity against meglumine antimoniate (MA) and miltefosine. Serial dilutions (512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8 and 4 µg/mL) prepared from MA and miltefosine were prepared in 96-well flat-bottom cell culture plates and incubated at 24 °C for 48 hours. The efficacy of the drug on spp. promastigotes after 24 and 48 hours was evaluated by hemocytometer slide and XTT cell viability test.
RESULTS
All of the samples were genotyped as . Evaluation of 24 and 48 hours showed, 128 µg/mL and 256 µg/mL and 32 µg/mL and 64 µg/mL concentrations of miltefosine and MA were enough to kill all the promastigotes respectively. The results of the hemocytometer slide and XTT were consistent.
CONCLUSION
There are no studies investigating the efficacy of miltefosine with the CCL patient group. To overcome the treatment challenges experienced in this special patient group, more studies are needed. According to our results, it is concluded that miltefosine is efficient for the treatment of CCL and further clinical studies with miltefosine will reveal valuable data.
Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Humans; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Meglumine Antimoniate; Phosphorylcholine
PubMed: 35604185
DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2022.85856 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Mar 2024Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a corneal sight-threatening infection caused by the free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba. Early and appropriate treatment...
BACKGROUND
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a corneal sight-threatening infection caused by the free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba. Early and appropriate treatment significantly impacts visual outcomes. Mucoadhesive polymers such as chitosan are a potential strategy to prolong the residence time and bioavailability of the encapsulated drugs in the cornea. Regarding the recent administration of miltefosine (MF) for treating resistant AK, in the present study, we synthesized miltefosine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (MF-CS-NPs) and evaluated them against Acanthamoeba.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) were prepared using the ionic gelation method with negatively charged tripolyphosphate (TPP). The zeta-potential (ZP) and the particle size of MF-CS-NPs were 21.8±3.2 mV and 46.61±18.16 nm, respectively. The release profile of MF-CS-NPs indicated linearity with sustained drug release. The cytotoxicity of MF-CS-NPs on the Vero cell line was 2.67 and 1.64 times lower than free MF at 24 and 48 hours. This formulation exhibited no hemolytic activity in vitro and ocular irritation in rabbit eyes. The IC50 of MF-CS-NPs showed a significant reduction by 2.06 and 1.69-fold in trophozoites at 24 and 48 hours compared to free MF. Also, the MF-CS-NPs IC50 in the cysts form was slightly decreased by 1.26 and 1.21-fold at 24 and 48 hours compared to free MF.
CONCLUSIONS
The MF-CS-NPs were more effective against the trophozoites and cysts than free MF. The nano-chitosan formulation was more effective on trophozoites than the cysts form. MF-CS-NPs reduced toxicity and improved the amoebicidal effect of MF. Nano-chitosan could be an ideal carrier that decreases the cytotoxicity of miltefosine. Further analysis in animal settings is needed to evaluate this nano-formulation for clinical ocular drug delivery.
Topics: Animals; Rabbits; Drug Carriers; Chitosan; Acanthamoeba; Nanoparticles; Phosphorylcholine
PubMed: 38527059
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011976 -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas Sep 2022
Topics: Antiprotozoal Agents; Child; Humans; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous; Phosphorylcholine
PubMed: 36031197
DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2020.11.033 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021and species are filamentous fungi responsible for a wide range of infections in humans and are frequently associated with cystic fibrosis and immunocompromising...
and species are filamentous fungi responsible for a wide range of infections in humans and are frequently associated with cystic fibrosis and immunocompromising conditions. Because they are usually resistant to many antifungal drugs available in clinical settings, studies of alternative targets in fungal cells and therapeutic approaches are necessary. In the present work, we evaluated the antifungal activity of miltefosine against and species and how this phospholipid analogue affects the fungal cell. Miltefosine inhibited different and species at 2-4 µg/ml and reduced biofilm formation. The loss of membrane integrity in caused by miltefosine was demonstrated by leakage of intracellular components and lipid raft disorganisation. The exogenous addition of glucosylceramide decreased the inhibitory activity of miltefosine. Reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial activity were also affected by miltefosine, as well as the susceptibility to fluconazole, caspofungin and myoricin. The data obtained in the present study contribute to clarify the dynamics of the interaction between miltefosine and and cells, highlighting its potential use as new antifungal drug in the future.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Ascomycota; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phosphorylcholine; Scedosporium
PubMed: 34368017
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.698662