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Nefrologia : Publicacion Oficial de La... 2017The kidneys are vital organs responsible for excretion, fluid and electrolyte balance and hormone production. The nephrons are the kidney's functional and structural...
The kidneys are vital organs responsible for excretion, fluid and electrolyte balance and hormone production. The nephrons are the kidney's functional and structural units. The number, size and distribution of the nephron components contain relevant information on renal function. Stereology is a branch of morphometry that applies mathematical principles to obtain three-dimensional information from serial, parallel and equidistant two-dimensional microscopic sections. Because of the complexity of stereological studies and the lack of scientific literature on the subject, the aim of this paper is to clearly explain, through animal models, the basic concepts of stereology and how to calculate the main kidney stereological parameters that can be applied in future experimental studies.
Topics: Algorithms; Animals; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Glomerulus; Mice; Microscopy; Models, Animal; Nephrons; Photomicrography
PubMed: 27462017
DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2016.04.002 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2014The alterations involved in step-wise transformation of a dental follicle to dentigerous cyst (DC) is not clearly known. Primary cilium and its protein have been...
BACKGROUND
The alterations involved in step-wise transformation of a dental follicle to dentigerous cyst (DC) is not clearly known. Primary cilium and its protein have been hypothesized to be associated with DC. Mutation of a ciliary protein, polycystin-1 (PC1) is associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. This study was performed to assess the immunohistochemical expression of PC1 between DC and postfunctional follicular tissue (PFFT).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty-one consecutive PFFT and 15 DC formed the study group. The PFFT and DC tissues were stained with antibody against PC1. Statistical Package for Social Service was used to analyze data. Descriptive statistics and Student's Chi-square test were appropriately used. P≤0.05 was taken as significant.
RESULTS
Fifteen DC (100%) and 7 (22.58%) PFFT were positive for PC1. The difference was statistically significant (P=0.000). PC1 expression was observed in the cytoplasm with varying intensity.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
All PC1 positive epithelial cells' cytoplasm stained diffusely. Abnormal cytoplasmic expression of PC1 in all positive epithelial lining indicates that the PC1 probably is associated with cystic transformation.
Topics: Adult; Dentigerous Cyst; Female; Humans; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Male; Photomicrography; TRPP Cation Channels
PubMed: 25728110
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.152198 -
Developmental Biology Nov 2016Recent advances in confocal microscopy, coupled with the development of numerous fluorescent reporters, provide us with a powerful tool to study the development of...
Recent advances in confocal microscopy, coupled with the development of numerous fluorescent reporters, provide us with a powerful tool to study the development of plants. Live confocal imaging has been used extensively to further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the formation of roots, shoots and leaves. However, it has not been widely applied to flowers, partly because of specific challenges associated with the imaging of flower buds. Here, we describe how to prepare and grow shoot apices of Arabidopsis in vitro, to perform both single-point and time-lapse imaging of live, developing flower buds with either an upright or an inverted confocal microscope.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Botany; Equipment Design; Flowers; Genes, Reporter; Inflorescence; Luminescent Proteins; Meristem; Microscopy, Confocal; Photomicrography; Plant Shoots; Plants, Genetically Modified; Time-Lapse Imaging
PubMed: 26992363
DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.018 -
Fertility and Sterility 1967
Topics: Animals; Estrogens; Female; Hypertrophy; Models, Theoretical; Ovary; Photomicrography; Progesterone; Protein Biosynthesis; Rabbits; Uterus
PubMed: 6028790
DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)36373-7 -
Clinical and Experimental Immunology Jul 1968
Topics: Chromium; Fluoresceins; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Immune Sera; Methods; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Photomicrography
PubMed: 4882721
DOI: No ID Found -
Dental and Medical Problems 2018Maintaining pulp vitality is a major objective in restorative dentistry. Direct pulp capping (DPC) is considered a way to enhance pulp healing and induce reparative... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Maintaining pulp vitality is a major objective in restorative dentistry. Direct pulp capping (DPC) is considered a way to enhance pulp healing and induce reparative dentin. In the present study, 3 capping materials were used and compared in terms of promoting pulp tissue healing after mechanical exposure.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to evaluate the reparative capacity of Biodentine™ (BD), TheraCal® LC and TotalFill® as DPC materials and to assess dentin bridge formation.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment required 3 groups (1-week group, 1-month group and 3-months group), each consisting of 24 fresh human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons. A cavity was prepared on the buccal surface of each tooth and the pulp tissue was penetrated to a depth of approx. 1.0 mm. After exposure, hemostasis was obtained and the pulp-capping agents BD, TheraCal LC and TotalFill were applied. A final restoration with GC Fuji IX GP Fast (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was applied to each tooth to ensure an adequate coronal seal. Tissue samples were collected at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. The samples were demineralized, sectioned, stained, and histologically graded.
RESULTS
There was a statistically significant difference between TheraCal LC and both BD and TotalFill in terms of pulpal inflammation during the 3 capping periods, while BD and TotalFill showed comparable results, with no statistically significant difference between their results in the 3 capping periods.
CONCLUSIONS
TotalFill a newly developed pulp-capping material, offers results comparable to BD in addition to its advantageous handling properties. Although TheraCal LC contains resin ingredients, given proper curing, it seems to be a successful material for DPC and offers superior handling properties.
Topics: Calcium Compounds; Dental Pulp; Dental Pulp Capping; Humans; Odontoblasts; Osteocytes; Photomicrography; Pulp Capping and Pulpectomy Agents; Pulpitis; Silicates
PubMed: 30152617
DOI: 10.17219/dmp/90257 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Dec 2000In vitro electrofusion of cells brought into contact and exposed to electric pulses is an established procedure. Here we report for the first time the occurrence of...
In vitro electrofusion of cells brought into contact and exposed to electric pulses is an established procedure. Here we report for the first time the occurrence of fusion of cells within a tissue exposed in vivo to permeabilizing electric pulses. The dependence of electrofusion on the ratio of applied voltage to distance between the electrodes, and thus on the achievement of in vivo cell electropermeabilization (electroporation) is demonstrated in the metastasizing B16 melanoma tumor model. The kinetics of the morphological changes induced by cell electrofusion (appearance of syncytial areas or formation of giant cells) are also described, as well as the kinetics of mitosis and cell death occurrence. Finally, tissue dependence of in vivo cell electrofusion is reported and discussed, since electrofusion has been observed neither in liver nor in another tumor type. Particular microenvironmental conditions, such as the existence of reduced extracellular matrices, could be necessary for electrofusion achievement. Since biomedical applications of in vivo cell electropermeabilization are rapidly developing, we also discuss the influence of cell electrofusion on the efficacy of DNA electrotransfer for gene therapy and of antitumor electrochemotherapy, in which electrofusion could be an interesting advantage to treat metastasizing tumors.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Electroporation; Giant Cells; Liver; Melanoma, Experimental; Mice; Mitosis; Neoplasm Metastasis; Photomicrography; Time Factors
PubMed: 11113558
DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(00)00145-8 -
The Journal of Comparative Neurology Jun 2014Changes in head position and posture are detected by the vestibular system and are normally followed by rapid modifications in blood pressure. These compensatory...
Changes in head position and posture are detected by the vestibular system and are normally followed by rapid modifications in blood pressure. These compensatory adjustments, which allow humans to stand up without fainting, are mediated by integration of vestibular system pathways with blood pressure control centers in the ventrolateral medulla. Orthostatic hypotension can reflect altered activity of this neural circuitry. Vestibular sensory input to the vestibulo-sympathetic pathway terminates on cells in the vestibular nuclear complex, which in turn project to brainstem sites involved in the regulation of cardiovascular activity, including the rostral and caudal ventrolateral medullary regions (RVLM and CVLM, respectively). In the present study, sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation was used to activate this pathway, and activated neurons were identified through detection of c-Fos protein. The retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold was injected into the RVLM or CVLM of these animals, and immunofluorescence studies of vestibular neurons were conducted to visualize c-Fos protein and Fluoro-Gold concomitantly. We observed activated projection neurons of the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex pathway in the caudal half of the spinal, medial, and parvocellular medial vestibular nuclei. Approximately two-thirds of the cells were ipsilateral to Fluoro-Gold injection sites in both the RVLM and CVLM, and the remainder were contralateral. As a group, cells projecting to the RVLM were located slightly rostral to those with terminals in the CVLM. Individual activated projection neurons were multipolar, globular, or fusiform in shape. This study provides the first direct demonstration of the central vestibular neurons that mediate the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex.
Topics: Afferent Pathways; Animals; Brain Stem; Electric Stimulation; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Fluorescent Dyes; Functional Laterality; Male; Medulla Oblongata; Neuroanatomical Tract-Tracing Techniques; Neurons; Photomicrography; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; Rats, Long-Evans; Reflex; Stilbamidines; Vestibular Nerve; Vestibular Nuclei
PubMed: 24323841
DOI: 10.1002/cne.23517 -
Thorax Mar 1980The appearance of the endothelial pavement pattern was studied in the pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, aorta, and inferior vena cava of the rat by means of silver...
The appearance of the endothelial pavement pattern was studied in the pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, aorta, and inferior vena cava of the rat by means of silver staining of the cell borders. The endothelial cell in each of the four blood vessels was found to have its own distinctive shape, fusiform and pointed in the direction of blood flow in the case of the aorta and larger and more rectangular in the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary veins. Detailed quantitation of the dimensions and surface area of the endothelial cells in each blood vessel was carried out by a photographic technique. Pulmonary hypertension was induced in one group of rats by feeding them on Crotalaria spectabilis seeds. The endothelial pavement pattern in their pulmonary trunks became disrupted with many of the cells assuming a fusiform shape reminiscent of aortic endothelium. Many small, new endothelial cells formed in the pulmonary trunk suggesting division of cells to line the enlarging blood vessels. In contrast the endothelial cells of the inferior vena cava merely increased in size to cope with the dilatation of this vein.
Topics: Animals; Aorta; Endothelium; Female; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Photomicrography; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Veins; Rats; Vena Cava, Inferior
PubMed: 7385090
DOI: 10.1136/thx.35.3.186 -
Psychopharmacology Dec 2008Social instigation is used in rodents to induce high levels of aggression, a pattern of behavior with certain parallels to that of violent individuals. This procedure...
RATIONALE
Social instigation is used in rodents to induce high levels of aggression, a pattern of behavior with certain parallels to that of violent individuals. This procedure consists of a brief exposure to a provocative stimulus male, before direct confrontation with an intruder. Studies using 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor agonists show an effective reduction in aggressive behavior. An important site of action for these drugs is the ventral orbitofrontal cortex (VO PFC), an area of the brain which is particularly relevant in the inhibitory control of aggressive and impulsive behavior.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the study are to assess the anti-aggressive effects of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonist receptors [8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin hydrobromide (8-OH-DPAT) and CP-93,129] in the VO PFC of socially provoked male mice. To confirm the specificity of the receptor, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B antagonist receptors (WAY-100,635 and SB-224,289) were microinjected into the same area, in order to reverse the agonist effects.
RESULTS
8-OH-DPAT (0.56 and 1.0 microg) reduced the frequency of attack bites. The lowest dose of CP-93,129 (0.1 microg) also decreased the number of attack bites and lateral threats. 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor agonists differed in their effects on non-aggressive activities, the former decreasing rearing and grooming, and the latter, increasing these acts. Specific participation of the 1A and 1B receptors was verified by reversal of anti-aggressive effects using selective antagonists WAY-100,635 (10.0 microg) and SB-224,289 (1.0 microg).
CONCLUSIONS
The decrease in aggressiveness observed with microinjections of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor agonists into the VO PFC of socially provoked mice, supports the hypothesis that activation of these receptors modulates high levels of aggression in a behaviorally specific manner.
Topics: Aggression; Analysis of Variance; Animals; Behavior, Animal; Bites and Stings; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Grooming; Male; Mice; Photomicrography; Piperazines; Piperidones; Prefrontal Cortex; Pyridines; Pyrroles; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B; Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Antagonists; Serotonin Receptor Agonists; Spiro Compounds; Walking
PubMed: 18688602
DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1269-6