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International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive procedure used in the treatment of several diseases, including some types of cancer. It is based on photosensitizer...
Photodynamic therapy is a minimally invasive procedure used in the treatment of several diseases, including some types of cancer. It is based on photosensitizer molecules, which, in the presence of oxygen and light, lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent cell death. The selection of the photosensitizer molecule is important for the therapy efficiency; therefore, many molecules such as dyes, natural products and metallic complexes have been investigated regarding their photosensitizing potential. In this work, the phototoxic potential of the DNA-intercalating molecules-the dyes methylene blue (MB), acridine orange (AO) and gentian violet (GV); the natural products curcumin (CUR), quercetin (QT) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG); and the chelating compounds neocuproine (NEO), 1,10-phenanthroline (PHE) and 2,2'-bipyridyl (BIPY)-were analyzed. The cytotoxicity of these chemicals was tested in vitro in non-cancer keratinocytes (HaCaT) and squamous cell carcinoma (MET1) cell lines. A phototoxicity assay and the detection of intracellular ROS were performed in MET1 cells. Results revealed that the IC values of the dyes and curcumin in MET1 cells were lower than 30 µM, while the values for the natural products QT and EGCG and the chelating agents BIPY and PHE were higher than 100 µM. The IC of MB and AO was greatly affected by irradiation when submitted to 640 nm and 457 nm light sources, respectively. ROS detection was more evident for cells treated with AO at low concentrations. In studies with the melanoma cell line WM983b, cells were more resistant to MB and AO and presented slightly higher IC values, in line with the results of the phototoxicity assays. This study reveals that many molecules can act as photosensitizers, but the effect depends on the cell line and the concentration of the chemical. Finally, significant photosensitizing activity of acridine orange at low concentrations and moderate light doses was demonstrated.
Topics: Humans; Photosensitizing Agents; Intercalating Agents; Reactive Oxygen Species; Curcumin; Acridine Orange; Cell Line, Tumor; Early Detection of Cancer; Photochemotherapy; Skin Neoplasms; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Coloring Agents
PubMed: 36982675
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065602 -
Actas Dermo-sifiliograficas Sep 2007Cutaneous adverse reactions to foods and food additives are a growing public health problem which can occur both in the avocational and occupational settings. This... (Review)
Review
Cutaneous adverse reactions to foods and food additives are a growing public health problem which can occur both in the avocational and occupational settings. This article reviews different reaction patterns which can occur upon contact with foods and discusses some clinically important food-associated metal and fragrance allergens responsible for these adverse effects. As ultimately, education and guidance can minimize the morbidity of food allergy and enhance the quality of life of the affected individual; this article highlights this growing problem.
Topics: Allergens; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatitis, Contact; Dermatitis, Photoallergic; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Dietary Proteins; Flavoring Agents; Food; Food Additives; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Irritants; Metals
PubMed: 17669298
DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(07)70107-2 -
Annals of Dermatology May 2023A 75-year-old male was diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and treated with pirfenidone. He presented with an erythematous thick scaly patch on his face, neck,...
A 75-year-old male was diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and treated with pirfenidone. He presented with an erythematous thick scaly patch on his face, neck, and both hands and arms. He had a history of significant exposure to sunlight without using sunscreen. All lesions were restricted to sun-exposed areas and appeared one month ago. Histopathological examination revealed necrotic keratinocytes, epidermal spongiosis, liquefaction degeneration of the basal layer, interface dermatitis, solar elastosis, and upper dermal perivascular lympho-histiocytic infiltration. Based on clinical and histopathological findings, the skin lesion could be diagnosed as photosensitive drug eruption induced by pirfenidone. Pirfenidone was discontinued for a month, and the patient was treated with oral and topical corticosteroids. Consequently, the skin lesion almost fully cleared, leaving mild postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Although there are many reports of photosensitivity reactions to pirfenidone, dermatologists are still not familiar with this drug. Through this case presentation, clinicians should be aware of the potential phototoxic effects of pirfenidone and provide the necessary precautionary information to patients who take pirfenidone.
PubMed: 37853864
DOI: 10.5021/ad.21.052 -
Bacteriological Reviews Jun 1964
Review
Topics: Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Enterovirus C, Human; Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus; Formaldehyde; Kinetics; Phenols; Photosensitivity Disorders; Physical Phenomena; Physics; Poliovirus; RNA; RNA, Viral; Research; Survival; Temperature; Tobacco Mosaic Virus; Ultraviolet Rays; Viruses
PubMed: 14172021
DOI: 10.1128/br.28.2.150-163.1964 -
Photochemistry and Photobiology 2010Fluoroquinolone (FLQ) drugs are a potent family of antibiotics used to treat infections including ocular infections. To determine if these antibiotics may be phototoxic...
Fluoroquinolone (FLQ) drugs are a potent family of antibiotics used to treat infections including ocular infections. To determine if these antibiotics may be phototoxic to the eye, we exposed human lens epithelial cells to 0.125-1 mm FLQs (ciprofloxacin [Cipro], lomefloxacin [Lome], norfloxacin [Nor] and ofloxacin [Ofl]), the precursor quinolone nalidixic acid (Nalid) and UVA radiation (2.5 J cm(-2)). Based on fluorescence confocal microscopy, FLQs are diffused throughout the cytoplasm and preferentially located in the lysosomes of lens epithelial cells. Neither FLQ exposure alone nor UVA exposure alone reduced cell viability. However, with exposure to UVA radiation the FLQs studied (Cipro, Nor, Lome and Ofl) induced a phototoxic reaction that included necrosis, apoptosis, loss of cell viability as measured by MTS, and membrane damage as determined by the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Both Nalid and all FLQs studied (Cipro, Nor, Lome and Ofl) photopolymerized the lens protein alpha-crystallin. Phototoxic damage to lens epithelial cells and/or alpha-crystallin will lead to a loss of transparency of the human lens. However, if precautions are taken to filter all UV radiation from the eye while taking these antibiotics, eye damage may be prevented.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Apoptosis; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Ciprofloxacin; Epithelial Cells; Fluoroquinolones; Humans; Lens, Crystalline; Molecular Structure; Photochemistry; Photosensitizing Agents; Stereoisomerism; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 20528972
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00755.x -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Sep 1984Studies were made to determine factors important in the phototoxicity mechanism of 7 clinically used tetracyclines (TC). The clinical phototoxicity, the rates of...
Studies were made to determine factors important in the phototoxicity mechanism of 7 clinically used tetracyclines (TC). The clinical phototoxicity, the rates of photochemical degradation, and the in vitro phototoxicity of the TCs were qualitatively but not quantitatively correlated. Phototoxicity in vitro was partially oxygen-dependent and possibly singlet oxygen is involved. The contribution of photoproducts to the phototoxic process may be the basis for the reported differences between the in vivo action spectrum and the absorption spectrum of demethylchlorotetracycline. A mechanistic model for in vivo phototoxicity is proposed where the absorption of UVA radiation by TC leads to at least two main processes: (i) photosensitization by the drug of biologic molecules to cause phototoxicity; (ii) production of one or more photoproducts which photosensitize by absorption of visible radiation.
Topics: Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Lymphocytes; Oxygen; Photochemistry; Photosensitivity Disorders; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Tetracyclines; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 6470521
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12263531 -
PloS One 2015TiO2 nanoparticles have generally low toxicity in the in vitro systems although some toxicity is expected to originate in the TiO2-associated photo-generated radical...
BACKGROUND & AIM
TiO2 nanoparticles have generally low toxicity in the in vitro systems although some toxicity is expected to originate in the TiO2-associated photo-generated radical production, which can however be modulated by the radical trapping ability of the serum proteins. To explore the role of serum proteins in the phototoxicity of the TiO2 nanoparticles we measure viability of the exposed cells depending on the nanoparticle and serum protein concentrations.
METHODS & RESULTS
Fluorescence and spin trapping EPR spectroscopy reveal that the ratio between the nanoparticle and protein concentrations determines the amount of the nanoparticles' surface which is not covered by the serum proteins and is proportional to the amount of photo-induced radicals. Phototoxicity thus becomes substantial only at the protein concentration being too low to completely coat the nanotubes' surface.
CONCLUSION
These results imply that TiO2 nanoparticles should be applied with ligands such as proteins when phototoxic effects are not desired - for example in cosmetics industry. On the other hand, the nanoparticles should be used in serum free medium or any other ligand free medium, when phototoxic effects are desired - as for efficient photodynamic cancer therapy.
Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Cattle; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Humans; Nanoparticles; Photochemical Processes; Protein Corona; Reactive Oxygen Species; Titanium; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 26083725
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129577 -
Nature Communications Nov 2020The capabilities of imaging technologies, fluorescent sensors, and optogenetics tools for cell biology are advancing. In parallel, cellular reprogramming and organoid...
The capabilities of imaging technologies, fluorescent sensors, and optogenetics tools for cell biology are advancing. In parallel, cellular reprogramming and organoid engineering are expanding the use of human neuronal models in vitro. This creates an increasing need for tissue culture conditions better adapted to live-cell imaging. Here, we identify multiple caveats of traditional media when used for live imaging and functional assays on neuronal cultures (i.e., suboptimal fluorescence signals, phototoxicity, and unphysiological neuronal activity). To overcome these issues, we develop a neuromedium called BrainPhys™ Imaging (BPI) in which we optimize the concentrations of fluorescent and phototoxic compounds. BPI is based on the formulation of the original BrainPhys medium. We benchmark available neuronal media and show that BPI enhances fluorescence signals, reduces phototoxicity and optimally supports the electrical and synaptic activity of neurons in culture. We also show the superior capacity of BPI for optogenetics and calcium imaging of human neurons. Altogether, our study shows that BPI improves the quality of a wide range of fluorescence imaging applications with live neurons in vitro while supporting optimal neuronal viability and function.
Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Brain; Cell Survival; Cells, Cultured; Cerebrospinal Fluid; Culture Media; Diagnostic Imaging; Fluorescence; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Light; Nerve Net; Neurons; Optogenetics; Osmolar Concentration; Rats; Signal-To-Noise Ratio; Synapses
PubMed: 33144563
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19275-x -
Chemical Research in Toxicology Jul 2023Unraveling the causes underlying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phototoxicity is an essential step in understanding the harmful effects of these compounds in nature....
Unraveling the causes underlying polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phototoxicity is an essential step in understanding the harmful effects of these compounds in nature. Toward this end, we have studied the DNA interactions and photochemistry of -(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride in the presence and absence of NaF, KF, NaCl, KCl, NaBr, KBr, NaI, and KI (350 nm hν, pH 7.0). Exposing pUC19 plasmid to UV light in solutions containing 400 mM KCl formed significantly more direct strand breaks in DNA compared to no-salt control reactions. In contrast, NaCl increased DNA damage moderately, while the sodium(I) and potassium(I) fluoride, bromide, and iodide salts generally inhibited cleavage (I > Br > F). A halide anion-induced heavy-atom effect was indicated by monitoring anthracene photodegradation and by employing the hydroxyl radical (OH) probe hydroxyphenyl fluorescein (HPF). These studies revealed that among no-salt controls and the eight halide salts, only NaCl and KCl enabled the anthracene to photosensitize the production of high levels of DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pre-irradiation of -(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride at 350 nm increased the amounts of chloride salt-induced OH detected by HPF in subsequent anthracene photoactivation experiments. Taking into consideration that OH and other highly reactive ROS are extremely short-lived, this result suggests that the pre-irradiation step might lead to the formation of oxidized anthracene photoproducts that are exceedingly redox-active. The fluorometric probes HPF and Singlet Oxygen Sensor Green revealed that KCl concentrations ranging from 150 to 400 mM and from 100 to 400 mM, respectively, enhanced -(anthracen-9-ylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride photosensitized OH and singlet oxygen (O) production over no-salt controls. Considering the relatively high levels of Na, K, and Cl ions that exist in the environment and in living organisms, our findings may be relevant to the phototoxic effects exhibited by anthracenes and other polycyclic hydrocarbons .
Topics: Humans; Chlorides; Sodium Chloride; Singlet Oxygen; Reactive Oxygen Species; Salts; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Anthracenes; DNA
PubMed: 37347986
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00235 -
BMJ Case Reports Mar 2020
Topics: Agricultural Workers' Diseases; Dermatitis, Phototoxic; Ficus; Furocoumarins; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Trees
PubMed: 32139449
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-233392