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Pathologica Apr 2022Phyllodes tumors (PT) are fibroepithelial neoplasms of the breast showing a peculiar leaf-like appearance. They account for 0.3 to 1% of all primary breast tumors and... (Review)
Review
Phyllodes tumors (PT) are fibroepithelial neoplasms of the breast showing a peculiar leaf-like appearance. They account for 0.3 to 1% of all primary breast tumors and 2.5% of all fibroepithelial breast tumors. PT are classified into benign, borderline and malignant based upon their stromal morphology with a distribution of 60%, 20%, and 20%, respectively. Malignant PT of the breast constitute an uncommon challenging group of fibroepithelial neoplasms. They have a relatively high tendency to recur, although distant metastasis is uncommon, and nearly exclusive to malignant PT. Adequate surgical resection remains the standard approach to achieve maximal local control. Giant malignant PT are rare and a pose a diagnostic dilemma for pathologists, especially when comprised of sarcomatous elements. This review highlights the morphological features of PT detected in cytology and histology specimens and discusses diagnostic pitfalls and differential diagnosis.
Topics: Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Neoplasms, Fibroepithelial; Phyllodes Tumor
PubMed: 35414723
DOI: 10.32074/1591-951X-754 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Jul 2016-Phyllodes tumor (PT) of the breast is a rare fibroepithelial neoplasm with risks of local recurrence and uncommon metastases. The classification proposed by the World... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
-Phyllodes tumor (PT) of the breast is a rare fibroepithelial neoplasm with risks of local recurrence and uncommon metastases. The classification proposed by the World Health Organization for PTs into benign, borderline, and malignant is based on a combination of several histologic features. The differential diagnosis between PT and fibroadenoma and the histologic grading of PT remain challenging. In addition, the molecular pathogenesis of PT is largely unknown.
OBJECTIVE
-To provide an updated overview of pathologic features, diagnostic terminology, and molecular alterations of PT.
DATA SOURCES
-Current English literature related to PT of the breast.
CONCLUSIONS
-Phyllodes tumor shows a wide spectrum of morphology. There are no clearly distinct boundaries between PT and fibroadenoma. Strict histologic assessment of a combination of histologic features with classification can help to achieve the correct diagnosis and provide useful clinical information. The genomic landscapes of PT generated from genomic sequencing provide insights into the molecular pathogenesis of PT and help to improve diagnostic accuracy and identify potential drug targets in malignant PT.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fibroadenoma; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Phyllodes Tumor
PubMed: 27362571
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0042-RA -
Histopathology Jan 2016Phyllodes tumours constitute an uncommon but complex group of mammary fibroepithelial lesions. Accurate and reproducible grading of these tumours has long been... (Review)
Review
Phyllodes tumours constitute an uncommon but complex group of mammary fibroepithelial lesions. Accurate and reproducible grading of these tumours has long been challenging, owing to the need to assess multiple stratified histological parameters, which may be weighted differently by individual pathologists. Distinction of benign phyllodes tumours from cellular fibroadenomas is fraught with difficulty, due to overlapping microscopic features. Similarly, separation of the malignant phyllodes tumour from spindle cell metaplastic carcinoma and primary breast sarcoma can be problematic. Phyllodes tumours are treated by surgical excision. However, there is no consensus on the definition of an appropriate surgical margin to ensure completeness of excision and reduction of recurrence risk. Interpretive subjectivity, overlapping histological diagnostic criteria, suboptimal correlation between histological classification and clinical behaviour and the lack of robust molecular predictors of outcome make further investigation of the pathogenesis of these fascinating tumours a matter of active research. This review consolidates the current understanding of their pathobiology and clinical behaviour, and includes proposals for a rational approach to the classification and management of phyllodes tumours.
Topics: Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Consensus; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fibroadenoma; Humans; Phyllodes Tumor; Sarcoma
PubMed: 26768026
DOI: 10.1111/his.12876 -
Virchows Archiv : An International... Jul 2023The heterogeneous group of B3 lesions in the breast harbors lesions with different malignant potential and progression risk. As several studies about B3 lesions have... (Review)
Review
The heterogeneous group of B3 lesions in the breast harbors lesions with different malignant potential and progression risk. As several studies about B3 lesions have been published since the last Consensus in 2018, the 3rd International Consensus Conference discussed the six most relevant B3 lesions (atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), flat epithelial atypia (FEA), classical lobular neoplasia (LN), radial scar (RS), papillary lesions (PL) without atypia, and phyllodes tumors (PT)) and made recommendations for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Following a presentation of current data of each B3 lesion, the international and interdisciplinary panel of 33 specialists and key opinion leaders voted on the recommendations for further management after core-needle biopsy (CNB) and vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB). In case of B3 lesion diagnosis on CNB, OE was recommended in ADH and PT, whereas in the other B3 lesions, vacuum-assisted excision was considered an equivalent alternative to OE. In ADH, most panelists (76%) recommended an open excision (OE) after diagnosis on VAB, whereas observation after a complete VAB-removal on imaging was accepted by 34%. In LN, the majority of the panel (90%) preferred observation following complete VAB-removal. Results were similar in RS (82%), PL (100%), and FEA (100%). In benign PT, a slim majority (55%) also recommended an observation after a complete VAB-removal. VAB with subsequent active surveillance can replace an open surgical intervention for most B3 lesions (RS, FEA, PL, PT, and LN). Compared to previous recommendations, there is an increasing trend to a de-escalating strategy in classical LN. Due to the higher risk of upgrade into malignancy, OE remains the preferred approach after the diagnosis of ADH.
Topics: Humans; Female; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Mammography; Biopsy, Large-Core Needle; Precancerous Conditions; Phyllodes Tumor; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37330436
DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03566-x -
Cancer Communications (London, England) Nov 2023As a rapid-progressing tumor, breast malignant phyllodes tumors (PTs) are challenged by the lack of effective therapeutic strategies and suitable prognostic markers....
BACKGROUND
As a rapid-progressing tumor, breast malignant phyllodes tumors (PTs) are challenged by the lack of effective therapeutic strategies and suitable prognostic markers. This study aimed to clarify the role and mechanism of CD146 on promoting PTs malignant progression, and to identify a novel prognosis marker and treatment target of breast malignant PTs.
METHODS
The expression and prognostic significance of CD146 in PTs was detected through single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), immunostaining, real-time PCR and other methodologies. Functional experiments including proliferation assay, colony formation assay, transwell assay, and collagen contraction assay were conducted to validate the role of CD146 in malignant progression of PTs. The efficacy of anti-CD146 monoclonal antibody AA98 against malignant PTs was corroborated by a malignant PT organoid model and a PT patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. Transcriptome sequencing, proteomic analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, and pull-down assay was employed to identify the modulating pathway and additional molecular mechanism.
RESULTS
In this study, the scRNA-seq analysis of PTs disclosed a CD146-positive characteristic in the α-SMA fibroblast subset. Furthermore, a progressive elevation in the level of CD146 was observed with the malignant progression of PTs. More importantly, CD146 was found to serve as an independent predictor for recurrence in PT patients. Furthermore, CD146 was found to augment the viability and invasion of PTs. Mechanistically, CD146 acted as a protective "shield" to prevent the degradation of Discoidin, CUB, and LCCL domain-containing protein 2 (DCBLD2), thereby activating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway and enhancing malignant behaviors of PT cells. In the malignant PT organoid and PDX model, a significant suppression of malignant PT growth was observed after the application of AA98.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggested that CD146 served as an efficacious marker for predicting PT malignant progression and showed promise as a prognosis marker and treatment target of breast malignant PTs. The study further unveiled the essential role of the CD146-DCBLD2/PI3K/AKT axis in the malignant progression of PTs.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Breast Neoplasms; CD146 Antigen; Disease Models, Animal; Membrane Proteins; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Phyllodes Tumor; Proteomics; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
PubMed: 37856423
DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12495 -
Virchows Archiv : An International... Jan 2022Spindle cell lesions of the breast comprise a heterogeneous group of lesions, ranging from reactive and benign processes to aggressive malignant tumours. Despite their... (Review)
Review
Spindle cell lesions of the breast comprise a heterogeneous group of lesions, ranging from reactive and benign processes to aggressive malignant tumours. Despite their rarity, they attract the attention of breast pathologists due to their overlapping morphological features and diagnostic challenges, particularly on core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens. Pathologists should recognise the wide range of differential diagnoses and be familiar with the diverse morphological appearances of these lesions to make an accurate diagnosis and to suggest proper management of the patients. Clinical history, immunohistochemistry, and molecular assays are helpful in making a correct diagnosis in morphologically challenging cases. In this review, we present our approach for the diagnosis of breast spindle cell lesions, highlighting the main features of each entity and the potential pitfalls, particularly on CNB. Breast spindle cell lesions are generally classified into two main categories: bland-appearing and malignant-appearing lesions. Each category includes a distinct list of differential diagnoses and a panel of immunohistochemical markers. In bland-appearing lesions, it is important to distinguish fibromatosis-like spindle cell metaplastic breast carcinoma from other benign entities and to distinguish fibromatosis from scar tissue. The malignant-appearing category includes spindle cell metaplastic carcinoma, stroma rich malignant phyllodes tumour, other primary and metastatic malignant spindle cell tumours of the breast, including angiosarcoma and melanoma, and benign mimics such as florid granulation tissue and nodular fasciitis.
Topics: Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Phyllodes Tumor
PubMed: 34322734
DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03162-x -
Breast Cancer Research and Treatment Apr 2019The second International Consensus Conference on B3 lesions was held in Zurich, Switzerland, in March 2018, organized by the International Breast Ultrasound School to... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The second International Consensus Conference on B3 lesions was held in Zurich, Switzerland, in March 2018, organized by the International Breast Ultrasound School to re-evaluate the consensus recommendations.
METHODS
This study (1) evaluated how management recommendations of the first Zurich Consensus Conference of 2016 on B3 lesions had influenced daily practice and (2) reviewed current literature towards recommendations to biopsy.
RESULTS
In 2018, the consensus recommendations for management of B3 lesions remained almost unchanged: For flat epithelial atypia (FEA), classical lobular neoplasia (LN), papillary lesions (PL) and radial scars (RS) diagnosed on core-needle biopsy (CNB) or vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB), excision by VAB in preference to open surgery, and for atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and phyllodes tumors (PT) diagnosed at VAB or CNB, first-line open surgical excision (OE) with follow-up surveillance imaging for 5 years. Analyzing the Database of the Swiss Minimally Invasive Breast Biopsies (MIBB) with more than 30,000 procedures recorded, there was a significant increase in recommending more frequent surveillance of LN [65% in 2018 vs. 51% in 2016 (p = 0.004)], FEA (72% in 2018 vs. 62% in 2016 (p = 0.005)), and PL [(76% in 2018 vs. 70% in 2016 (p = 0.04)] diagnosed on VAB. A trend to more frequent surveillance was also noted also for RS [77% in 2018 vs. 67% in 2016 (p = 0.07)].
CONCLUSIONS
Minimally invasive management of B3 lesions (except ADH and PT) with VAB continues to be appropriate as an alternative to first-line OE in most cases, but with more frequent surveillance, especially for LN.
Topics: Biopsy, Large-Core Needle; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Carcinoma, Lobular; Databases, Factual; Female; Humans; Image-Guided Biopsy; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; Phyllodes Tumor; Population Surveillance; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 30506111
DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-05071-1 -
Archives of Iranian Medicine Jul 2020Phyllodes tumor (PT) is a rare tumor of the breast, which may occur during pregnancy or lactation. Several studies have reviewed and discussed PT occurring in pregnancy,...
BACKGROUND
Phyllodes tumor (PT) is a rare tumor of the breast, which may occur during pregnancy or lactation. Several studies have reviewed and discussed PT occurring in pregnancy, gathering up to 14 patients. We performed a thorough systematic review of the literature in an attempt to find all reported cases, and identify their common characteristics.
METHODS
We searched Google scholar, PubMed, Ovid Medline, Scopus and ClinicalTrials.gov with several relevant combinations of keywords, looking for texts or abstracts without any date or language limitations, but using only English keywords. The existing literature only consisted of case reports and series; therefore any paper including one or several cases of PT presenting during pregnancy or breastfeeding was recognized as eligible. Articles with vague description of the tumor which made the diagnosis uncertain, and those lacking data about the tumor and management data were excluded. We contacted authors for more details in cases with incomplete information.
RESULTS
After excluding those with very deficient data, we included 37 studies, counting 43 cases. The mean age of the patients was 31 years (21-43 years). Some features were different from usual PT: bilaterality (16.2%), large size (14.2 ± 8.6 cm), rapid enlargement (79.5%), and rate of malignancy (60.5%).
CONCLUSION
Our findings show high rates of bilaterality, large size, rapid growth, and malignant pathology in the reported gestational PTs.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Lactation; Mastectomy; Phyllodes Tumor; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic
PubMed: 32657600
DOI: 10.34172/aim.2020.46 -
BMC Cancer Aug 2023Giant breast malignant phyllodes tumor or sarcoma (GBPS) are rare entities with diameter larger than 10 cm and variously histological pleomorphisms. This disease poses...
BACKGROUND
Giant breast malignant phyllodes tumor or sarcoma (GBPS) are rare entities with diameter larger than 10 cm and variously histological pleomorphisms. This disease poses a significant threat to the quality of life of individuals, and its prognosis remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of GBPS in a real-world retrospective cohort.
METHODS
We collected GBPS (diameter > 10 cm, n = 10) and BPS (diameter ≤ 10 cm, n = 126) from patients diagnosed with sarcoma or malignant phyllodes tumor between 2008 and 2022. We analyzed clinical characteristics, histological status, treatment, and local recurrence using the Fisher's exact test between GBPS (diameter > 10 cm) and BPS (diameter ≤ 10 cm) cohort. We described overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) using Kaplan-Meier curves and identified risk factors for local recurrence using logistic regression. The tumor size, age at diagnosis, and differential immunohistochemistry markers of breast sarcoma or phyllodes tumor to determine the prognosis of GBPS.
RESULTS
In our retrospective analysis of breast malignancies, we identified 10 cases of GBPS and 126 cases of BPS, corresponding to a GBPS prevalence of 0.17% (10/6000). The median age was 38.5 years (inter-quartile range, IQR: 28.25-48.5 years). During the follow-up of period (median: 80.5 months, IQR: 36.75-122 months), the local recurrence (LR) rate was 40% and 20.6%, respectively. Clinical characteristics of young age (HR:2.799, 95%CI -00.09276-0.017, p < 0.05) and cytological characteristics of marked stromal atypia (HR:0.88, 95% CI 0.39-1.40, p < 0.05) were risk factors for the poor prognosis of GBPS by COX regression model analysis. The Kaplan-Meier curves of GBPS 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were 31.5 months and 40 months, respectively, and were not associated with adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy.
CONCLUSION
We recommend mastectomy with a clear surgical margin as the preferred treatment for GBPS. Age and stromal atypia are significantly associated with recurrence. Adjuvant radiation therapy is advised; however, there was no improvement in overall survival. There is no consensus on the effectiveness of adjuvant chemotherapy and genetic methods, highlighting the need for further research into this aggressive tumor. We recommend a multidisciplinary approach involving a dedicated team for the management of GBPS.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Female; Phyllodes Tumor; Retrospective Studies; Breast Neoplasms; Quality of Life; Mastectomy; Sarcoma; Soft Tissue Neoplasms
PubMed: 37635229
DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11279-2 -
Case Reports in Oncology 2021Phyllodes tumor of the breast is an infrequently encountered fibroepithelial neoplasm, which accounts for 0.3-1% of all tumors. Few case reports have described the... (Review)
Review
Phyllodes tumor of the breast is an infrequently encountered fibroepithelial neoplasm, which accounts for 0.3-1% of all tumors. Few case reports have described the occurrence of giant phyllodes tumor. To our knowledge, about 20% of phyllodes tumors would be considered giant benign. Complete surgical excision is the standard of care for giant benign phyllodes tumors; axillary lymph node metastasis is rare, and dissection should be limited to patients with pathologic evidence of tumor in the lymph nodes. We report the case of a 40-year-old Mexican woman with giant mammary tumor who underwent a right total mastectomy. The pathology results showed a benign phyllodes tumor 4,857 g in weight and 40.2 × 36.3 × 15 cm in size. We do not suggest adjuvant radiation therapy for patients with benign phyllodes tumors that are widely excised. A review of the pertinent literature was performed.
PubMed: 33776693
DOI: 10.1159/000510741