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PloS One 2021A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of dietary chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation on broiler growth performance and to determine whether such... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effects of dietary chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation on broiler growth performance and to determine whether such effects are regulated by broiler strains, sex, environmental stress, or contextual factors including study area and years.
METHODS
Eligible studies were identified by searching the Web of Science, Springer, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis Online databases. Weighted average differences with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were computed with a random-effects model. We performed subgroup analysis stratified by study area, published years, broiler strains and sex, and environmental stress. Publication bias was assessed with Egger's test method. A total of 15 studies eligible for inclusion.
RESULTS
The results indicated that CrPic supplementation significantly improved broiler growth performance and subgroup analysis confirmed this conclusion. We also found that Ross 308 or male broilers might be more sensitive to CrPic supplementation and showed better growth performance. A model was used to obtain the amount of chromium addition under the optimal growth performance, which suggested that the maximum value of average daily gain (ADG) was reached when chromium addition was 1810 μg/kg. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed low sensitivity and high stability of the meta-analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
CrPic supplementation had a positive effect on the growth performance of broilers, and this meta-analysis provides a more accurate value of chromium addition, which may be beneficial for the practice of the broiler industry.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Dietary Supplements; Iron Chelating Agents; Picolinic Acids
PubMed: 33822801
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249527 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2015A series of simple 2-methylpyridines were synthesized in an expedited and convenient manner using a simplified bench-top continuous flow setup. The reactions proceeded...
A series of simple 2-methylpyridines were synthesized in an expedited and convenient manner using a simplified bench-top continuous flow setup. The reactions proceeded with a high degree of selectivity, producing α-methylated pyridines in a much greener fashion than is possible using conventional batch reaction protocols. Eight 2-methylated pyridines were produced by progressing starting material through a column packed with Raney(®) nickel using a low boiling point alcohol (1-propanol) at high temperature. Simple collection and removal of the solvent gave products in very good yields that were suitable for further use without additional work-up or purification. Overall, this continuous flow method represents a synthetically useful protocol that is superior to batch processes in terms of shorter reaction times, increased safety, avoidance of work-up procedures, and reduced waste. A brief discussion of the possible mechanism(s) of the reaction is also presented which involves heterogeneous catalysis and/or a Ladenberg rearrangement, with the proposed methyl source as C1 of the primary alcohol.
Topics: Catalysis; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Methylation; Molecular Structure; Picolines; Pyridines
PubMed: 26334262
DOI: 10.3390/molecules200915797 -
BMC Neuroscience Sep 2021To study the RBCs functional and metabolic parameters and the microcirculatory brain structure at traumatic brain injury (TBI) under the action of...
RESEARCH AIM
To study the RBCs functional and metabolic parameters and the microcirculatory brain structure at traumatic brain injury (TBI) under the action of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate.
METHODS
A closed TBI was modeled by the free fall of a load on the parietooccipital regions of head. We made studies of the influence of 2-ethil-6-methil-3-hydroxipiridin succinate on aggregation and electrophoretic mobility of RBCs, catalase activity, malonic dialdehyde concentration, adenosine triphosphate and 2.3-biphosphoglycerate (2.3 - BPG) concentrations in RBCs. The state of parenchyma and microcirculatory brain mainstream in post-traumatic period of TBI have been studied on micro-preparations.
RESULTS
The use of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate under conditions of head injury leads to a decrease in MDA concentration and in aggregation of RBCs, to an increase in the 2.3-BPG concentration and RBC electrophoretic mobility compared to the control (group value). The most pronounced changes under the action of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate were observed 3-7 days after the TBI. Significant indicators of the restoration of the microvasculature and brain tissue provoked by the use of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate of were evident from the 7th day unlike the control group, where the restoration of structural morphological parameters was observed only on the 12th day of the post-traumatic period. Fast recovery of blood flow under the action of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate ensured effective restoration of neurons and glia in comparison with the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
Early and long-term cytoprotective correction intensifies the oxygen transport function of the blood, prevents and / or reduces disorders of microvessels, neurons and glia in the post-traumatic period, thereby provides correction of hypoxic state and drives to the restoration of brain tissues homeostasis.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Capillaries; Cytoprotection; Erythrocytes; Female; Microcirculation; Picolines; Rats
PubMed: 34525969
DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00657-w -
Medicine Feb 2016The combination of different laxatives at reduced volumes may benefit patients by enhancing efficacy for bowel cleansing and increasing tolerability. However, evidence... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The combination of different laxatives at reduced volumes may benefit patients by enhancing efficacy for bowel cleansing and increasing tolerability. However, evidence regarding combined preparations is scarce. This study evaluated whether the combined preparations are associated with enhanced efficacy and tolerability. This randomized phase II study had a single-blind, parallel-arm design. Between December 2013 and September 2014, consecutive patients aged between 20 and 65 years and who required diagnostic colonoscopies were considered for inclusion. Patients were randomly allocated into 4 arms: sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate (PMC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with ascorbic acid in a day-prior (PMC-PEG-DP), PMC and oral sodium phosphate (NaP) in a day-prior (PMC-NaP-DP), PMC and PEG with ascorbic acid in a split-dose (PMC-PEG-SD), and PMC and oral NaP in a split-dose (PMC-NaP-SD). Primary endpoint was the Aronchick scale, and Ottawa scale results by colon segment, patients' adverse gastrointestinal symptoms, and willingness to reuse the same agents were also recorded. Successful bowel preparation was defined as an "excellent" or "good" score on the Aronchick scale. A total of 236 patients were randomized and 229 patients received the planned colonoscopy. The rates of successful bowel preparation in the PMC-PEG-DP, PMC-NaP-DP, PMC-PEG-SD, and PMC-NaP-SD were 82.5%, 64.4%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Excluding the failed PMC-NaP-DP group, all groups showed satisfactory rates of successful bowel preparation, and the mean Ottawa scores were significantly better in the PMC-PEG-SD and PMC-NaP-SD groups than in the PMC-PEG-DP group (P < 0.0001). The PMC-PEG-DP, PMC-NaP-DP, PMC-PEG-SD, and PMC-NaP-SD groups were similar in terms of rates of adverse gastrointestinal symptoms reported on a 5-point scale (P = 0.40) and willingness to reuse the same combined preparations (P = 0.55). PMC-PEG in a day-prior or split-dose and PMC-NaP in a split-dose were efficient and tolerable bowel preparations for colonoscopy.
Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Cathartics; Citrates; Colonoscopy; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Organometallic Compounds; Patient Compliance; Phosphates; Picolines; Polyethylene Glycols
PubMed: 26886637
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002824 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022Described in this paper are studies on the preparation of three classes of dimethylpyridinols derived from pyridoxine fused with aminooxazole, aminoimidazole, and...
Described in this paper are studies on the preparation of three classes of dimethylpyridinols derived from pyridoxine fused with aminooxazole, aminoimidazole, and aminopyrrole. The key feature of this synthetic strategy is the manipulation of hydroxymethyl moiety of C(5)-position of the pyridoxine starting material along with the installation of an amino group at C(6)-position. Efficient and practical synthesis for the oxazole- and imidazole-fused targets was accomplished, while the instability of the pyrrole-fused one was observed.
Topics: Oxazoles; Pyridoxine; Pyrroles
PubMed: 35408475
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072075 -
Organic Letters Jul 2021Hydroperoxides were synthesized in one step from various alkenes using Co(pic) as the catalyst with molecular oxygen and tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDSO). The hydration...
Hydroperoxides were synthesized in one step from various alkenes using Co(pic) as the catalyst with molecular oxygen and tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDSO). The hydration product could be obtained using a modified catalyst, Co(3-mepic), with molecular oxygen and phenylsilane. Formation of hydroperoxides occurred through a rapid Co-O bond metathesis of a peroxycobalt compound with isopropanol.
Topics: Alkenes; Catalysis; Cobalt; Molecular Structure; Picolinic Acids
PubMed: 34125543
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01489 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Sep 20212-picoline is a very important pyridine derivative with significant applications though it is also poisonous and harmful having considerable adverse influence on aquatic...
2-picoline is a very important pyridine derivative with significant applications though it is also poisonous and harmful having considerable adverse influence on aquatic life, environment and organisms. The need for developing effective treatment methodologies for 2-Picoline directed the current work focusing on degradation of 2-Picoline using the combination of ultrasound and advanced oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (HO), potassium persulphate (KPS), Fenton's reagent, and Peroxymonosulphate (PMS) along with the use of Titanium oxide (TiO) as catalyst. Ultrasonic bath having 8 L capacity and operating frequency of 40 ± 2 kHz has been used. The effect of parameters like power, initial pH, temperature, time and initial concentration of 2-Picoline were studied to establish best operating conditions which were further used in the combination treatment approaches of ultrasound with oxidising agents. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction for the optimized approaches of ultrasound in combination with oxidizing agents was also determined. Degradation experiments were performed using oxidising agents also in absence of ultrasound to investigate the individual treatment capacity of the oxidants and also the synergetic index for the combination. Kinetic study demonstrated that second order model suited for all the treatment approaches except US/Fenton where first order model fitted better. Ultrasound in combination with Fenton reagent demonstrated a substantial synergy for the degradation of 2-Picoline compared to other treatment approaches showing highest degradation of 97.6 %, synergetic index as 5.71, cavitational yield of 1.82 × 10 mg/J and COD removal of 82.4 %.
Topics: Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Oxidants; Picolines; Temperature; Ultrasonic Waves
PubMed: 34375945
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105702 -
British Medical Journal Oct 1959
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Pyridoxine; Seizures; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency
PubMed: 13856812
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Aug 2018In contact-less printing, such as piezo-electric drop on demand printing used in the study, the drop formation process is independent of the substrate. This means that...
In contact-less printing, such as piezo-electric drop on demand printing used in the study, the drop formation process is independent of the substrate. This means that having developed a printable formulation, printed pharmaceutical dosage forms can be obtained on any pharmaceutical grade substrate, such as polymer-based films. In this work we evaluated eight different oral films based on their suitability as printing substrates for sodium picosulfate. The different polymer films were compared regarding printed spot morphology, chemical stability and dissolution profile. The morphology of printed sodium picosulfate was investigated with scanning electron microscopy and optical coherence tomography. The spreading of the deposited drops was found to be governed by the contact angle of the ink with the substrate. The form of the sodium picosulfate drops changed on microcrystalline cellulose films at ambient conditions over 8 weeks and stayed unchanged on other tested substrates. Sodium picosulfate remained amorphous on all substrates according to small and wide angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and polarized light microscopy measurements. The absence of chemical interactions between the drug and substrates, as indicated by infrared spectroscopy, makes all tested substrates suitable for printing sodium picosulfate onto them.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Cellulose; Citrates; Drug Compounding; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Liberation; Gelatin; Hypromellose Derivatives; Organometallic Compounds; Picolines; Printing; Titanium; Wettability
PubMed: 29782971
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.041 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, serves as a cofactor for scores of B6-dependent (PLP-dependent) enzymes involved in many cellular processes....
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the active form of vitamin B6, serves as a cofactor for scores of B6-dependent (PLP-dependent) enzymes involved in many cellular processes. One such B6 enzyme is dopa decarboxylase (DDC), which is required for the biosynthesis of key neurotransmitters, e.g., dopamine and serotonin. PLP-dependent enzymes are biosynthesized as apo-B6 enzymes and then converted to the catalytically active holo-B6 enzymes by Schiff base formation between the aldehyde of PLP and an active site lysine of the protein. In eukaryotes, PLP is made available to the B6 enzymes through the activity of the B6-salvage enzymes, pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase (PNPO) and pyridoxal kinase (PLK). To minimize toxicity, the cell keeps the content of free PLP (unbound) very low through dephosphorylation and PLP feedback inhibition of PNPO and PLK. This has led to a proposed mechanism of complex formation between the B6-salvage enzymes and apo-B6 enzymes prior to the transfer of PLP, although such complexes are yet to be characterized at the atomic level, presumably due to their transient nature. A computational study, for the first time, was used to predict a likely PNPO and DDC complex, which suggested contact between the allosteric PLP tight-binding site on PNPO and the active site of DDC. Using isothermal calorimetry and/or surface plasmon resonance, we also show that PNPO binds both apoDDC and holoDDC with dissociation constants of 0.93 ± 0.07 μM and 2.59 ± 0.11 μM, respectively. Finally, in the presence of apoDDC, the tightly bound PLP on PNPO is transferred to apoDDC, resulting in the formation of about 35% holoDDC.
Topics: Pyridoxine; Pyridoxaminephosphate Oxidase; Dopa Decarboxylase; Pyridoxal Phosphate; Oxidoreductases; Pyridoxal Kinase
PubMed: 36614085
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010642