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Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and... 2019The diagnosis of post-trauma pituitary stalk transection, which is often life-threatening condition, is frequently delayed. In medical litera-ture still exist...
INTRODUCTION
The diagnosis of post-trauma pituitary stalk transection, which is often life-threatening condition, is frequently delayed. In medical litera-ture still exist conflicting data concerning distinguishing this pathology with genetic developmental pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS).
CASE PRESENTATION
We present a case of patient with post-trauma pituitary stalk transection resulting in combined life-threatening pituitary hormone defi-ciency (CPHD) and typical MRI picture: atrophic not visible stalk and posterior pituitary and hypotrophic anterior pituitary with most typical for this disorders hyperintense signal of distal regenerating axon of hypothalamus (pseudo posterior lobe) at median eminence with not visible posterior pituitary. This latter finding is often confused with ectopic posterior lobe in genetically determined PSIS.
CONCLUSIONS
MRI image together with medical history of the head trauma and its strict temporal relation with transient diabetes insipidus and the occurrence of CPHD signs, as well as the lack of extrapituitary midline defects differentiate posttraumatic pituitary stalk transection syndrome (PSTS) from genetic PSIS. In every case of severe traumatic head injury hormonal evaluation and MRI of hypothalamic-pituitary axis should be performed.
Topics: Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Endocrine System Diseases; Female; Humans; Pituitary Gland; Syndrome; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 31769274
DOI: 10.5114/pedm.2019.87708 -
British Medical Journal Apr 1956
Topics: Humans; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Gland, Posterior
PubMed: 13304398
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Physiology Jul 1954
Topics: Manometry; Pituitary Gland
PubMed: 13192770
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Reproduction and... 2014The pituitary is an important endocrine tissue of the vertebrate that produces and secretes many hormones. Accumulating data suggest that several types of cells compose...
The pituitary is an important endocrine tissue of the vertebrate that produces and secretes many hormones. Accumulating data suggest that several types of cells compose the pituitary, and there is growing interest in elucidating the origin of these cell types and their roles in pituitary organogenesis. Therein, the histogenous cell line is an extremely valuable experimental tool for investigating the function of derived tissue. In this study, we compared gene expression profiles by microarray analysis and real-time PCR for murine pituitary tumor-derived non-hormone-producing cell lines TtT/GF, Tpit/F1 and Tpit/E. Several genes are characteristically expressed in each cell line: Abcg2, Nestin, Prrx1, Prrx2, CD34, Eng, Cspg4 (Ng2), S100β and nNos in TtT/GF; Cxcl12, Raldh1, Msx1 and Twist1 in Tpit/F1; and Cxadr, Sox9, Cdh1, EpCAM and Krt8 in Tpit/E. Ultimately, we came to the following conclusions: TtT/GF cells show the most differentiated state, and may have some properties of the pituitary vascular endothelial cell and/or pericyte. Tpit/F1 cells show the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes with stemness still in a transiting state. Tpit/E cells have a phenotype of epithelial cells and are the most immature cells in the progression of differentiation or in the initial endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Thus, these three cell lines must be useful model cell lines for investigating pituitary stem/progenitor cells as well as organogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Differentiation; Cell Line; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Gene Expression Profiling; Mice; Pituitary Gland; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 24881870
DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2014-031 -
Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology Apr 2007Interoceptive feedback signals from the body are transmitted to hypothalamic neurons that control pituitary hormone release. This review article describes the... (Review)
Review
Interoceptive feedback signals from the body are transmitted to hypothalamic neurons that control pituitary hormone release. This review article describes the organization of central neural pathways that convey ascending visceral sensory signals to endocrine neurons in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei (SON) of the hypothalamus in rats. A special emphasis is placed on viscerosensory inputs to corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-containing PVN neurons that drive the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and on inputs to magnocellular PVN and SON neurons that release vasopressin (AVP) or oxytocin (OT) from the posterior pituitary. The postnatal development of these ascending pathways also is considered.
Topics: Animals; Hypothalamus; Neurons; Neurons, Afferent; Neuropeptides; Pituitary Gland; Viscera
PubMed: 17391741
DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.02.002 -
General and Comparative Endocrinology Mar 2019The pituitary gonadotropins, Fsh (follicle-stimulating hormone) and Lh (luteinizing hormone), regulate testicular development and functions in all vertebrates. At the...
The pituitary gonadotropins, Fsh (follicle-stimulating hormone) and Lh (luteinizing hormone), regulate testicular development and functions in all vertebrates. At the pituitary, different signaling systems regulate the synthesis and secretion of the gonadotropins, such as the hypothalamic neuropeptides GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) and GnIH (gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone). While GnRH exerts stimulatory roles, the actions of GnIH remain controversial for many teleost species. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of chicken GnRH2 (cGnRH2) and zebrafish GnIH-3 (zGnIH-3) on the male gonadotropin and GnRH system expression using pituitary explants and brain slices from a neotropical species with economical and ecological relevance, Astyanax altiparanae. Our results showed that in males, cGnRH2 increased fshb and lhb mRNA levels in the pituitary explants. Interestingly, zGnIH-3 has no effect on basal gonadotropin expression, however zGnIH-3 decreased the cGnRH2-induced fshb and lhb transcripts in male pituitary explants. In the male brain slices, zGnIH-3 showed stimulatory effects, increasing gnrh2 mRNA levels. Overall, our results suggested that GnIH seems to have dual regulatory actions on gonadotropin and GnRH2 expression of A. altiparanae males. This study provided basic information on endocrine regulation of A. altiparanae reproduction, and the obtained results will expand our knowledge, improving the reproductive management of this economically important freshwater species.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Characidae; Chickens; Female; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Male; Models, Biological; Neuropeptides; Pituitary Gland; RNA, Messenger; Reference Standards; Time Factors; Zebrafish
PubMed: 30098316
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.08.006 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2011Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is the most common endocrinologic disorder of aged horses.
BACKGROUND
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) is the most common endocrinologic disorder of aged horses.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
Pituitary glands of PPID-affected horses are larger than those of aged horses without signs of PPID, and the size difference can be detected using computed tomography (CT) imaging.
ANIMALS
Eight horses with clinical signs of PPID and supportive endocrinologic test results and 3 aged control (PPID-negative) horses.
METHODS
Computed tomography examination of the brain and pituitary gland was performed twice in 10 of the 11 horses, approximately 6 months apart. Six PPID-affected horses were treated with pergolide for 6 months between CT scans. The second CT scan was followed by euthanasia and pathologic examination of 6 PPID-affected horses (4 treated horses).
RESULTS
On initial examination, pituitary glands of PPID-affected horses were larger in height (P < .01) and width (P < .01) than controls, but the difference in length was not significant (P = .06). After 6 months of pergolide treatment of PPID-affected horses, pituitary gland length increased (P < .05), but height and width were not different from pretreatment values. There was no difference between pituitary gland measurements made at the terminal CT scans and necropsy. Furthermore, pituitary gland volume calculated from the measurements was highly correlated to pituitary gland weight. Additional CT findings were bilaterally symmetrical mineralization in the thalamus and cholesterol granulomas adjacent to the lateral and fourth ventricles.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
CT is a useful imaging modality to determine pituitary gland size of PPID-affected horses,and CT measurements are similar to gross pathologic measurements.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Horse Diseases; Horses; Pituitary Diseases; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Gland, Intermediate; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 21985144
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00784.x -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension is a neurological disorder primarily affecting overweight women of childbearing age. It is often characterized by radiologic...
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension is a neurological disorder primarily affecting overweight women of childbearing age. It is often characterized by radiologic evidence of empty sella (ES), which is in turn frequently associated with pituitary dysfunction, with the somatotropic axis most commonly affected. No recent evidence is available relative to the presence of pituitary hormone deficiencies in adult patients with Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (IIH) under pharmacological therapy. We therefore explored pituitary function and morphology in a small cohort of female patients with IIH treated with acetazolamide. Fifteen female patients aged 42 ± 13 years with IIH lasting between 12 and 18 months were evaluated. All patients were affected by recurrent headaches in addition to visual changes of variable severity. IIH diagnosis was made after exclusion of other causes of raised intracranial pressure, and a specific ophthalmological evaluation was conducted to assess for the presence of papilledema. No particular endocrinological disturbances were detected during the enrolment visits, except for a high obesity prevalence (87%, BMI 35.16 ± 8.21 kg/m), one case of total thyroidectomy for papillary thyroid carcinoma and two patients with irregular menses and mild hirsutism. All the participants underwent a pituitary MRI with contrast, and two different operators performed pituitary measurements in coronal and sagittal scans for morphologic assessment. Blood samples for the anterior pituitary axis evaluation were collected, and the somatotropic axis was further evaluated with a GHRH + Arginine test; other dynamic tests were performed in case of suspected hormonal deficiency. Despite ES being found in 73% of the patients, pituitary volume was preserved, ranging from 213.85 to 642.27mm (389.20 ± 125.53mm); mean coronal pituitary height was 4.53 ± 1.33 mm. Overall, baseline anterior pituitary hormones levels were within normal ranges, and none of the patients with ES had an altered response to the GHRH + arginine stimulation test. We found one patient suffering from iatrogenic hyperthyroidism and two diagnosed with subclinical primary hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Two young patients were suspected of having polycystic ovary syndrome, and they were therefore further investigated. In conclusion, this case series shows that, despite the high prevalence of ES, the pituitary function of IIH patients treated with acetazolamide is preserved. To date, there is no evidence regarding the trend over time or upon treatment discontinuation in regard to the pituitary function of patients with IIH, and it is therefore not possible to infer whether our finding would be replicable in such settings. We therefore suggest an endocrine follow-up over time in order to monitor for potential pituitary dysfunction.
Topics: Acetazolamide; Adolescent; Adult; Diuretics; Female; Humans; Intracranial Hypertension; Middle Aged; Pituitary Gland; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 33488525
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.613054 -
Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Sao... 2018The beneficial effects of psychopharmacological and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the brain are not well understood. In a previous study, we found smaller... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
OBJECTIVE
The beneficial effects of psychopharmacological and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the brain are not well understood. In a previous study, we found smaller pituitary volumes in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of CBT on pituitary gland volume.
METHODS
A total of 81 patients with various anxiety disorders and the same number of healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging, and their pituitary gland volumes were compared at baseline. Pituitary gland volumes were also measured before and after CBT in the patient group.
RESULTS
OCD patients had smaller pituitary gland volumes at baseline than healthy controls (0.54±0.29 cm3 for OCD patients vs. 0.82±0.30 cm3 for healthy controls; p < 0.001). We found no significant changes in OCD patient pituitary gland volume after the 16-week treatment period, with mean pre- and post-treatment values of 0.54±0.29 cm3 and 0.56±0.32 cm3, respectively (p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Our results indicate an absence of post-CBT volumetric changes in the pituitary gland of OCD patients.
Topics: Adult; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Organ Size; Pituitary Gland; Severity of Illness Index; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 29898196
DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2449 -
Modern Pathology : An Official Journal... Jun 2011Many transcription factors have important roles in the function and differentiation of the human pituitary adenomas. Forkhead box gene transcription factor L2, Foxl2, is...
Many transcription factors have important roles in the function and differentiation of the human pituitary adenomas. Forkhead box gene transcription factor L2, Foxl2, is expressed during mouse pituitary development and co-localizes with the expression of α-glycoprotein hormone subunit (αGSU). In addition, Foxl2 regulates expression of the αGSU gene (Cga) in cell culture. To elucidate the functional role of FOXL2 in the human pituitary, we examined the expression and localization of FOXL2 in normal human pituitaries and various types of pituitary adenomas. Human pituitary adenomas were obtained by trans-sphenoidal surgery from 67 patients. Three normal adult pituitaries were obtained from autopsies of non-endocrine cases. The localization of FOXL2 and pituitary hormones in these pituitary patients was examined by immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR. Quantitative analysis of FOXL2 protein was performed by immunoblotting. FOXL2 was localized in the nuclei of ∼20% of normal pituitary cells that also co-expressed gonadotropins including follicule-stimulating hormone β (FSHβ), luteinizing hormone β (LHβ), and αGSU, whereas it was observed in minor proportion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-producing cells, prolactin (PRL)-producing cells, and precursor of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing cells. FOXL2 immunoreactivity was not detected in growth hormone (GH)-producing cells or S100-positive folliculo-stellate cells. In human pituitary adenomas, FOXL2 was expressed in the nuclei of the adenoma cells. FOXL2 was detected in 13 of 15 gonadotropin-subunit-producing adenoma (Gn-oma) cases and 8 of 11 null cell adenoma cases, but its incidence was reduced or not detected in the other types of adenomas. The results of this study suggest that FOXL2 contributes to the human-specific functional expression and the differentiation of gonadotroph cells and adenomas.
Topics: Adenoma; Adult; Aged; Female; Forkhead Box Protein L2; Forkhead Transcription Factors; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pituitary Gland; Pituitary Hormones; Pituitary Neoplasms; RNA, Messenger; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Young Adult
PubMed: 21478824
DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.169