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Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Jan 2009Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection is ubiquitous. It accounts for 10% of community-acquired pneumonias and 5% of cases of pharyngitis, bronchitis and sinusitis in both... (Review)
Review
Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection is ubiquitous. It accounts for 10% of community-acquired pneumonias and 5% of cases of pharyngitis, bronchitis and sinusitis in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. It is also involved in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and asthma. Moreover, C. pneumoniae has been reported as a possible cause of atherosclerosis and central nervous system disorders. The current reference standard for serological diagnosis of acute infection is microimmunofluorescence testing, although molecular detection techniques may well become reference diagnostic tests in the near future. Tetracyclines and erythromycin show good in vitro activity, and so far have been the most commonly employed drugs in the treatment of C. pneumoniae infection. New macrolides, ketolides and fluoroquinolones are other potentially effective drugs. This review analyses the most recent data concerning the involvement of C. pneumoniae in human diseases.
Topics: Chlamydophila Infections; Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Humans; Pneumonia, Bacterial
PubMed: 19220337
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02130.x -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022is a common pathogen of nosocomial pneumonia worldwide and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Asia. Previous studies have shown that bacteremic CAP is associated...
is a common pathogen of nosocomial pneumonia worldwide and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in Asia. Previous studies have shown that bacteremic CAP is associated with high mortality. We aimed to revisit bacteremic pneumonia in the current era and determine the risk factors associated with 28-day mortality. Between January 2014 and August 2020, adult patients with bacteremic pneumonia in a medical center in Taiwan were identified. Clinical and microbiological characteristics were compared between CAP and nosocomial pneumonia. Risk factors for 28-day mortality were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Among 150 patients with bacteremic pneumonia, 52 had CAP and 98 had nosocomial pneumonia. The 28-day mortality was 52% for all patients, 36.5% for CAP, and 60.2% for nosocomial pneumonia. Hypervirulent was more prevalent in CAP (61.5%) than in nosocomial pneumonia (16.3%). Carbapenem-resistant was more prevalent in nosocomial pneumonia (58.2%) than in CAP (5.8%). Nosocomial pneumonia, a higher Severe Organ Failure Assessment score, and not receiving appropriate definitive therapy were independent risk factors for 28-day mortality. In conclusion, revisiting bacteremic pneumonia in the current era showed a high mortality rate. Host factors, disease severity, and timely effective therapy affect the treatment outcomes of these patients.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Community-Acquired Infections; Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia; Humans; Klebsiella Infections; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Pneumonia; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35811668
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.903682 -
European Radiology Mar 2004Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality in both industrialized and developing countries. In particular, pulmonary infections... (Review)
Review
Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity, hospitalization, and mortality in both industrialized and developing countries. In particular, pulmonary infections acquired in the community, and pneumonias arising in the hospital setting, represent a major medical and economic problem and thus a continuous challenge to health care. For the radiologist, it is important to understand that community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and nosocomial pneumonia (NP) share a number of characteristics, but should, in many respects be regarded as separate entities. CAP and NP arise in different populations, host different spectra of causative pathogens, and pose different challenges to both the clinician and the radiologist. CAP is generally seen in outpatients, is most frequently caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Chlamydia, and its radiologic diagnosis is relatively straightforward. NP, in contrast, develops in the hospital setting, is commonly caused by gram-negative bacteria, and may generate substantial problems for the radiologist. Overall, both for CAP and NP, imaging is an integral component of the diagnosis, important for classification and differential diagnosis, and helpful for follow-up.
Topics: Community-Acquired Infections; Cross Infection; Humans; Pneumonia; Prognosis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 14749949
DOI: 10.1007/s00330-003-2162-7 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2016Globally, pneumonia is a serious public health concern and a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapies, microbiological... (Review)
Review
Globally, pneumonia is a serious public health concern and a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapies, microbiological diagnostic tests and prevention measures, pneumonia remains the main cause of death from infectious disease in the world. An important reason for the increased global mortality is the impact of pneumonia on chronic diseases, along with the increasing age of the population and the virulence factors of the causative microorganism. The increasing number of multidrug-resistant bacteria, difficult-to-treat microorganisms, and the emergence of new pathogens are a major problem for clinicians when deciding antimicrobial therapy. A key factor for managing and effectively guiding appropriate antimicrobial therapy is an understanding of the role of the different causative microorganisms in the etiology of pneumonia, since it has been shown that the adequacy of initial antimicrobial therapy is a key factor for prognosis in pneumonia. Furthermore, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapies are sometimes given until microbiological results are available and de-escalation cannot be performed quickly. This review provides an overview of microbial etiology, resistance patterns, epidemiology and microbial diagnosis of pneumonia.
Topics: Aging; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cross Infection; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Humans; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated; Streptococcus pneumoniae
PubMed: 27999274
DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122120 -
Pneumologie (Stuttgart, Germany) Oct 2014Respiratory infections are responsible for up to 11% of febrile infections in travellers or immigrants from tropical and subtropical regions. The main pathogens are the... (Review)
Review
Respiratory infections are responsible for up to 11% of febrile infections in travellers or immigrants from tropical and subtropical regions. The main pathogens are the same as in temperate climate zones: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, influenza viruses, Legionella pneumophila. However, some pulmonary diseases can be attributed to bacterial, parasitic, viral or fungal pathogens that are endemic in tropical and subtropical regions. The most commonly imported infections are malaria, dengue, and tuberculosis. Pulmonary symptoms and eosinophilia in returning travellers and migrants may be caused by several parasitic infections such as Katayama syndrome, Loeffler syndrome, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, amebiasis, paragonimiasis, echinococcosis, and toxocariasis. In Asia, Tsutsugamushi fever is transmitted by chiggers, spotted fever rickettsiae are transmitted by ticks. Transmission of zoonotic diseases occurs mainly via contact with infected animals or their excretions, human-to-human transmission is generally rare: MERS-CoA (dromedary camels), pulmonary hantavirus infection (rodents), tularemia (rabbits and hares), leptospirosis (rats), Q-fever (sheep and goats), very rarely anthrax (hides of ruminants) and pest (infected rats and wildlife). Inhalation of contaminated dust can cause infections with dimorphic fungi: histoplasmosis (bat guano) and coccidioidomycosis in America and parts of Africa, blastomycosis in America. Some infections can cause symptoms years after a stay in tropical or subtropical regions (melioidosis, tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension). Noninfectious respiratory diseases caused by inhalation of high amounts of air pollution or toxic dusts may also be considered.
Topics: Humans; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Lung Diseases, Parasitic; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Pneumonia, Viral; Travel; Travel Medicine
PubMed: 25290923
DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1378081 -
Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) Aug 2021COVID-19 pneumonia represents a challenging health emergency, due to the disproportion between the high transmissibility, morbidity, and mortality of the virus and... (Review)
Review
COVID-19 pneumonia represents a challenging health emergency, due to the disproportion between the high transmissibility, morbidity, and mortality of the virus and healthcare systems possibilities. Literature has mainly focused on COVID-19 pneumonia clinical-radiological diagnosis and therapy, and on the most common differential diagnoses, while few papers investigated rare COVID-19 pneumonia differential diagnoses or the overlapping of COVID-19 pneumonia on pre-existing lung pathologies. This article presents the main radiological characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia and Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias (IIPs) to identify key radiological features for a differential diagnosis among IIPs, and between IIPs and COVID-19 pneumonia. COVID-19 pneumonia differential diagnosis with IIPs is challenging, since these entities may share common radiological findings as ground glass opacities, crazy paving patterns, and consolidations. Multidisciplinary discussion is crucial to reach a final and correct diagnosis. Radiologists have a pivotal role in identifying COVID-19 pneumonia patterns, reporting possible overlapping with long-lasting lung diseases, and suggesting potential differential diagnoses. An optimal evaluation of HRTC may help in containing the disease, in promoting better treatment for patients, and in providing an efficient allocation of human and economic resources.
Topics: COVID-19; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias; Radiology; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34564297
DOI: 10.3390/tomography7030035 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2022This study aims at identifying characteristics, risk factors and mortality of community-acquired (CAP) and health-care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) by Staphylococcus...
This study aims at identifying characteristics, risk factors and mortality of community-acquired (CAP) and health-care-associated pneumonia (HCAP) by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). We retrieved adults with S. aureus CAP or HCAP diagnosed by blood or pleural effusion culture in 2.6 years, and compared with those of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) CAP or HCAP diagnosed by blood or respiratory culture, or urine antigen. We found 18 patients with CAP and 9 HCAP due to S. aureus (female 33%, 66.6 ± 12.4 years-old), and 48 patients with CAP and 15 HCAP due to S pneumoniae (female 41%, 69.5 ± 17.5 years). Diabetes mellitus (52% vs. 24%, p = 0.019), hemodialysis (11% vs. 0%, p = 0.046), skin lesions (44% vs. 0%, p < 0.001), cavitary nodules (37% vs. 1.6%, p < 0.001) and pleural effusions (48% vs. 18%, p = 0.007) were more common in staphylococcal than pneumococcal group. Three patients with staphylococcal pneumonia had acute myocardial infarction. Pneumonia severity index (139 ± 52 vs. 109 ± 43, p = 0.005) and 30-day mortality (41% vs. 9.5%, p = 0.001) were higher in staphylococcal group. Multivariate analysis showed underlying disease (especially cancer and cirrhosis), risk class 4/5, altered mentality, shock and bilateral pneumonia were risk factors for 30-day mortality.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Female; Middle Aged; Aged; Staphylococcus aureus; Community-Acquired Infections; Pneumonia, Staphylococcal; Cross Infection; Retrospective Studies; Pneumonia; Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Risk Factors; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36333461
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23246-1 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2010Pneumonia is a major cause of death and economic losses to the cattle industry. Recognizing the patterns of pneumonic lesions and understanding the pathogenesis of the... (Review)
Review
Pneumonia is a major cause of death and economic losses to the cattle industry. Recognizing the patterns of pneumonic lesions and understanding the pathogenesis of the various types of pneumonia are important for correct diagnosis and interpretation of the lesions. Bacterial pneumonias consist of bronchopneumonia, fibrinous pneumonia, and pleuropneumonia as well as caseonecrotic, aspiration, and tuberculous pneumonias. Two major patterns of interstitial pneumonia are recognized in cattle, and verminous pneumonia is associated with Dictyocaulus viviparus infection.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Lung; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Atypical Interstitial, of Cattle
PubMed: 20619179
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2010.04.001 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Aug 2022In this Letter to the Editor supportive data were presented to a recent paper published in this journal reporting the involvement of TRP channels in COVID-19 pneumonia...
In this Letter to the Editor supportive data were presented to a recent paper published in this journal reporting the involvement of TRP channels in COVID-19 pneumonia and its role for new therapies. Since gene expression of TRP channels was found in human lung tissues the protein was not being reported so far. TRP channels are supposed to be involved in the pulmonary inflammation and its symptoms such as fever, cough and others. Here, TRPC6 was investigated in tissues of normal human lungs and of SARS-Cov-2 infected lungs in a preliminary study. Tissue was obtained post mortem from anatomical body donations during dissections and during pathological dissections (13 normal, 4 COVID-19 pneumoniae) and processed for immunohistochemistry. In normal lungs TRPC6 was found in the ciliated epithelium, in the wall of larger lung vessels and in the alveolar septa. In COVID-19 pneumonia the distribution of TRPC6 was different. Inflammatory lesions, cellular infiltrates, hyaline membranes and fibrosis were labelled intensively as well as dilated capillaries. These observations are from four patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.The observations do not elucidate the molecular mechanisms but support the view that TRPC6 channels are involved in normal physiology of normal human lungs and in COVID-19 pneumonia. TRPC6 might aggravate SARS-2 induced inflammation and could be a target for inhibiting drugs.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Lung; Pneumonia; SARS-CoV-2; TRPC6 Cation Channel
PubMed: 35598647
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109982 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Apr 2023Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major public health challenge worldwide. However, the aetiological and disease severity-related pathogens associated with CAP in...
BACKGROUND
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major public health challenge worldwide. However, the aetiological and disease severity-related pathogens associated with CAP in adults in China are not well established based on the detection of both viral and bacterial agents.
METHODS
A multicentre, prospective study was conducted involving 10 hospitals located in nine geographical regions in China from 2014 to 2019. Sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected from each recruited CAP patient. Multiplex real-time PCR and bacteria culture methods were used to detect respiratory pathogens. The association between detected pathogens and CAP severity was evaluated.
RESULTS
Among the 3,403 recruited eligible patients, 462 (13.58%) had severe CAP, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 1.94% (66/3,403). At least one pathogen was detected in 2,054 (60.36%) patients, with two or more pathogens were co-detected in 725 patients. The ten major pathogens detected were Mycoplasma pneumoniae (11.05%), Haemophilus influenzae (10.67%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.43%), influenza A virus (9.49%), human rhinovirus (9.02%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (7.43%), Staphylococcus aureus (4.50%), adenovirus (2.94%), respiratory syncytial viruses (2.35%), and Legionella pneumophila (1.03%), which accounted for 76.06-92.52% of all positive detection results across sampling sites. Klebsiella pneumoniae (p < 0.001) and influenza viruses (p = 0.005) were more frequently detected in older patients, whereas Mycoplasma pneumoniae was more frequently detected in younger patients (p < 0.001). Infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, influenza viruses and respiratory syncytial viruses were risk factors for severe CAP.
CONCLUSIONS
The major respiratory pathogens causing CAP in adults in China were different from those in USA and European countries, which were consistent across different geographical regions over study years. Given the detection rate of pathogens and their association with severe CAP, we propose to include the ten major pathogens as priorities for clinical pathogen screening in China.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Aged; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Prospective Studies; Pneumonia; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Legionella pneumophila; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Community-Acquired Infections
PubMed: 37059987
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08166-3