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MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Jul 2020Since establishment of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative* in 1988, polio cases have declined >99.9% worldwide; extensive use of live, attenuated oral poliovirus...
Since establishment of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative* in 1988, polio cases have declined >99.9% worldwide; extensive use of live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in routine childhood immunization programs and mass campaigns has led to eradication of two of the three wild poliovirus (WPV) serotypes (types 2 and 3) (1). Despite its safety record, OPV can lead to rare emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) when there is prolonged circulation or replication of the vaccine virus. In areas with inadequate OPV coverage, circulating VDPVs (cVDPVs) that have reverted to neurovirulence can cause outbreaks of paralytic polio (2). Immunodeficiency-associated VDPVs (iVDPVs) are isolated from persons with primary immunodeficiency (PID). Infection with iVDPV can progress to paralysis or death of patients with PID, and excretion risks seeding cVDPV outbreaks; both risks might be reduced through antiviral treatment, which is currently under development. This report updates previous reports and includes details of iVDPV cases detected during July 2018-December 2019 (3). During this time, 16 new iVDPV cases were reported from five countries (Argentina, Egypt, Iran, Philippines, and Tunisia). Alongside acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance (4), surveillance for poliovirus infections among patients with PID has identified an increased number of persons excreting iVDPVs (5). Expansion of PID surveillance will facilitate early detection and follow-up of iVDPV excretion among patients with PID to mitigate the risk for iVDPV spread. This will be critical to help identify all poliovirus excretors and thus achieve and maintain eradication of all polioviruses.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Global Health; Humans; Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes; Infant; Male; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Serogroup
PubMed: 32673297
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6928a4 -
Viruses May 2019Polio and enterovirus surveillance may include a number of approaches, including incidence-based observation, a sentinel physician system, environmental monitoring and...
Polio and enterovirus surveillance may include a number of approaches, including incidence-based observation, a sentinel physician system, environmental monitoring and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. The relative value of these methods is widely debated. Here we summarized the results of 14 years of environmental surveillance at four sewage treatment plants of various capacities in Moscow, Russia. A total of 5450 samples were screened, yielding 1089 (20.0%) positive samples. There were 1168 viruses isolated including types 1-3 polioviruses (43%) and 29 different types of non-polio enteroviruses (51%). Despite using the same methodology, a significant variation in detection rates was observed between the treatment plants and within the same facility over time. The number of poliovirus isolates obtained from sewage was roughly 60 times higher than from AFP surveillance over the same time frame. All except one poliovirus isolate were Sabin-like polioviruses. The one isolate was vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 with 17.6% difference from the corresponding Sabin strain, suggesting long-term circulation outside the scope of the surveillance. For some non-polio enterovirus types (e.g., Echovirus 6) there was a good correlation between detection in sewage and incidence of clinical cases in a given year, while other types (e.g., Echovirus 30) could cause large outbreaks and be almost absent in sewage samples. Therefore, sewage monitoring can be an important part of enterovirus surveillance, but cannot substitute other approaches.
Topics: Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Environmental Monitoring; Humans; Moscow; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Sewage
PubMed: 31072058
DOI: 10.3390/v11050424 -
Viruses Nov 2022Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) is a host factor required for enterovirus (EV) replication. OSBP locates at membrane contact site and acts as a lipid exchanger of...
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) is a host factor required for enterovirus (EV) replication. OSBP locates at membrane contact site and acts as a lipid exchanger of cholesterol and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) between cellular organelles; however, the essential domains required for the viral replication remain unknown. In this study, we define essential domains of OSBP for poliovirus (PV) replication by a functional dominance assay with a series of deletion variants of OSBP. We show that the pleckstrin homology domain (PHD) and the ligand-binding domain, but not the N-terminal intrinsically disordered domain, coiled-coil region, or the FFAT motif, are essential for PV replication. The PHD serves as the primary determinant of OSBP targeting to the replication organelle in the infected cells. These results suggest that not all the domains that support important biological functions of OSBP are essential for the viral replication.
Topics: Poliovirus; Enterovirus; Organelles; Oxysterols; Receptors, Steroid; Virus Replication
PubMed: 36560676
DOI: 10.3390/v14122672 -
Food and Environmental Virology Dec 2017Environmental surveillance of poliovirus (PV) and other non-enveloped viruses can help identify silent circulation and is necessary to certify eradication. The...
Environmental surveillance of poliovirus (PV) and other non-enveloped viruses can help identify silent circulation and is necessary to certify eradication. The bag-mediated filtration system is an efficient method to filter large volumes of environmental waters at field sites for monitoring the presence of viruses. As filters may require long transit times to off-site laboratories for processing, viral inactivation or overgrowth of bacteria and fungi can interfere with virus detection and quantification (Miki and Jacquet in Aquatic Microb Ecol 51(2):195-208, 2008). To evaluate virus survival over time on ViroCap filters, the filters were seeded with PV type 1 (PV1) and/or MS2 and then dosed with preservatives or antibiotics prior to storage and elution. These filters were stored at various temperatures and time periods, and then eluted for PV1 and MS2 recovery quantification. Filters dosed with the preservative combination of 2% sodium benzoate and 0.2% calcium propionate had increased virus survival over time when stored at 25 °C, compared to samples stored at 25 °C with no preservatives. While elution within 24 h of filtration is recommended, if storage or shipping is required then this preservative mixture can help preserve sample integrity. Addition of an antibiotic cocktail containing cephapirin, gentamicin, and Proclin 300 increased recovery after storage at 4 and 25 °C, when compared to storage with no antibiotics. The antibiotic cocktail can aid sample preservation if access to appropriate antibiotics storage is available and sample cold chain is unreliable. This study demonstrated that the use of preservatives or antibiotics is a simple, cost-effective method to improve virus detection from ViroCap cartridge filters over time.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Environmental Monitoring; Filtration; Fresh Water; Poliovirus; Preservatives, Pharmaceutical
PubMed: 28616833
DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9306-4 -
PloS One 2020A concerted action on the part of international agencies and national governments has resulted in the near-eradication of poliomyelitis. However, both the oral polio...
A concerted action on the part of international agencies and national governments has resulted in the near-eradication of poliomyelitis. However, both the oral polio vaccine (OPV) and the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) have deficiencies which make them suboptimal for use after global eradication. OPV is composed of attenuated Sabin strains and stimulates robust immunity, but may revert to neurovirulent forms in the intestine which can be shed and infect susceptible contacts. The majority of IPV products are manufactured using pathogenic strains inactivated with formalin. Upon eradication, the production of large quantities of pathogenic virus will present an increased biosecurity hazard. A logical ideal endgame vaccine would be an inactivated form of an attenuated strain that could afford protective immunity while safely producing larger numbers of doses per unit of virus stock than current vaccines. We report here the development of an ionizing radiation (IR)-inactivated Sabin-based vaccine using a reconstituted Mn-decapeptide (MDP) antioxidant complex derived from the radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. In bacteria, Mn2+-peptide antioxidants protect proteins from oxidative damage caused by extreme radiation exposure. Here we show for the first time, that MDP can protect immunogenic neutralizing epitopes in picornaviruses. MDP protects epitopes in Polio Virus 1 and 2 Sabin strains (PV1-S and PV2-S, respectively), but viral genomic RNA is not protected during supralethal irradiation. IR-inactivated Sabin viruses stimulated equivalent or improved neutralizing antibody responses in Wistar rats compared to the commercially used IPV products. Our approach reduces the biosecurity risk of the current PV vaccine production method by utilizing the Sabin strains instead of the wild type neurovirulent strains. Additionally, the IR-inactivation approach could provide a simpler, faster and less costly process for producing a more immunogenic IPV. Gamma-irradiation is a well-known method of virus inactivation and this vaccine approach could be adapted to any pathogen of interest.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Gamma Rays; Genome, Viral; HeLa Cells; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Peptides; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Rats, Wistar; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 31999745
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228006 -
Revista de Neurologia May 2017Enteroviruses are among the most common human viruses around the world. More than 100 different serotypes that can cause a range of clinical pathologies have been... (Review)
Review
Enteroviruses are among the most common human viruses around the world. More than 100 different serotypes that can cause a range of clinical pathologies have been identified, although the most frequent are those that affect the central nervous system, such as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis or paralysis, which in some cases can be very severe or even fatal. In recent years, enterovirus outbreaks associated to new diseases have been reported all over the world, and as a result some serotypes have been considered 'emerging' pathogens. Yet, our knowledge about these viruses, especially about the non-polio enteroviruses that produce neuropathologies, is still limited. Surveillance systems are crucial to understand the epidemiology of the infections due to enterovirus and to be able to take appropriate action to deal with future outbreaks or epidemics.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Europe; Humans; Infant; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Population Surveillance; Serotyping; Spain; United States; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 28524217
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Bacteriology Sep 1963Wallis, Craig (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.) and Joseph L. Melnick. Thermosensitivity of poliovirus. J. Bacteriol. 86:499-504. 1963.-Polioviruses...
Wallis, Craig (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.) and Joseph L. Melnick. Thermosensitivity of poliovirus. J. Bacteriol. 86:499-504. 1963.-Polioviruses are thermosensitive agents, although thermoresistant strains have been obtained and reported in the literature. Such resistant strains can be developed by exposure of the virus to cystine during multiple-cycle yields. Thermoresistant strains can be converted to the thermosensitive state by passing the virus in cells maintained in a cystine-free medium, or by reducing the virus with glutathione. The thermoresistant variants seem to result from the conditions under which virus is grown and harvested. Consequently, many such thermostable polioviruses actually represent phenotypic rather than genotypic variation.
Topics: Hot Temperature; Poliovirus; Research
PubMed: 14066428
DOI: 10.1128/jb.86.3.499-504.1963 -
ACS Infectious Diseases Jan 2017As we approach the global eradication of circulating wild-type polioviruses (PV), vaccination with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has led to the emergence of circulating...
As we approach the global eradication of circulating wild-type polioviruses (PV), vaccination with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) has led to the emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) and vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Complete cessation of all poliovirus infections may require stopping use of OPV and formulating improved vaccines and new antiviral drugs. Currently, no licensed drugs are available to treat chronically infected poliovirus excretors. Here, we created a modified PV expressing Gaussia Luciferase (Sb-Gluc) and developed a cell-based high-throughput screening (HTS) antiviral assay. Using the validated HTS assay, we screened the FDA-approved drug library of compounds and identified candidate agents capable of inhibiting PV replication. We then characterized antipoliovirus activity for the best hit, gemcitabine, a nucleoside analogue used in tumor chemotherapy. We found that gemcitabine inhibited PV Mahoney replication with an IC of 0.3 μM. It completely protected HeLa cells from PV-induced cytopathic effects at 25 μM, without detectable toxicity for cell viability. Furthermore, a gemcitabine metabolite directly inhibited the ability of PV RNA polymerase to synthesize or elongate PV RNA. Because PV RNA polymerase is somehow conserved among species in the Picornaviridae family, gemcitabine may be further developed as an attractive broad-spectrum antiviral for PV and others.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Deoxycytidine; HeLa Cells; High-Throughput Screening Assays; Humans; Poliovirus; Viral Plaque Assay; Virus Replication; Gemcitabine
PubMed: 27733043
DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00116 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Apr 2020Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) can emerge in areas with low poliovirus immunity and cause outbreaks* of paralytic polio (1-5). Among the three types...
Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) can emerge in areas with low poliovirus immunity and cause outbreaks* of paralytic polio (1-5). Among the three types of wild poliovirus, type 2 was declared eradicated in 2015 (1,2). The use of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV; types 1, 2, and 3 Sabin strains) ceased in April 2016 via a 1-month-long, global synchronized switch to bivalent OPV (bOPV; types 1 and 3 Sabin strains) in immunization activities (1-4). Monovalent type 2 OPV (mOPV2; type 2 Sabin strain) is available for cVDPV type 2 (cVDPV2) outbreak response immunization (1-5). The number and geographic breadth of post-switch cVDPV2 outbreaks have exceeded forecasts that trended toward zero outbreaks 4 years after the switch and assumed rapid and effective control of any that occurred (4). New cVDPV2 outbreaks have been seeded by mOPV2 use, by both suboptimal mOPV2 coverage within response zones and recently mOPV2-vaccinated children or contacts traveling outside of response zones, where children born after the global switch are fully susceptible to poliovirus type 2 transmission (2-4). In addition, new emergences can develop by inadvertent exposure to Sabin OPV2-containing vaccine (i.e., residual response mOPV2 or tOPV) (4). This report updates the January 2018-June 2019 report with information on global cVDPV outbreaks during July 2019-February 2020 (as of March 25, 2020) (2). Among 33 cVDPV outbreaks reported during July 2019-February 2020, 31 (94%) were cVDPV2; 18 (58%) of these followed new emergences. In mid-2020, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) plans to introduce a genetically stabilized, novel OPV type 2 (nOPV2) that has a lower risk for generating VDPV2 than does Sabin mOPV2; if nOPV2 is successful in limiting new VDPV2 emergences, GPEI foresees the replacement of Sabin mOPV2 with nOPV2 for cVDPV2 outbreak responses during 2021 (2,4,6).
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Global Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Serotyping
PubMed: 32324719
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6916a1 -
PloS One 2015Wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) has not been seen anywhere since the last case of WPV3-associated paralysis in Nigeria in November 2012. At the time of writing, the most...
Wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) has not been seen anywhere since the last case of WPV3-associated paralysis in Nigeria in November 2012. At the time of writing, the most recent case of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) in Nigeria occurred in July 2014, and WPV1 has not been seen in Africa since a case in Somalia in August 2014. No cases associated with circulating vaccine-derived type 2 poliovirus (cVDPV2) have been detected in Nigeria since November 2014. Has WPV1 been eliminated from Africa? Has WPV3 been eradicated globally? Has Nigeria interrupted cVDPV2 transmission? These questions are difficult because polio surveillance is based on paralysis and paralysis only occurs in a small fraction of infections. This report provides estimates for the probabilities of poliovirus elimination in Nigeria given available data as of March 31, 2015. It is based on a model of disease transmission that is built from historical polio incidence rates and is designed to represent the uncertainties in transmission dynamics and poliovirus detection that are fundamental to interpreting long time periods without cases. The model estimates that, as of March 31, 2015, the probability of WPV1 elimination in Nigeria is 84%, and that if WPV1 has not been eliminated, a new case will be detected with 99% probability by the end of 2015. The probability of WPV3 elimination (and thus global eradication) is > 99%. However, it is unlikely that the ongoing transmission of cVDPV2 has been interrupted; the probability of cVDPV2 elimination rises to 83% if no new cases are detected by April 2016.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Models, Statistical; Nigeria; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus
PubMed: 26317401
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135765