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Journal of the Experimental Analysis of... Jul 1982Excessive defecation, typically considered to be a concomitant of stress, was experimentally induced or eliminated under specific schedules of positive reinforcement of...
Excessive defecation, typically considered to be a concomitant of stress, was experimentally induced or eliminated under specific schedules of positive reinforcement of lever pressing by rats. The schedules were, by and large, those under which polydipsia is typically induced. In the first of three experiments, rats under fixed-interval 32-second schedules and variable interval 32-second schedules for food and water reinforcers defecated profusely, but not under fixed-interval one-second schedules or other small interval schedules. Somewhat higher rates of defecation were observed on variable interval 32-second schedules than on fixed-interval 32-second schedules. In a second experiment, fixed-ratio schedules were used, some of which resulted in responding such that reinforcement densities were similar to those on the interval schedules that induced defecation. Defecation was not systematically induced by these ratio schedules. In a third experiment, fixed-time schedules of food presentations were utilized. High rates of defecation were induced comparable to those induced by interval schedules of the same time parameter. No other behavior commonly termed "emotional" was observed in any of these experiments.
Topics: Animals; Conditioning, Operant; Defecation; Drinking Behavior; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Rats; Reinforcement Schedule; Reinforcement, Psychology; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 7202038
DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1982.38-19 -
Cureus Sep 2019Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome (LMBBS), a rare autosomal recessive defect, mostly occurs in children born from consanguineous marriages. The major features of this...
Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome (LMBBS), a rare autosomal recessive defect, mostly occurs in children born from consanguineous marriages. The major features of this syndrome are cone-rod dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, learning disabilities, hypogonadism in males, renal anomalies, nystagmus, speech disorders, developmental delay, polyuria/polydipsia, ataxia, and poor coordination/clumsiness. In this report, we present a case of a 19-year-old man with pain and swelling of the left ankle and knee joints because of which he could not walk, with an onset of loose stools since a week. He presented with multiple non-itchy hyperpigmented macules on his face and back, polydactyly in his left foot, central obesity, proteinuria, macrocytic anemia, low intelligence quotient, reduced power in the left lower limb, reduced plantar reflexes, nystagmus, pigmented black lesions in the temporal retina on fundoscopy, a micropenis, absent pubic and axillary hair, and a small scrotum containing testes. The patient was diagnosed with LMBBS.
PubMed: 31696011
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5618 -
Endokrynologia Polska 2019In the clinical setting, the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis in patients with central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is typically based both on symptoms (i.e. polydipsia or... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
In the clinical setting, the diagnosis of neurosarcoidosis in patients with central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is typically based both on symptoms (i.e. polydipsia or polyuria) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings (e.g. pituitary abnormality). However, inconsistent changes in the patient's symptoms and brain MRI findings may occur during the clinical course of the disease. This review was performed to summarise the relationship between symptoms and brain MRI findings in previously reported cases of neurosarcoidosis with CDI.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Case studies of patients diagnosed with neurosarcoidosis with CDI were collected via a PubMed search of studies published through 30 June 2018.
RESULTS
Thirteen eligible studies were reviewed (20 patients; 12 men, 8 women; mean age 33 years). Polydipsia or polyuria was the first symptom in 13 patients. The mean duration from disease onset to diagnosis was 3.4 months. Brain MRIs showed abnormal findings in the hypothalamus and pituitary for 17 patients. Immunosuppressive drugs were used in 17 patients. For 14 patients, MRI findings improved, while symptoms did not.
CONCLUSION
Patients with both neurosarcoidosis and CDI symptoms often do not improve, despite the fact that brain MRI findings often improve following treatment. More studies involving detailed pathological analyses and longer follow-up periods are necessary.
Topics: Adult; Central Nervous System Diseases; Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic; Female; Humans; Male; Pituitary Gland; Sarcoidosis
PubMed: 31681969
DOI: 10.5603/EP.a2019.0035 -
Cureus Mar 2023A 62-year-old male with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), schizoaffective disorder treated with Zoloft, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and tobacco use...
A 62-year-old male with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), schizoaffective disorder treated with Zoloft, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and tobacco use presented with an acute on chronic hyponatremia of 120 mEq/L. He presented with only a mild headache and endorsed recently increasing his free water intake due to a cough. Labs and physical exam findings suggested a true, euvolemic hyponatremia. Polydipsia and Zoloft-induced syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) were determined to be likely contributors to his hyponatremia. However, given his tobacco use, further workup was done to rule out malignancy causing hyponatremia. Chest CT did ultimately suggest malignancy and further workup was recommended. With the hyponatremia treated, the patient was discharged with recommended outpatient workup. This case serves as a reminder to consider that hyponatremia may be multifactorial and even if there is a likely cause identified, malignancy should be ruled out in patients with risk factors.
PubMed: 37009343
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35657 -
Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) May 2014Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) is generated by subjecting a highly motivated animal to a sub-optimal rate of food reinforcement while also providing access to a... (Review)
Review
Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) is generated by subjecting a highly motivated animal to a sub-optimal rate of food reinforcement while also providing access to a fluid. SIP is one of several adjunctive (or displacement) behaviors that are expressed in an exaggerated form that is deemed 'excessive.' This feature makes SIP an attractive model for studying an excessive ethanol drinking phenotype in rodents. Multiple experimental variables are crucial for the full manifestation of adjunctive drinking, including the degree of food deprivation, the inter-pellet interval selected, and the size of the food reward offered. Although these variables were extensively studied and optimized for water polydipsia in rats, a similarly customized approach to ethanol SIP and application of the procedure in mice have largely been curtailed in favor of the default variable values historically used for water SIP in rats. Further, ethanol SIP also requires careful consideration of variables such as taste and ethanol concentration. Investigation of the stress axis and neurochemical systems such as dopamine and serotonin in mediating adjunctive drinking stemmed from two leading hypotheses regarding the underlying mechanisms of SIP generation: 1) SIP as a coping strategy to mitigate stress associated with the aversive environmental condition, and 2) SIP as a displacement of reward in a highly motivated animal. Ethanol SIP is a powerful model of excessive intake because it can generate an ethanol-dependent state and sustain frequent and intoxicating levels of blood ethanol with voluntary oral consumption. The required food deprivation and the loss of the excessive drinking phenotype following removal of the generator schedule are the two main limitations of the model. Future utility of ethanol SIP will be enhanced by more fully dissecting the underlying hormonal and neurochemical mechanisms and optimizing experimental variables for ethanol SIP on a per species and strain basis.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Ethanol; Food Deprivation; Mice; Phenotype; Polydipsia; Rats; Reward
PubMed: 24680665
DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.01.005 -
Cureus Sep 2023In a patient with persistent hypokalemia, it is important to consider Gitelman syndrome, a rare, salt-wasting tubulopathy inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern....
In a patient with persistent hypokalemia, it is important to consider Gitelman syndrome, a rare, salt-wasting tubulopathy inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Gitelman syndrome leads to electrolyte abnormalities like hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Typical clinical features include muscle cramps, fatigue, polydipsia, and salt cravings. Our case involves a female patient in her early 40s who visited the endocrinology clinic with symptoms of polyuria, constipation, muscle weakness, and fatigue. Electrolyte abnormalities included hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypochloremia, and hyperreninemia. Initial tests, such as renal function tests, renal ultrasound, and CT scan, yielded normal results. Differential diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome and Bartter syndrome was considered due to the mutual electrolyte abnormalities of hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Bartter syndrome was ruled out in our patient due to the presence of hypomagnesemia, which indicates a different defective receptor. Ultimately, genetic testing would be necessary to confirm the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome considering the characteristic electrolyte disturbances and classic clinical presentation of fatigue, weakness, and salt craving.
PubMed: 37795074
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44590 -
Clinical Case Reports Jul 2021associated osteomyelitis, while described in humans and a cat, has to our knowledge not been described in dogs. Infection with spp. should be considered as a potential...
associated osteomyelitis, while described in humans and a cat, has to our knowledge not been described in dogs. Infection with spp. should be considered as a potential bacterial cause of osteomyelitis in dogs.
PubMed: 34306698
DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4512 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2002Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by an inability of the kidney to concentrate urine despite adequate concentration of vasopressin in blood and is characterized... (Review)
Review
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is caused by an inability of the kidney to concentrate urine despite adequate concentration of vasopressin in blood and is characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, and hyposthenuria in the presence of plasma hyperosmolality. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is the result of defects in water homeostasis in the kidney. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurs when the kidneys cannot or do not respond to vasopressin. There are 2 categories of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a rare, inherited, irreversible cause of polyuria and polydipsia in humans that is even rarer in animals. Acquired nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is more common and is often secondary to illness or medication that interferes with the action of vasopressin in the renal tubules. Unlike congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, acquired or secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is often reversible with correction of the associated or causative problem.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic; Humans; Kidney; Vasopressins; Water; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
PubMed: 12322698
DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0510:wtitka>2.3.co;2 -
Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry Jun 2017Compulsive water drinking or psychogenic polydipsia is now increasingly seen in psychiatric populations. Effects of increased water intake can lead to hyponatremia...
Compulsive water drinking or psychogenic polydipsia is now increasingly seen in psychiatric populations. Effects of increased water intake can lead to hyponatremia causing symptoms of nausea, vomiting, seizures, delirium and can even be life threatening if not recognized and managed early. Here we present a 35-year old adult who was diagnosed with psychogenic polydipsia and was successfully managed with a combination of pharmacotherapy, fluid restriction and psychosocial management.
PubMed: 28904515
DOI: 10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.216106 -
Cureus Aug 2019Psychogenic polydipsia or self-induced water intoxication is a potentially lethal condition seen in many chronic psychiatric patients. This is a literature review based... (Review)
Review
Psychogenic polydipsia or self-induced water intoxication is a potentially lethal condition seen in many chronic psychiatric patients. This is a literature review based on therapeutic significance of Naltrexone in improving compulsive water drinking behavior in chronic psychiatrically ill patients with psychogenic polydipsia. Naltrexone is an opioid antagonist approved by FDA for alcohol dependence. Extensive literature search provides a line of evidence that suggests correlation of opioid receptor with compulsive water ingestion in animals. However, there is limited data regarding clinical utility of naltrexone in improving psychogenic polydipsia in human species. This review highlights the necessity for further research and trials to elucidate the role of naltrexone in human psychogenic drinking behavior.
PubMed: 31598428
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5320