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Progress in Orthodontics Jun 2020Because changes in surface properties affect bacterial adhesion, orthodontic bonding procedures may significantly influence biofilm formation and composition around...
BACKGROUND
Because changes in surface properties affect bacterial adhesion, orthodontic bonding procedures may significantly influence biofilm formation and composition around orthodontic appliances. However, most studies used a mono-species biofilm model under static conditions, which does not simulate the intraoral environment and complex interactions of oral microflora because the oral cavity is a diverse and changeable environment. In this study, a multi-species biofilm model was used under dynamic culture conditions to assess the effects of the orthodontic bonding procedure on biofilm formation and compositional changes in two main oral pathogens, Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis.
METHODS
Four specimens were prepared with bovine incisors and bonding adhesive: untreated enamel surface (BI), enamel surface etched with 37% phosphoric acid (ET), primed enamel surface after etching (PR), and adhesive surface (AD). Surface roughness (SR), surface wettability (SW), and surface texture were evaluated. A multi-species biofilm was developed on each surface and adhesion amounts of Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and total bacteria were analyzed at day 1 and day 4 using real-time polymerase chain reaction. After determining the differences in biofilm formation, SR, and SW between the four surfaces, relationships between bacteria levels and surface properties were analyzed.
RESULTS
The order of SR was AD < PR < BI < ET, as BI and ET showed more irregular surface texture than PR and AD. For SW, ET had the greatest value followed by PR, BI, and AD. S. mutans and P. gingivalis showed greater adhesion to BI and ET with rougher and more wettable surfaces than to AD with smoother and less wettable surfaces. The adhesion of total bacteria and S. mutans significantly increased over time, but the amount of P. gingivalis decreased. The adhesion amounts of all bacteria were positively correlated with SR and SW, irrespective of incubation time.
CONCLUSIONS
Within the limitations of this study, changes in SR and SW associated with orthodontic bonding had significant effects on biofilm formation and composition of S. mutans and P. gingivalis.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms; Cattle; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Streptococcus mutans; Surface Properties
PubMed: 32476070
DOI: 10.1186/s40510-020-00314-8 -
Immunobiology Nov 2012Signaling crosstalk between complement and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) normally serves to coordinate host immunity. However, the periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas... (Review)
Review
Signaling crosstalk between complement and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) normally serves to coordinate host immunity. However, the periodontal bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis expresses C5 convertase-like enzymatic activity and adeptly exploits complement-TLR crosstalk to subvert host defenses and escape elimination. Intriguingly, this defective immune surveillance leads to the remodeling of the periodontal microbiota to a dysbiotic state that causes inflammatory periodontitis. Understanding the mechanisms by which P. gingivalis modulates complement function to cause dysbiosis offers new targets for complement therapeutics.
Topics: Bacteroidaceae Infections; Complement Activation; Complement C3-C5 Convertases; Complement System Proteins; Humans; Microbial Interactions; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Signal Transduction; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 22964237
DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.07.007 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Jan 2005Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium associated with the initiation and progression of adult periodontal disease. Iron is utilized by this... (Review)
Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium associated with the initiation and progression of adult periodontal disease. Iron is utilized by this pathogen in the form of heme and has been shown to play an essential role in its growth and virulence. Recently, considerable attention has been given to the characterization of various secreted and surface-associated proteins of P. gingivalis and their contribution to virulence. In particular, the properties of proteins involved in the uptake of iron and heme have been extensively studied. Unlike other Gram-negative bacteria, P. gingivalis does not produce siderophores. Instead it employs specific outer membrane receptors, proteases (particularly gingipains), and lipoproteins to acquire iron/heme. In this review, we will focus on the diverse mechanisms of iron and heme acquisition in P. gingivalis. Specific proteins involved in iron and heme capture will be described. In addition, we will discuss new genes for iron/heme utilization identified by nucleotide sequencing of the P. gingivalis W83 genome. Putative iron- and heme-responsive gene regulation in P. gingivalis will be discussed. We will also examine the significance of heme/hemoglobin acquisition for the virulence of this pathogen.
Topics: Genes, Bacterial; Heme; Iron; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Virulence
PubMed: 15652979
DOI: 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.09.001 -
Italian Journal of Pediatrics Oct 2023Periodontal disease and its bacteria can be responsible for pregnancy complications and transmission of periodontal bacteria from mother to newborn.
BACKGROUND
Periodontal disease and its bacteria can be responsible for pregnancy complications and transmission of periodontal bacteria from mother to newborn.
METHODS
A salivary swab to 60 healthy, full-term newborns and their mothers was taken immediately after birth. The test was performed with Real Time PCR method to evaluate the expression of the gene through DNA amplification. The species considered were: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium nucleatum ssp.
RESULTS
The newborn oral microbiome was composed primarily by saprophytes (98.38 + 4.88%), just like the mothers (98.8 + 3.69%). There was a statistically significant difference of the total microbiological density in newborns and mothers (p = 0.0001). Maternal and neonatal oral microbiome had a correlated total microbiological density only in 33.3% (N = 20/60) of cases. The analysis of the oral microbiome showed a pathological composition only in 12/60 babies (20%). The most frequent detected specie in newborns was Fusobacterium nucleatum (9/12 babies, 75%), as well as for the mothers (53.3%). However, the pathogen was present both in baby and his mother only in 3 dyads. Porphyromonas gingivalis showed the highest association mother-baby (4/12 dyads, 33%). Porphyromonas gingivalis was the pathogen with the highest bacterial load in the 12 mothers. We found a statistically significant difference in the total load of Porphyromonas gingivalis in mothers and babies (p = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS
There was a statistically significant difference in the richness of the microbiome from newborns and mothers. Even comparing the microbiological density in the oral cavity of the individual mother-child pairs, we did not find a significant concordance. These results seem to suggest a low influence of maternal oral microbiome on the richness of the oral neonatal one. We didn't find mother-child concordance (p = 0.0001) in the presence of pathogenic periodontal micro-organisms. Fusobacterium nucleatum was the most frequent specie detected. Porphyromonas gingivalis instead was the bacteria with the higher possibility of transmission. In conclusion in our study maternal oral health doesn't affect healthy, full-term newborns' oral microbiome. Further studies are needed to understand the maternal influence on newborn's oral microbiome and its effects on babies long-term health.
Topics: Infant; Pregnancy; Female; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Mothers
PubMed: 37840153
DOI: 10.1186/s13052-023-01520-w -
A Boolean Network Approach to Study the Mechanism Associated with Inflammatory Response Induced by .Archives of Razi Institute Feb 2023Anaerobic is a rod-shaped bacterium and is a primary agent of periodontal inflammation and thus periodontitis. This bacterium disturbs the normal flora of the oral... (Review)
Review
Anaerobic is a rod-shaped bacterium and is a primary agent of periodontal inflammation and thus periodontitis. This bacterium disturbs the normal flora of the oral cavity and causes dysbiosis. Databases including Google Scholar Scopus and PubMed were employed to find the evidence by using keywords like ',' 'Boolean network,' 'inflammatory response and ,' 'inflammation and . Only articles that reviewed the role of in oral inflammation were selected. promotes and reorganizes host immune systems against normal host flora, which causes a dysbiotic state. A reorganized immune system induces dysbiosis and periodontitis. Specifically, the role of the C5a receptor in the complement system is vital in this mechanism. can change the metabolic pathways of phagocytic cells without impeding inflammation. Toll-like receptor and complement signaling are inverted by , which aids them in overcoming immunological responses. However, they sustain the inflammation process, which promotes dysbiosis. Instead of a subjective approach, a systems perspective is required to comprehend this intricate process. A Boolean network is a system approach that seems to be a better approach to understanding this complicated interaction process of with the immune system and inflammation. In short, attempts to understand the complex process using the Boolean network will ultimately help in the early detection of periodontitis, and immediate treatment can prevent soft tissue destruction and dentition loss.
Topics: Animals; Dysbiosis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Inflammation; Hydrolases
PubMed: 37312726
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2021.356604.1877 -
Journal of Dental Research Apr 2021Epithelia are structurally integral elements in the fabric of oral mucosa with significant functional roles. Similarly, the gingival epithelium performs uniquely... (Review)
Review
Epithelia are structurally integral elements in the fabric of oral mucosa with significant functional roles. Similarly, the gingival epithelium performs uniquely critical tasks in responding to a variety of external stimuli and dangers through the regulation of specific built-in molecular mechanisms in a context-dependent fashion at cellular levels. Gingival epithelial cells form an anatomic architecture that confers defense, robustness, and adaptation toward external aggressions, most critically to colonizing microorganisms, among other functions. Accordingly, recent studies unraveled previously uncharacterized response mechanisms in gingival epithelial cells that are constructed to rapidly exert biocidal effects against invader pathobiotic bacteria, such as , through small danger molecule signaling. The host-adapted bacteria, however, have developed adroit strategies to 1) exploit the epithelia as privileged growth niches and 2) chronically target cellular bactericidal and homeostatic metabolic pathways for successful bacterial persistence. As the overgrowth of colonizing microorganisms in the gingival mucosa can shift from homeostasis to dysbiosis or a diseased state, it is crucial to understand how the innate modulatory molecules are intricately involved in antibacterial pathways and how they shape susceptibility versus resistance in the epithelium toward pathogens. Thus, in this review, we highlight recent discoveries in gingival epithelial cell research in the context of bacterial colonizers. The current knowledge outlined here demonstrates the ability of epithelial cells to possess highly organized defense machineries, which can jointly regulate host-derived danger molecule signaling and integrate specific global responses against opportunistic bacteria to combat microbial incursion and maintain host homeostatic balance. These novel examples collectively suggest that the oral epithelia are equipped with a dynamically robust and interconnected defense system encompassing sensors and various effector molecules that arrange and achieve a fine-tuned and advanced response to diverse bacteria.
Topics: Epithelial Cells; Gingiva; Homeostasis; Mouth Mucosa; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 33203318
DOI: 10.1177/0022034520973012 -
Journal of Periodontal Research Feb 2017Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered a major pathogen of chronic periodontitis, which also may be implicated with systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis. Secreted...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered a major pathogen of chronic periodontitis, which also may be implicated with systemic diseases such as atherosclerosis. Secreted cysteine proteases, gingipains Rgp and Kgp, are essential for P. gingivalis virulence. Some polyphenols and flavonoids are known to inhibit gingipain activity and interfere with biofilm formation by P. gingivalis. Many bioactive compounds have been isolated from Epimedium species, but availability of these compounds on gingipains and P. gingivalis is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate natural products from medical plants to develop a new therapeutic agent against periodontal disease.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Prenylated flavonoids were isolated from Epimedium species plant using column chromatographies. The inhibitory effect of the prenylated flavonoids against protease activity of gingipains were examined using purified gingipains and fluorogenic substrates. Anti-P. gingivalis activity was evaluated to analyze planktonic growth and biofilm formation in brain heart infusion medium in the presence of the prenylated flavonoids.
RESULTS
We isolated 17 prenylated flavonoids (Limonianin, Epimedokoreanin B, etc.) from Epimedium species. We found that some prenylated flavonoids inhibited gingipain activity in a non-competitive manner with K values at μm order. The prenylated flavonoids also hindered growth and biofilm formation of P. gingivalis, in a manner independent of gingipain inhibition by the compounds.
CONCLUSION
The results indicated an inhibitory effect of the prenylated flavonoids against P. gingivalis and would provide useful information for future development of periodontitis treatment that suppresses gingipains, P. gingivalis growth and biofilm formation.
Topics: Adhesins, Bacterial; Biofilms; Cysteine Endopeptidases; Epimedium; Flavonoids; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prenylation
PubMed: 26957413
DOI: 10.1111/jre.12372 -
Veterinary Microbiology May 2017Periodontitis is a polymicrobial infectious disease that causes occlusion change, tooth loss, difficulty in rumination, and premature culling of animals. This study...
Periodontitis is a polymicrobial infectious disease that causes occlusion change, tooth loss, difficulty in rumination, and premature culling of animals. This study aimed to detect species of the genera Porphyromonas and Prevotella present in the periodontal pocket of sheep with lesions deeper than 5mm (n=14) and in the gingival sulcus of animals considered periodontally healthy (n=20). The presence of microorganisms was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers for Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas gulae, Prevotella buccae, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella loescheii, Prevotella melaninogenica, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella oralis, and Prevotella tannerae. Prevalence and risk analysis were performed using Student's t-test and Spearman's correlation. Among the Prevotella and Porphyromonas species detected in the periodontal lesions of sheep, P. melaninogenica (85.7%), P. buccae (64.3%), P. gingivalis (50%), and P. endodontalis (50%) were most prevalent. P. gingivalis (15%) and P. oralis (10%) prevailed in the gingival sulcus. P. gulae and P. tannerae were not detected in the 34 samples studied. Data evaluation by t-test verified that occurrence of P. asaccharolytica, P. endodontalis, P. gingivalis, P. buccae, P. intermedia, P. melalinogenica, and P. nigrescens correlated with sheep periodontitis. The findings of this study will be an important contribution to research on pathogenesis of sheep periodontitis and development of its control measures.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Biofilms; Periodontal Pocket; Periodontitis; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Porphyromonas; Prevotella; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 28619155
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.03.032 -
The Medical Journal of Malaysia Nov 2023Mounting evidence has shown the significant correlation between periodontitis and the development of other comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease due to...
INTRODUCTION
Mounting evidence has shown the significant correlation between periodontitis and the development of other comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease due to periodontopathogenic bacterial migration and colonisation. As the main etiologic agent of periodontitis, the role of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) has been widely explored as the main culprit and its early detection is crucial to control the exacerbation of diseases. This review aims to identify and summarise all clinical diseases that potentially developed due to the presence of P. gingivalis and discover all its detection methods that have been developed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Full-text articles of case report, case control, cohort and cross-sectional studies that were published from 1st January 2012 until 30th June 2022, were searched using PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus. Periodontal related diseases were excluded in this review due to its wellknown associated disease with P. gingivalis. A comparison studies of detection methods were also excluded in this review.
RESULTS
Out of 612 articles that were screened, only 106 met the eligibility criteria to be selected for further review. Risk of bias was performed using FEAT principles and reviewers' discussion. A total of 21 final articles that were reviewed showed significant correlation with P. gingivalis and were classified into several clinical domains. Twelve out of 13 detection methods showed high sensitivity and specificity with short duration analysis.
CONCLUSION
Due to asymptomatic periodontal disease and the high prevalence of P. gingivalis-associated clinical diseases, this review suggests the need for oral public health awareness and early screening for the bacterium detection especially among elderly groups to maintain their quality of life.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Quality of Life
PubMed: 38031228
DOI: No ID Found -
PLoS Pathogens Mar 2014Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola are strongly associated with chronic periodontitis. These bacteria have been co-localized in subgingival plaque and...
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola are strongly associated with chronic periodontitis. These bacteria have been co-localized in subgingival plaque and demonstrated to exhibit symbiosis in growth in vitro and synergistic virulence upon co-infection in animal models of disease. Here we show that during continuous co-culture a P. gingivalis:T. denticola cell ratio of 6∶1 was maintained with a respective increase of 54% and 30% in cell numbers when compared with mono-culture. Co-culture caused significant changes in global gene expression in both species with altered expression of 184 T. denticola and 134 P. gingivalis genes. P. gingivalis genes encoding a predicted thiamine biosynthesis pathway were up-regulated whilst genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis were down-regulated. T. denticola genes encoding virulence factors including dentilisin and glycine catabolic pathways were significantly up-regulated during co-culture. Metabolic labeling using 13C-glycine showed that T. denticola rapidly metabolized this amino acid resulting in the production of acetate and lactate. P. gingivalis may be an important source of free glycine for T. denticola as mono-cultures of P. gingivalis and T. denticola were found to produce and consume free glycine, respectively; free glycine production by P. gingivalis was stimulated by T. denticola conditioned medium and glycine supplementation of T. denticola medium increased final cell density 1.7-fold. Collectively these data show P. gingivalis and T. denticola respond metabolically to the presence of each other with T. denticola displaying responses that help explain enhanced virulence of co-infections.
Topics: Coculture Techniques; Coinfection; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Symbiosis; Transcriptome; Treponema denticola
PubMed: 24603978
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003955