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Critical Care and Resuscitation :... Sep 1999To review the metabolism and function of potassium and causes and management of hypokalaemia.
OBJECTIVE
To review the metabolism and function of potassium and causes and management of hypokalaemia.
DATA SOURCES
A review of studies reported from 1966 to 1998 and identified through a MEDLINE search of the English-language literature of hypokalaemia.
SUMMARY OF REVIEW
Potassium is predominantly an intracellular ion that contributes to approximately 50% of the intracellular fluid osmolality and is largely responsible for the resting membrane potential. The latter accounts for its influence on the excitability of muscle and nervous tissue. Hypokalaemia is defined as a serum potassium of less than 3.5 mmol/L or plasma potassium less than 3.0 mmol/L and may be asymptomatic. Clinical features associated with hypokalaemia include abnormalities of cardiovascular, neurological and metabolic function and may be treated with oral potassium salts, although tachycardia and muscle weakness are the two life threatening disorders which may require rapid intravenous correction. The potassium salts of chloride, phosphate and acetate are often used, although the choice is often guided by the presence of an associated hypochloraemic alkalosis, non-anion gap acidosis or hypophosphataemia, indicating treatment with potassium chloride, potassium acetate, or potassium phosphate, respectively. The infusion rates of intravenous therapy depends upon the salt used. Potassium chloride is usually infused at a rate up to 40 mmol/h, whereas potassium acetate and potassium monohydrogen or dihydrogen phosphate are usually infused up to 5 mmol/h and 2 mmol/h respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Hypokalaemia can be asymptomatic or it may cause cardiovascular, neurological or skeletal muscle dysfunction. If intravenous potassium therapy is required, then correction with potassium chloride, acetate, or phosphate salts are usually guided by the presence of a metabolic acidosis, alkalosis or hypophosphataemia.
PubMed: 16603013
DOI: No ID Found -
IUCrData Feb 2022The reaction of AgNO with the ligand 2,2',2'',2'''-{[pyrazine-2,3,5,6-tetra-yltetra-kis-(methyl-ene)]tetra-kis-(sulfanedi-yl)}tetra-acetic acid in the presence of a...
The reaction of AgNO with the ligand 2,2',2'',2'''-{[pyrazine-2,3,5,6-tetra-yltetra-kis-(methyl-ene)]tetra-kis-(sulfanedi-yl)}tetra-acetic acid in the presence of a potassium acetate buffer lead to the formation of a silver(I)-potassium-organic framework, poly[dipotassium [(μ-2,2',2'',2'''-{[pyrazine-2,3,5,6-tetra-yltetra-kis(methyl-ene)]tetra-kis-(sulfanedi-yl)}tetra-acetato)-disilver(I)] 5.2-hydrate], {K[Ag(CHNOS)]·5.2HO} , (). The asymmetric unit is composed of half a binuclear silver complex located about a center of symmetry, a potassium cation and 2.6 disordered water mol-ecules. The whole binuclear silver complex is generated by inversion symmetry with the pyrazine ring being located about an inversion centre. The ligand coordinates in a bis-tetra-dentate manner. The binuclear silver complex anions are linked bridging Ag⋯S⋯Ag zigzag bonds, forming a network lying parallel to the plane. The networks are linked by O⋯ ⋯O bridging bonds to form a framework. The disordered water mol-ecules are present near to the K cations.
PubMed: 36340876
DOI: 10.1107/S2414314622000773 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2020Fluctuating environments force bacteria to constantly adapt and optimize the uptake of substrates to maintain cellular and nutritional homeostasis. Our recent findings...
Fluctuating environments force bacteria to constantly adapt and optimize the uptake of substrates to maintain cellular and nutritional homeostasis. Our recent findings revealed that LrgAB functions as a pyruvate uptake system in , and its activity is modulated in response to glucose and oxygen levels. Here, we show that the composition of the growth medium dramatically influences the magnitude and pattern of activation. Specifically, tryptone (T) medium does not provide a preferred environment for stationary phase activation, which is independent of external pyruvate concentration. The addition of pyruvate to T medium can elicit P activation during exponential growth, enabling the cell to utilize external pyruvate for improvement of cell growth. Through comparison of the medium composition and a series of GFP quantification assays for measurement of P activation, we found that acetate and potassium (K) play important roles in eliciting P activation at stationary phase. Of note, supplementation of pooled human saliva to T medium induced expression at stationary phase and in response to pyruvate, suggesting that LrgAB is likely functional in the oral cavity. High concentrations of acetate inhibit cell growth, while high concentrations of K negatively regulate activation. qPCR analysis also revealed that growth in T medium (acetate/K limited) significantly affects the expression of genes related to the catabolic pathways of pyruvate, including the Pta/AckA pathway (acetate metabolism). Lastly, stationary phase expression is not activated when is cultured in T medium, even in a strain that overexpresses . Taken together, these data suggest that activation and pyruvate uptake in are connected to acetate metabolism and potassium uptake systems, important for cellular and energy homeostasis. They also suggest that these factors need to be implemented when planning metabolic experiments and analyzing data in studies that may be sensitive to stationary growth phase.
PubMed: 32231651
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00401 -
RSC Advances Mar 2021Carboxylates are commonly used in the food and pharmaceutical industry and due to their extensive use, carboxylates present a significant environmental burden. In this...
Carboxylates are commonly used in the food and pharmaceutical industry and due to their extensive use, carboxylates present a significant environmental burden. In this context, valine based, heteroditopic receptor 1 was prepared and its ability to bind simultaneously potassium cation and acetate anion in water containing CHCN solutions was demonstrated. Under liquid-liquid extraction conditions the receptor 1 was capable of extracting hydrophilic AcOK salt from aqueous solution and was proved to be nearly ten times more effective than the equimolar mixture of monotopic receptors. Furthermore, compound 1 could extract one of the most popular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen (IbuOK), from relatively dilute aqueous solutions.
PubMed: 35423584
DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00859e -
The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology... 2021The purpose of this process improvement project was to determine the appropriate potassium concentration of stocked IV fluids used in the treatment of diabetic...
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this process improvement project was to determine the appropriate potassium concentration of stocked IV fluids used in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters (CHKD) Emergency Department.
METHODS
This is a retrospective chart review from July 1, 2018, through June 30, 2019. Patients ≤21 years of age with laboratory-confirmed DKA were included. The primary outcome was to determine the most used potassium concentration (20 mEq/L or 40 mEq/L) for stocked IV fluids. Secondary efficacy and safety outcomes included the percent of appropriately ordered fluids per the DKA treatment protocol, percent of patients who maintained goal serum potassium concentration, comparison of time from physician ordering to administration of prescribed IV fluids (t-elapsed), and comparison of serum potassium concentrations between the point of care (POC) test and basic metabolic panel (BMP).
RESULTS
Of the 113 patients included, 73 (64.6%) received 40 mEq/L, 7 of whom received half potassium acetate plus half potassium phosphate, and 40 (35.4%) received 20 mEq/L potassium IV fluids. In 101 patients (89.4%), fluids were ordered appropriately per protocol. Of these patients, 53 (52.5%) maintained goal serum potassium concentration. The t-elapsed from physician ordering to administration of the prescribed fluid concentrations was not statistically significant. The mean POC versus BMP potassium concentration was statistically significant (4.56 mmol/L versus 4.96 mmol/L, respectively; 95% CI: -0.49 to -0.30; p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
The CHKD pharmacy should stock the most used 40 mEq/L potassium IV fluids for DKA treatment.
PubMed: 34421408
DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-26.6.592 -
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2018We investigated the salt cocrystals formed by tofogliflozin with sodium acetate and potassium acetate by determining the crystal structures of the salt cocrystals and...
We investigated the salt cocrystals formed by tofogliflozin with sodium acetate and potassium acetate by determining the crystal structures of the salt cocrystals and characterizing the solid states. The salt cocrystal screening using the slurry method and the liquid-assisted grinding method resulted in the formation of tofogliflozin-sodium acetate 1 : 1 and tofogliflozin-potassium acetate 1 : 1 salt cocrystals. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that, although each salt cocrystal belongs to a different space group, both of the salt cocrystals have almost similar structural features, including the conformation of tofogliflozin molecules, the coordination to Na/K ions, and hydrogen bonds. The salt cocrystals exhibited extreme hygroscopicity with deliquescence, which is also a property of sodium acetate and potassium acetate. In addition, tofogliflozin-potassium acetate salt cocrystal had two polymorphs, which were enantiotropically related.
Topics: Benzhydryl Compounds; Crystallography, X-Ray; Glucosides; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; Potassium Acetate; Salts; Sodium Acetate
PubMed: 30381655
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00483 -
Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Jun 1999Examination of microbial diversity in environments of increasing salt concentrations indicates that certain types of dissimilatory metabolism do not occur at the highest... (Review)
Review
Examination of microbial diversity in environments of increasing salt concentrations indicates that certain types of dissimilatory metabolism do not occur at the highest salinities. Examples are methanogenesis for H2 + CO2 or from acetate, dissimilatory sulfate reduction with oxidation of acetate, and autotrophic nitrification. Occurrence of the different metabolic types is correlated with the free-energy change associated with the dissimilatory reactions. Life at high salt concentrations is energetically expensive. Most bacteria and also the methanogenic Archaea produce high intracellular concentrations of organic osmotic solutes at a high energetic cost. All halophilic microorganisms expend large amounts of energy to maintain steep gradients of NA+ and K+ concentrations across their cytoplasmic membrane. The energetic cost of salt adaptation probably dictates what types of metabolism can support life at the highest salt concentrations. Use of KCl as an intracellular solute, while requiring far-reaching adaptations of the intracellular machinery, is energetically more favorable than production of organic-compatible solutes. This may explain why the anaerobic halophilic fermentative bacteria (order Haloanaerobiales) use this strategy and also why halophilic homoacetogenic bacteria that produce acetate from H2 + CO2 exist whereas methanogens that use the same substrates in a reaction with a similar free-energy yield do not.
Topics: Adaptation, Biological; Adenosine Triphosphate; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Biological Evolution; Haloarcula; Halobacteriaceae; Halobacterium; Osmosis; Potassium; Potassium Chloride
PubMed: 10357854
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.63.2.334-348.1999 -
Organic Letters Sep 2021A nickel-catalyzed cyanation of aryl thioethers using Zn(CN) as a cyanide source has been developed to access functionalized aryl nitriles. The ligand dcype...
A nickel-catalyzed cyanation of aryl thioethers using Zn(CN) as a cyanide source has been developed to access functionalized aryl nitriles. The ligand dcype (1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane) in combination with the base KOAc (potassium acetate) is essential for achieving this transformation efficiently. This reaction involves both a C-S bond activation and a C-C bond formation. The scalability, low catalyst and reagents loadings, and high functional group tolerance have enabled both late-stage derivatization and polymer recycling, demonstrating the reaction's utility across organic chemistry.
PubMed: 34433260
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02285 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023We have previously shown that an excess of deoxycorticosterone acetate and high sodium chloride intake (DOCA/salt) in one-renin gene mice induces a high urinary Na/K...
We have previously shown that an excess of deoxycorticosterone acetate and high sodium chloride intake (DOCA/salt) in one-renin gene mice induces a high urinary Na/K ratio, hypokalemia, and cardiac and renal hypertrophy in the absence of hypertension. Dietary potassium supplementation prevents DOCA/salt-induced pathological processes. In the present study, we further study whether DOCA/salt-treated mice progressively develop chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the kidney and whether dietary potassium supplementation can reduce the DOCA/salt-induced renal pathological process. Results showed that (1) long-term DOCA/salt-treated one-renin gene mice developed severe kidney injuries including tubular/vascular hypertrophy, mesangial/interstitial/perivascular fibrosis, inflammation (lymphocyte's immigration), proteinuria, and high serum creatinine in the absence of hypertension; (2) there were over-expressed mRNAs of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), fibronectin, collagen type I and III, interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP1), transforming growth factor- (TGF-), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), osteopontin, Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)/P65, and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1; and (3) dietary potassium supplementation normalized urinary Na/K ratio, hypokalemia, proteinuria, and serum creatinine, reduced renal hypertrophy, inflammations, and fibrosis, and down-regulated mRNA expression of fibronectin, Col-I and III, TGF-, TNF-, osteopontin, and ICAM without changes in the blood pressure. The results provide new evidence that potassium and sodium may modulate proinflammatory and fibrotic genes, leading to chronic renal lesions independent of blood pressure.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Blood Pressure; Sodium Chloride; Fibronectins; Osteopontin; Potassium, Dietary; Desoxycorticosterone Acetate; Chlorides; Renin; Hypokalemia; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Creatinine; Hypertension; Kidney; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Glomerulonephritis; Inflammation; Dietary Supplements; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Proteinuria; Hypertrophy; Fibrosis; Acetates
PubMed: 38069178
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316858 -
Chemical Science Oct 2019A new single-step proline-potassium acetate promoted reductive dehydroxylation of α-ketols is reported. We introduce the unexplored reactivity of proline and, for the...
A new single-step proline-potassium acetate promoted reductive dehydroxylation of α-ketols is reported. We introduce the unexplored reactivity of proline and, for the first time, reveal its ability to function as a reducing agent. The developed metal-free and open-flask operation generally results in good yields. Our protocol allows the challenging selective dehydroxylation of hydroxyketones without affecting other functional groups.
PubMed: 32110298
DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02543j