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Nutrients Mar 2024Potassium is a monovalent cation widely present in nature, where it is not in metallic form, but always in combination with other substances, especially chloride [...].
Potassium is a monovalent cation widely present in nature, where it is not in metallic form, but always in combination with other substances, especially chloride [...].
Topics: Humans; Potassium; Chlorides; Potassium Chloride
PubMed: 38542744
DOI: 10.3390/nu16060833 -
Kidney360 Nov 2022Elevated abundance of sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) and phosphorylated NCC (pNCC) are potential markers of primary aldosteronism (PA), but these effects may be...
BACKGROUND
Elevated abundance of sodium-chloride cotransporter (NCC) and phosphorylated NCC (pNCC) are potential markers of primary aldosteronism (PA), but these effects may be driven by hypokalemia.
METHODS
We measured plasma potassium in patients with PA. If potassium was <4.0 mmol/L, patients were given sufficient oral potassium chloride (KCl) over 24 hours to achieve as close to 4.0 mmol/L as possible. Clinical chemistries were assessed, and urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) were examined to investigate effects on NCC.
RESULTS
Among 21 patients with PA who received a median total dose of 6.0 g (2.4-16.8 g) of KCl, increases were observed in plasma potassium (from 3.4 to 4.0 mmol/L; <0.001), aldosterone (from 305 to 558 pmol/L; 0.01), and renin (from 1.2 to 2.5 mIU/L; <0.001), whereas decreases were detected in uEV levels of NCC (median fold change [FC]=0.71 [0.09-1.99]; 0.02), pT60-NCC (FC=0.84 [0.06-1.66]; 0.05), and pT55/60-NCC (FC=0.67 [0.08-2.42]; 0.02). By contrast, in 10 patients with PA who did not receive KCl, there were no apparent changes in plasma potassium, NCC abundance, and phosphorylation status, but increases were observed in plasma aldosterone (from 178 to 418 pmol/L; 0.006) and renin (from 2.0 to 3.0 mU/L; 0.009). Plasma potassium correlated inversely with uEV levels of NCC ( =0.11; 0.01), pT60-NCC ( =0.11; =0.01), and pT55/60-NCC ( =0.11; =0.01).
CONCLUSIONS
Acute oral KCl loading replenished plasma potassium in patients with PA and suppressed NCC abundance and phosphorylation, despite a significant rise in plasma aldosterone. This supports the view that potassium supplementation in humans with PA overrides the aldosterone stimulatory effect on NCC. The increased plasma aldosterone in patients with PA without KCl supplementation may be due to aldosterone response to posture challenge.
Topics: Humans; Sodium Chloride Symporters; Aldosterone; Potassium Chloride; Renin; Phosphorylation; Potassium; Hyperaldosteronism; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36514401
DOI: 10.34067/KID.0003632022 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Apr 1973The absorption of potassium chloride in liquid form has been studied, using urinary excretion as an index of absorption. The excretion of potassium chloride was observed...
The absorption of potassium chloride in liquid form has been studied, using urinary excretion as an index of absorption. The excretion of potassium chloride was observed after inducing a water diuresis and administering a single dose in liquid form. There is evidence that potassium chloride in liquid form is absorbed rapidly, probably from the stomach, and hence there is a good rationale for its use where rapid absorption is needed, as in digitalis intoxication.
Topics: Absorption; Administration, Oral; Arrhythmias, Cardiac; Diuresis; Humans; Hypokalemia; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Time Factors
PubMed: 4707232
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a commonly used additive in minimally processed fish-based products. The addition of NaCl to fish products and packaging in a modified...
Sodium chloride (NaCl) is a commonly used additive in minimally processed fish-based products. The addition of NaCl to fish products and packaging in a modified atmosphere is usually efficient with regard to limiting the occurrence of the aquatic environmental pathogen Given the negative effects of excess NaCl in the diet, there is a growing demand to reduce NaCl in food products with safer substituents, but the knowledge of their impact on antibiotic resistant is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and transcriptome characteristics of NT06 isolated from fish and to determine the effect of selected concentrations of alternative NaCl compounds (KCl/NaL/NaC) on the NT06 virulence phenotype and genotype. In the study, among the isolated microorganisms, NT06 showed the highest antibiotic resistance (to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, nalidixic acid, and norfloxacin) and the ability to grow at 4 °C. The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) and the Virulence Factor Database (VFDB) revealed the presence of 24 and 134 gene products assigned to AMR and VF in the NT06 transcriptome, respectively. KCl, KCl/NaL and KCl/NaL/NaC inhibited pyocyanin biosynthesis, elastase activity, and protease activity from 40 to 77%. The above virulence phenotypic observations were confirmed via RT-qPCR analyses, which showed that all tested AMR and VF genes were the most downregulated due to KCl/NaL/NaC treatment. In conclusion, this study provides insight into the potential AMR and VF among foodborne and the possible impairment of those features by KCl, NaL, and NaC, which exert synergistic effects and can be used in minimally processed fish-based products.
Topics: Animals; Virulence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sodium Citrate; Sodium Lactate; Potassium Chloride; Sodium Chloride; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Virulence Factors; Pseudomonas Infections
PubMed: 37764430
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186654 -
Journal of Dairy Science Mar 2013We investigated use of potassium chloride (KCl) to maintain both the salty flavor and to replace the preservative effects of salt when reducing the sodium content in...
We investigated use of potassium chloride (KCl) to maintain both the salty flavor and to replace the preservative effects of salt when reducing the sodium content in natural cheese. Because salt replacers can affect flavor because of inherent off-flavors, such as bitter and metallic, we examined the use of flavor enhancers for their ability to modulate some of these undesirable sensory effects. Stirred-curd Cheddar-style cheese was manufactured using 2 cheese-making procedures (different curd knife sizes and target salting titratable acidities), in duplicate. Curd was salted with sodium chloride (NaCl) or 60% reduced sodium blends of NaCl and KCl (2 different sources). Curd was also salted at a 60% reduced sodium rate with NaCl and KCl with added flavor enhancers. A hydrolyzed vegetable protein/yeast extract blend, a natural "potassium-blocking type" flavor, disodium inosinate, or disodium guanylate were each blended with the reduced sodium salt blend and added to curd at the salting step. The resulting blocks of cheese were aged for 5 mo and evaluated monthly for chemical, microbial, and sensory differences. At 5 mo of aging, we measured liking for the cheeses using a consumer panel. Overall, cheeses were well liked by the consumer panel, and the scores of reduced sodium cheese with 2 different KCl sources were not different from those of the full-sodium control. The addition of flavor enhancers to Cheddar curd had mixed results, with one improving the consumer flavor liking only slightly over KCl, and one (disodium inosinate) significantly reducing consumer flavor liking scores, presumably due to the amount of umami flavor it contributed. Potassium chloride replacement salts sourced from different manufacturers affected the chemical and flavor properties of cheese, and changes to pH and temperature targets may be necessary to yield cheese with the moisture and pH targets desired. The cheese-making procedure used also influenced flavors observed, which resulted in higher levels of brothy flavor in cheese made with smaller curd knives and a higher target salting titratable acidity. This effect resulted in lower consumer liking scores.
Topics: Cheese; Flavoring Agents; Food Quality; Food Technology; Potassium Chloride; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 23332837
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6057 -
BMJ Case Reports Dec 2018Hypokalaemia can be treated with potassium chloride mixture. Some mixtures contain liquorice extract (glycyrrhizin) as a supplement to improve taste. Glycyrrhizin can...
Hypokalaemia can be treated with potassium chloride mixture. Some mixtures contain liquorice extract (glycyrrhizin) as a supplement to improve taste. Glycyrrhizin can cause pseudohyperaldosteronism and thereby result in hypertension and hypokalaemia. We here present a case where treatment with potassium chloride mixture causes hypertension and hypokalaemia in a 50-year-old woman. After unravelling differential diagnosis, the potassium chloride mixture was stopped. After the discontinuation, the patient's blood pressure was well managed and the potassium levels normalised.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Glycyrrhiza; Glycyrrhizic Acid; Humans; Hyperaldosteronism; Hypertension; Hypokalemia; Middle Aged; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Treatment Outcome; Verapamil
PubMed: 30567256
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223732 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jul 2021Sodium intake in the USA exceeds recommendations. The replacement of added sodium chloride (NaCl) with potassium chloride (KCl) provides a potential strategy to reduce...
BACKGROUND
Sodium intake in the USA exceeds recommendations. The replacement of added sodium chloride (NaCl) with potassium chloride (KCl) provides a potential strategy to reduce sodium intake.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to quantitatively estimate changes in intakes of sodium and potassium by the US population assuming use of potassium-based NaCl replacers in top dietary sodium sources.
METHODS
Data collected in the What We Eat in America (WWEIA) component of the 2015-2016 and 2009-2010 NHANES were used to identify top-ranking sources of dietary sodium among the population aged 2 y and older based on contributions from food categories aligning with the FDA draft guidance for voluntary sodium reduction. Predicted nutrient intakes were estimated in models assuming total and feasible and practical (F&P) replacement of added NaCl with KCl in foods and ingredients within the top food sources of sodium. An expert elicitation was conducted to collect information on the F&P KCl replacement of added NaCl.
RESULTS
Using 2015-2016 consumption data, the total replacement of added NaCl with KCl in the 18 top-ranking sources of dietary sodium results in a predicted sodium intake of 2004 mg/d from the replacement of 1406 mg/d sodium with 1870 mg/d potassium as KCl. Modeled F&P replacement predicted sodium intakes of 3117 mg/d (range of 2953 to 3255 mg/d) from the replacement of 294 mg/d sodium (155 to 457 mg/d) with 390 mg/d potassium (206 to 608 mg/d). Similar results are seen with 2009-2010 data.
CONCLUSIONS
The F&P replacement of NaCl with KCl in top-ranking sources of dietary sodium modeled in this study can result in decreased sodium to a level consistent with the short-term intake goal targeted by the FDA of 3000 mg/d, with the mean potassium intake remaining in the range recommended for the apparently healthy population.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Food; Humans; Models, Biological; Nutrition Surveys; Potassium Chloride; Potassium, Dietary; Sodium, Dietary; United States
PubMed: 33755042
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab020 -
ASN Neuro 2020Elevated extracellular potassium chloride is widely used to achieve membrane depolarization of cultured neurons. This technique has illuminated mechanisms of calcium... (Review)
Review
Elevated extracellular potassium chloride is widely used to achieve membrane depolarization of cultured neurons. This technique has illuminated mechanisms of calcium influx through L-type voltage sensitive calcium channels, activity-regulated signaling, downstream transcriptional events, and many other intracellular responses to depolarization. However, there is enormous variability in these treatments, including durations from seconds to days and concentrations from 3mM to 150 mM KCl. Differential effects of these variable protocols on neuronal activity and transcriptional programs are underexplored. Furthermore, potassium chloride treatments are criticized for being poor representatives of phenomena and are questioned for their effects on cell viability. In this review, we discuss the intracellular consequences of elevated extracellular potassium chloride treatment , the variability of such treatments in the literature, the strengths and limitations of this tool, and relevance of these studies to brain functions and dysfunctions.
Topics: Action Potentials; Animals; Calcium Channels, L-Type; Humans; Membrane Potentials; Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents; Neurons; Potassium Chloride
PubMed: 33256465
DOI: 10.1177/1759091420974807 -
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of... Apr 2023Smooth muscle cells contribute to the mechanical function of various soft tissues, however, their contribution to the viscoelastic response when subjected to multiaxial...
Smooth muscle cells contribute to the mechanical function of various soft tissues, however, their contribution to the viscoelastic response when subjected to multiaxial loading remains unknown. The vagina is a fibromuscular viscoelastic organ that is exposed to prolonged and increased pressures with daily activities and physiologic processes such as vaginal birth. The vagina changes in geometry over time under prolonged pressure, known as creep. Vaginal smooth muscle cells may contribute to creep. This may be critical for the function of vaginal and other soft tissues that experience fluctuations in their biomechanical environment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop methods to evaluate the contribution of smooth muscle to vaginal creep under multiaxial loading using extension - inflation tests. The vaginas from wildtype mice (C57BL/6 × 129SvEv; 3-6 months; n = 10) were stimulated with various concentrations of potassium chloride then subjected to the measured in vivo pressure (7 mmHg) for 100 s. In a different cohort of mice (n = 5), the vagina was stimulated with a single concentration of potassium chloride then subjected to 5 and 15 mmHg. A laser micrometer measured vaginal outer diameter in real-time. Immunofluorescence evaluated the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and myosin heavy chain in the vaginal muscularis (n = 6). When smooth muscle contraction was activated, vaginal creep behavior increased compared to the relaxed state. However, increased pressure decreased the active creep response. This study demonstrated that extension - inflation protocols can be used to evaluate smooth muscle contribution to the viscoelastic response of tubular soft tissues.
Topics: Female; Mice; Animals; Potassium Chloride; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle, Smooth; Muscle Contraction; Vagina
PubMed: 36764168
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105702 -
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology :... Apr 2019
Comparative Study Observational Study
Topics: Abortifacient Agents, Nonsteroidal; Abortion, Induced; Female; France; Humans; Injections; Lidocaine; Potassium Chloride; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 29577503
DOI: 10.1002/uog.19059