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British Medical Journal Nov 1972
Topics: Acidosis; Ammonium Chloride; Drug Interactions; Female; Heart Failure; Humans; Middle Aged; Potassium Chloride; Spironolactone
PubMed: 5083905
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.4.5835.298-d -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Apr 19911. The effects of 4-6 weeks treatment with placebo, potassium chloride 32 mmol 12 hourly, and spironolactone 25 mg 12 hourly upon the plasma potassium concentration-time... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
1. The effects of 4-6 weeks treatment with placebo, potassium chloride 32 mmol 12 hourly, and spironolactone 25 mg 12 hourly upon the plasma potassium concentration-time profile were examined in hypertensive patients taking bendrofluazide 5 mg daily. 2. When compared with placebo, potassium chloride increased peak plasma potassium concentration (P less than 0.05), 12 h AUC for plasma potassium (P less than 0.1), and 12 h urine potassium excretion (P = 0.002). Spironolactone increased peak plasma potassium concentration (P less than 0.05), and 12 h AUC for plasma potassium (P less than 0.05), compared with placebo values. 3. Potassium chloride and spironolactone did not differ significantly in any respect other than 12 h urine potassium excretion. The 12 h AUC for plasma potassium was 35% larger with spironolactone than potassium chloride (not significant). 4. With both active drugs peak plasma potassium was observed 2-3 h after dosing, and efficacy tended to wane towards 12 h. However, variability of plasma potassium within the dose interval was not increased markedly, and 12 hourly dosing is probably satisfactory for both potassium chloride and spironolactone at the doses studied.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Bendroflumethiazide; Drug Administration Schedule; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Spironolactone
PubMed: 2049255
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1991.tb05562.x -
BMC Pulmonary Medicine Jun 2021Different from current cognition, our study demonstrated that adrenergic receptors agonist phenylephrine significantly relaxed isolated pulmonary artery but constricted...
BACKGROUND
Different from current cognition, our study demonstrated that adrenergic receptors agonist phenylephrine significantly relaxed isolated pulmonary artery but constricted pulmonary veins. Through comparing differences in the effects of commonly used vasoactive drugs on pulmonary artery and veins, the study aimed to improve efficiency and accuracy of isolated pulmonary vascular experiments, and to provide experimental basis for clinical drug use.
METHODS
The contractile responses of pulmonary arteries and veins from twelve-week-old Male Sprague-Dawley rats to phenylephrine, arginine vasopressin (AVP), U46619, endothelin-1, and potassium chloride (KCl) were recorded, as well as the relaxation in response to phenylephrine, AVP, acetylcholine. To further explore the mechanism, some vessels was also pre-incubated with adrenergic receptors antagonists propranolol, prazosin and nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor N[gamma]-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) before addition of the experimental drugs.
RESULTS
Phenylephrine constricted pulmonary veins directly, but constricted pulmonary artery only after incubation with propranolol or/and L-NAME. The pulmonary artery exhibited significant relaxation to AVP with or without L-NAME incubation. AVP more clearly constricted the veins after incubation with L-NAME. Changes in vascular tension also varied from pulmonary artery to veins for KCl stimulation. Different from phenomena presented in veins, acetylcholine did not relax pulmonary artery preconstricted by KCl, U46619, and endothelin-1.
CONCLUSIONS
According to the results, phenylephrine, KCl, AVP, and acetylcholine could be used to distinguish pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins in vitro. This also suggested that the pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins have great differences in physiology and drug reactivity.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Arginine Vasopressin; Male; Phenylephrine; Potassium Chloride; Pulmonary Artery; Pulmonary Veins; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Vasoconstrictor Agents
PubMed: 34090386
DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01558-8 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jan 2019Surgical sterilization of stray dogs is the most widely used technique to control stray dog population. Although ovariectomy is an effective technique for elective...
BACKGROUND
Surgical sterilization of stray dogs is the most widely used technique to control stray dog population. Although ovariectomy is an effective technique for elective sterilization of female dogs, most stray dog population control programs generally utilize ovariohysterectomy for spaying female dogs. In the context of stray dog sterilization, laparoscopic ovariectomy has been utilized and reported to be cost-effective compared to programs utilizing open surgical approaches. However, when pregnant stray dogs are encountered either conventional ovariohysterectomy is performed or surgery is deferred altogether. It is reported that ovariectomy at any stage during canine pregnancy results in fetal resorption or abortion, however, clinical outcomes following laparoscopic ovariectomy in dogs in late gestation have not been previously reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcome of laparoscopic ovariectomy with intra-gestational sac injection (IGSI) of potassium chloride (KCl) in dogs in late gestation.
RESULTS
Eight client owned dogs in the gestational age range of 40-50 days underwent laparoscopic ovariectomy with IGSI of KCl. Laparoscopic ovariectomy resulted in decreased serum progesterone from 11.6 ± 2.6 ng/ml on day 0 to 1.3 ± 0.4 ng/ml 24 h' post-surgery. IGSI of KCl did not result in immediate fetal death and fetal death temporally closely followed the drop in serum progesterone noted 24 h post-ovariectomy. Viscous brown vulvar discharge preceded fetal expulsion by 12 h and all the fetuses were dead when expelled. Uterine evacuation was documented within 45 ± 20 h (1-3.5 days) in all dogs without any clinically significant complications.
CONCLUSION
Laparoscopic ovariectomy enables elective termination of pregnancy and simultaneous neutering of dogs in late gestation and has potential applications in high volume stray dog sterilization programs which utilize laparoscopy. Utility of IGSI of KCl in this regard is unclear.
Topics: Abortion, Induced; Animals; Dogs; Female; Gestational Sac; Injections; Laparoscopy; Ovariectomy; Potassium Chloride; Pregnancy; Progesterone
PubMed: 30621681
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1770-z -
Bacteriological Reviews Dec 1976
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Bacteria; Ecology; Electrolytes; Eukaryota; Glycerol; Osmosis; Potassium Chloride; Preservation, Biological; Sodium Chloride; Solutions; Water; Yeasts
PubMed: 1008746
DOI: 10.1128/br.40.4.803-846.1976 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Dec 2021Excessive sodium consumption is a worldwide public health concern. The substitution of sodium chloride (NaCl) for potassium chloride (KCl) has been adopted to reduce the...
Excessive sodium consumption is a worldwide public health concern. The substitution of sodium chloride (NaCl) for potassium chloride (KCl) has been adopted to reduce the sodium concentration in processed foods. The challenge is to make this substitution without affecting the sensory acceptance of foods. In this context, the objective was to determine from which concentrations the replacement of NaCl by KCl results in reduced acceptance (compromised acceptance threshold - CAT) and begins the sensory rejection (hedonic rejection threshold - HRT) of cracker-type biscuits. Using the hedonic thresholds methodology (HTM) by varying a stimulus, CAT and HRT were determined for the concentration of NaCl in crackers and, by varying two stimuli, CAT and HRT, for replacing NaCl with KCl in crackers were determined. Without the addition of KCl, the reduction in acceptance started to occur by reducing the NaCl content by around 60% (from 1.81% to 0.73%); and sensory rejection began to appear by reducing the NaCl content by approximately 93% (1.81% to 0.13%). Reduction in the acceptance started to occur by lowering the NaCl content by around 78% (from 1.81% to 0.397%), with the addition of 0.896% KCl. In addition, by adding KCl, it was possible to reduce 100% NaCl without sensory rejection of the crackers. With these results, cracker industries can reduce the sodium content of their products, contributing to the reduction of population salt intake.
Topics: Fast Foods; Potassium Chloride; Sodium; Sodium Chloride; Taste
PubMed: 34865813
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110798 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Dec 2017Low potassium has been identified both as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and as a mediator of the racial disparity in diabetes risk. Low potassium could be a... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Low potassium has been identified both as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and as a mediator of the racial disparity in diabetes risk. Low potassium could be a potentially modifiable risk factor, particularly for African Americans. We sought to determine the effects of potassium chloride (KCl) supplements, at a commonly prescribed dose, on measures of potassium and glucose metabolism. Among African-American adults with prediabetes, we conducted a double-blinded pilot randomized controlled trial that compared the effects of 40 mEq K/d as KCl supplements with a matching placebo, taken for 3 mo, on measures of potassium and glucose metabolism, with measures collected from frequently sampled oral-glucose-tolerance tests (OGTTs). Twenty-seven of 29 recruited participants completed the trial. Participants had high adherence to the study medication (92% by pill count). Participants in both groups gained weight, with an overall mean ± SD weight gain of 1.24 ± 2.03 kg. In comparison with participants who received placebo, urine potassium but not serum potassium increased significantly among participants randomly assigned to receive KCl ( = 0.005 and 0.258, respectively). At the end of the study, participants taking KCl had stable or improved fasting glucose, with a mean ± SD change in fasting glucose of -1.1 ± 8.4 mg/dL compared with an increase of 6.1 ± 7.6 mg/dL in those who received placebo ( = 0.03 for comparison between arms). There were no significant differences in glucose or insulin measures during the OGTT between the 2 groups, but there was a trend for improved insulin sensitivity in potassium-treated participants. In this pilot trial, KCl at a dose of 40 mEq/d did not increase serum potassium significantly. However, despite weight gain, KCl prevented worsening of fasting glucose. Further studies in larger sample sizes, as well as with interventions to increase serum potassium more than was achieved with our intervention, are indicated to definitively test this potentially safe and inexpensive approach to reducing diabetes risk. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02236598.
Topics: Adult; Black or African American; Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Fasting; Female; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Potassium Deficiency; Prediabetic State; Risk Factors; Weight Gain
PubMed: 29092881
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.161570 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2021Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is a propagating wave of tissue depolarization characterized by a large increase of extracellular potassium concentration and...
Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is a propagating wave of tissue depolarization characterized by a large increase of extracellular potassium concentration and prolonged subsequent electrical silencing of neurons. Waves of CSD arise spontaneously in various acute neurological settings, including migraine aura and ischemic stroke. Recently, we have reported that pan-inhibition of adrenergic receptors (AdRs) facilitates the normalization of extracellular potassium after acute photothrombotic stroke in mice. Here, we have extended that mechanistic study to ask whether AdR antagonists also modify the dynamics of KCl-induced CSD and post-CSD recovery in vivo. Spontaneous neural activity and KCl-induced CSD were visualized by cortex-wide transcranial Ca imaging in G-CaMP7 transgenic mice. AdR antagonism decreased the recurrence of CSD waves and accelerated the post-CSD recovery of neural activity. Two-photon imaging revealed that astrocytes exhibited aberrant Ca signaling after passage of the CSD wave. This astrocytic Ca activity was diminished by the AdR antagonists. Furthermore, AdR pan-antagonism facilitated the normalization of the extracellular potassium level after CSD, which paralleled the recovery of neural activity. These observations add support to the proposal that neuroprotective effects of AdR pan-antagonism arise from accelerated normalization of extracellular K levels in the setting of acute brain injury.
Topics: Adrenergic Antagonists; Animals; Calcium; Cortical Spreading Depression; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Male; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Potassium Chloride; Recovery of Function; Thrombotic Stroke
PubMed: 33854148
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87609-w -
Journal of Dairy Science Jan 2011The effect of partial substitution of NaCl with KCl on texture profile and microstructure of Halloumi cheese was investigated. Four batches of Halloumi cheese were made...
The effect of partial substitution of NaCl with KCl on texture profile and microstructure of Halloumi cheese was investigated. Four batches of Halloumi cheese were made and kept in 4 different brine solutions (18%, wt/wt), including A) NaCl only, B) 3NaCl:1KCl, C) 1NaCl:1KCl, and D) 1NaCl:3KCl and then stored at 4°C for 56 d. The texture profile was analyzed using an Instron universal machine, whereas an environmental scanning electron microscope was used to investigate the effect of NaCl substitution on the microstructure of cheeses. No significant difference was found in hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, and gumminess among experimental cheeses at the same storage day. Hardness, cohesiveness, and gumminess decreased significantly during storage period with the same salt treatment, whereas adhesiveness significantly increased. Environmental scanning electron microscope micrographs showed a compact and closed texture for cheeses at the same storage period. The microstructure of all cheeses became more closed and compact with storage period. Calcium content negatively correlated with hardness and Na and K contents during storage with the same salt treatment.
Topics: Animals; Cheese; Chemical Phenomena; Food Handling; Potassium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 21183014
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3407 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2016To investigate the interacting effects of polymer coated urea (PCU) and polymer coated potassium chloride (PCPC) on cotton growth, an experiment was conducted with...
To investigate the interacting effects of polymer coated urea (PCU) and polymer coated potassium chloride (PCPC) on cotton growth, an experiment was conducted with containerized plants in 2014 and 2015. There were two kinds of nitrogen fertilizer, PCU and urea, which were combined with PCPC at three application rates (40, 80 and 120 kg ha). The kinds of nitrogen fertilizer formed the main plot, while individual rates of PCPC were the subplots. The results suggested N and K release patterns for PCU and PCPC in the soil were closely matched to the N and K requirements by cotton. Soil inorganic nitrogen contents significantly increased by using PCU instead of urea, and the same trend was observed with soil available potassium contents, which also had increased rates. Meanwhile, the number of bolls and lint yields of cotton in the PCU treatments were 4.9-35.3% and 2.9-40.7% higher than from urea treatments. Lint yields also increased by 9.1-12.7% with PCPC80 and PCPC120 treatments compared with PCPC40 treatment at the same nitrogen type. Hence, application of PCU combined with 80 kg ha of PCPC fertilizer on cotton increased the yields and fertilizer use efficiencies in addition to improving fiber quality and delaying leaf senescence.
Topics: Agriculture; Biomass; Delayed-Action Preparations; Fertilizers; Gossypium; Nitrogen; Polymers; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Soil; Urea
PubMed: 27966638
DOI: 10.1038/srep39030