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Archives of Emergency Medicine Dec 1986
Topics: Animals; Blood Pressure; Bone Marrow; Fluid Therapy; Heart Arrest; Potassium Chloride; Swine
PubMed: 3801111
DOI: 10.1136/emj.3.4.231 -
Scientific Reports May 2017The random nature of seizures poses difficult challenges for epilepsy research. There is great need for a reliable method to control the pathway to seizure onset, which...
The random nature of seizures poses difficult challenges for epilepsy research. There is great need for a reliable method to control the pathway to seizure onset, which would allow investigation of the mechanisms of ictogenesis and optimization of treatments. Our hypothesis is that increased random afferent synaptic activity (i.e. synaptic noise) within the epileptic focus is one endogenous method of ictogenesis. Building upon previous theoretical and in vitro work showing that synaptic noise can induce seizures, we developed a novel in vivo model of ictogenesis. By increasing the excitability of afferent connections to the hippocampus, we control the risk of temporal lobe seizures during a specific time period. The afferent synaptic activity in the hippocampus was modulated by focal microinjections of potassium chloride into the nucleus reuniens, during which the risk of seizure occurrence increased substantially. The induced seizures were qualitatively and quantitatively indistinguishable from spontaneous ones. This model thus allows direct control of the temporal lobe seizure threshold via endogenous pathways, providing a novel tool in which to investigate the mechanisms and biomarkers of ictogenesis, test for seizure threshold, and rapidly tune antiseizure treatments.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe; Hippocampus; Humans; Midline Thalamic Nuclei; Potassium Chloride; Rats; Seizures; Synapses; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 28465556
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01450-8 -
Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology... Jul 2003
Review
Studies of ventricular fibrillation caused by electric shock: II. Cinematographic and electrocardiographic observations of the natural process in the dog's heart. Its inhibition by potassium and the revival of coordinated beats by calcium.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Electrocardiography; Electroshock; Heart Conduction System; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Models, Cardiovascular; Potassium Chloride; Ventricular Fibrillation
PubMed: 14510663
DOI: 10.1046/j.1542-474x.2003.08316.x -
Arthritis and Rheumatism Oct 1965
Comparative Study
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Antihypertensive Agents; Blood; Chlorothiazide; Diazoxide; Humans; Potassium Chloride; Probenecid; Uric Acid; Urine
PubMed: 5859554
DOI: 10.1002/art.1780080446 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2015In vitro culture of dissociated retinal neurons is an important model for investigating retinal synaptic regeneration (RSR) and exploring potentials in artificial...
In vitro culture of dissociated retinal neurons is an important model for investigating retinal synaptic regeneration (RSR) and exploring potentials in artificial retina. Here, retinal precursor cells were cultured in a microfluidic chip with multiple arrays of microchannels in order to reconstruct the retinal neuronal synapse. The cultured retinal cells were physically connected through microchannels. Activation of electric signal transduction by the cells through the microchannels was demonstrated by administration of glycinergic factors. In addition, an image-based analytical method was used to quantify the synaptic connections and to assess the kinetics of synaptic regeneration. The rate of RSR decreased significantly below 100 μM of inhibitor glycine and then approached to a relatively constant level at higher concentrations. Furthermore, RSR was enhanced by chemical stimulation with potassium chloride. Collectively, the microfluidic synaptic regeneration chip provides a novel tool for high-throughput investigation of RSR at the cellular level and may be useful in quality control of retinal precursor cell transplantation.
Topics: Animals; Biomimetics; Glycine; Microfluidics; Potassium Chloride; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Regeneration; Retina; Synapses
PubMed: 26314276
DOI: 10.1038/srep13591 -
Nutrition Journal Sep 2011High salt intake is linked to hypertension whereas a restriction of dietary salt lowers blood pressure (BP). Substituting potassium and/or magnesium salts for sodium... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
High salt intake is linked to hypertension whereas a restriction of dietary salt lowers blood pressure (BP). Substituting potassium and/or magnesium salts for sodium chloride (NaCl) may enhance the feasibility of salt restriction and lower blood pressure beyond the sodium reduction alone. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and effect on blood pressure of replacing NaCl (Regular salt) with a novel mineral salt [50% sodium chloride and rich in potassium chloride (25%), magnesium ammonium potassium chloride, hydrate (25%)] (Smart Salt).
METHODS
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted with an intervention period of 8-weeks in subjects (n = 45) with systolic (S)BP 130-159 mmHg and/or diastolic (D)BP 85-99 mmHg. During the intervention period, subjects consumed processed foods salted with either NaCl or Smart Salt. The primary endpoint was the change in SBP. Secondary endpoints were changes in DBP, daily urine excretion of sodium (24-h dU-Na), potassium (dU-K) and magnesium (dU-Mg).
RESULTS
24-h dU-Na decreased significantly in the Smart Salt group (-29.8 mmol; p = 0.012) and remained unchanged in the control group: resulting in a 3.3 g difference in NaCl intake between the groups. Replacement of NaCl with Smart Salt resulted in a significant reduction in SBP over 8 weeks (-7.5 mmHg; p = 0.016). SBP increased (+3.8 mmHg, p = 0.072) slightly in the Regular salt group. The difference in the change of SBP between study groups was significant (p < 0.002).
CONCLUSIONS
The substitution of Smart Salt for Regular salt in subjects with high normal or mildly elevated BP resulted in a significant reduction in their daily sodium intake as well as a reduction in SBP.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Blood Pressure; Creatinine; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Magnesium; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Sodium; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 21888642
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-88 -
BMJ Open Mar 2022Acute electrolyte and acid-base imbalance is experienced by many children following kidney transplantation. When severe, this can lead to complications including...
INTRODUCTION
Acute electrolyte and acid-base imbalance is experienced by many children following kidney transplantation. When severe, this can lead to complications including seizures, cerebral oedema and death. Relatively large volumes of intravenous fluid are administered to children perioperatively in order to establish perfusion to the donor kidney, the majority of which are from living and deceased adult donors. Hypotonic intravenous fluid is commonly used in the post-transplant period due to clinicians' concerns about the sodium, chloride and potassium content of isotonic alternatives when administered in large volumes.Plasma-Lyte 148 is an isotonic, balanced intravenous fluid that contains sodium, chloride, potassium and magnesium with concentrations equivalent to those of plasma. There is a physiological basis to expect that Plasma-Lyte 148 will reduce the incidence of clinically significant electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities in children following kidney transplantation compared with current practice.The aim of the Plasma-Lyte Usage and Assessment of Kidney Transplant Outcomes in Children (PLUTO) trial was to determine whether the incidence of clinically significantly abnormal plasma electrolyte levels in paediatric kidney transplant recipients will be different with the use of Plasma-Lyte 148 compared with intravenous fluid currently administered.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS
PLUTO is a pragmatic, open-label, randomised controlled trial comparing Plasma-Lyte 148 to current care in paediatric kidney transplant recipients, conducted in nine UK paediatric kidney transplant centres.A total of 144 children receiving kidney transplants will be randomised to receive either Plasma-Lyte 148 (the intervention) intraoperatively and postoperatively, or current fluid. Apart from intravenous fluid composition, all participants will receive standard clinical transplant care.The primary outcome measure is acute hyponatraemia in the first 72 hours post-transplant, defined as laboratory plasma sodium concentration of <135 mmol/L. Secondary outcomes include symptoms of acute hyponatraemia, other electrolyte and acid-base imbalances and transplant kidney function.The primary outcome will be analysed using a logistic regression model adjusting for donor type (living vs deceased donor), patient weight (<20 kg vs ≥20 kg pretransplant) and transplant centre as a random effect.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION
The trial received Health Research Authority approval on 20 January 2020. Findings will be presented to academic groups via national and international conferences and peer-reviewed journals. The patient and public involvement group will play an important part in disseminating the study findings to the public domain.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS
2019-003025-22 and 16586164.
Topics: Child; Electrolytes; Gluconates; Humans; Hyponatremia; Kidney Transplantation; Magnesium Chloride; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Potassium Chloride; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sodium; Sodium Acetate; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 35288387
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055595 -
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental... May 1976The effects of potassium chloride on inotropic and chronotropic activity were investigated in five isolated canine atrium preparations which were suspended in a bath and...
The effects of potassium chloride on inotropic and chronotropic activity were investigated in five isolated canine atrium preparations which were suspended in a bath and perfused with arterial blood from the carotid artery of the heparinized support dog. Potassium chloride administered into the cannulated sinus node artery in a dose range of 100 mug-1 mg produced a dose-related negative inotropic and a positive chronotropic effect. These effects were not influenced by treatment with either atropine or propranolol. From these results, it is concluded that potassium had a direct negative effect on atrial contractility and a direct positive effect on atrial rate.
Topics: Animals; Depression, Chemical; Dogs; Heart Atria; Heart Rate; In Vitro Techniques; Myocardial Contraction; Potassium Chloride; Stimulation, Chemical
PubMed: 951701
DOI: 10.1620/tjem.119.101 -
Controlled Clinical Trials Jun 1991The Sosium-Potassium Blood Pressure Trial in Children (NaKS), is a clinical trial in a healthy, free living population of children and adolescents. It is designed to... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
The Sosium-Potassium Blood Pressure Trial in Children (NaKS), is a clinical trial in a healthy, free living population of children and adolescents. It is designed to test the hypotheses that a reduction in dietary sodium and/or an increase in potassium intake will decrease the rate of rise in blood pressure during normal maturation in children and adolescents with high normal blood pressure. Screening was conducted in 19,452 students in grades 5-8 in Minneapolis and St. Paul between January 1986 and May 1987. After screening, 3,223 students were found to have blood pressures that fulfilled the initial eligibility criteria for the study, and of these, 643 (20.0%) attended the orientation meeting, i.e., the first clinic visit. A total of four clinic visits, designed to test the willingness and capability of the potential participants to comply with the study protocol were conducted prior to randomization. At the conclusion of the four prerandomization visits, 243 children (7.5% of the initially eligible children) agreed to be randomized to one of four trial groups: low-sodium diet; potassium supplement administration; placebo-treated control group; and a no-treatment control group (to test the effect of acclimatization on blood pressure measurements) that will not be seen after randomization until the 4-year termination of the study. The first participant was randomized into the study on June 17, 1986, and the last on December 29, 1987. The potassium and placebo capsules are administered double-masked. Participants will be examined and receive intervention instruction four times yearly for 4 years counted from the date of their randomization. All groups were comparable with regard to distribution of school district, sex, and race and with respect to baseline physical characteristics. Results from this study will provide information about the feasibility and effect of dietary intervention during childhood and adolescence on the prevention of essential hypertension.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Double-Blind Method; Eligibility Determination; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Potassium Chloride; Sodium, Dietary
PubMed: 1651211
DOI: 10.1016/0197-2456(91)90020-m -
Biosensors Jun 2020Analysis of sweat is of interest for a variety of diagnosis and monitoring applications in healthcare. In this work, detailed measurements of the dielectric properties...
Analysis of sweat is of interest for a variety of diagnosis and monitoring applications in healthcare. In this work, detailed measurements of the dielectric properties of solutions representing the major components of sweat are presented. The measurements include aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), urea, and lactic acid, as well as their mixtures. Moreover, mixtures of NaCl, KCl, urea, and lactic acid, mimicking artificial sweat at different hydration states, are characterized, and the data are fitted to a Cole-Cole model. The complex dielectric permittivity for all prepared solutions and mixtures is studied in the range of 1-20 GHz, at temperature of 23 °C, with ionic concentrations in the range of 0.01-1.7 mol/L.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Electric Impedance; Lactic Acid; Microwaves; Potassium Chloride; Sodium Chloride; Sweat; Urea
PubMed: 32527001
DOI: 10.3390/bios10060062