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Biophysical Journal Mar 1982The diffusion of lysozyme chloride in aqueous solution has been studied at 25 degrees C using the Goüy interferometric technique. The concentration dependence of the...
The diffusion of lysozyme chloride in aqueous solution has been studied at 25 degrees C using the Goüy interferometric technique. The concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient in water has been measured over the concentration range 1.1599-9.1556 gcm-3 and the results suggest a value of D 25, w at infinite dilution of 5.838 x 10(-6) cm2s-1. The variation in diffusion coefficient with ionic strength has also been considered by following the diffusion of 0.45% lysozyme chloride in a series of potassium chloride solutions. The value of D in 0.15 M KCl has been found to be approximately one quarter of that in water alone an the diffusion coefficient has been shown to increase markedly as the KCl concentration is reduced below 0.05 M. Interpretation of these observations involves consideration of solution electrostatic effects.
Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Diffusion; Mathematics; Muramidase; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium Chloride; Water
PubMed: 7074186
DOI: No ID Found -
Nutrients Apr 2016Potassium chloride is a leading reformulation technology for reducing sodium in food products. As, globally, sodium intake exceeds guidelines, this technology is...
Potassium chloride is a leading reformulation technology for reducing sodium in food products. As, globally, sodium intake exceeds guidelines, this technology is beneficial; however, its potential impact on potassium intake is unknown. Therefore, a modeling study was conducted using Dutch National Food Survey data to examine the dietary impact of reformulation (n = 2106). Product-specific sodium criteria, to enable a maximum daily sodium chloride intake of 5 grams/day, were applied to all foods consumed in the survey. The impact of replacing 20%, 50% and 100% of sodium chloride from each product with potassium chloride was modeled. At baseline median, potassium intake was 3334 mg/day. An increase in the median intake of potassium of 453 mg/day was seen when a 20% replacement was applied, 674 mg/day with a 50% replacement scenario and 733 mg/day with a 100% replacement scenario. Reformulation had the largest impact on: bread, processed fruit and vegetables, snacks and processed meat. Replacement of sodium chloride by potassium chloride, particularly in key contributing product groups, would result in better compliance to potassium intake guidelines (3510 mg/day). Moreover, it could be considered safe for the general adult population, as intake remains compliant with EFSA guidelines. Based on current modeling potassium chloride presents as a valuable, safe replacer for sodium chloride in food products.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Beverages; Dairy Products; Feeding Behavior; Female; Food Analysis; Food Technology; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Potassium Chloride; Potassium, Dietary; Sodium; Sodium, Dietary; Young Adult
PubMed: 27110818
DOI: 10.3390/nu8040235 -
The influence of oral potassium chloride on blood pressure in hypertensive men on a low-sodium diet.The New England Journal of Medicine Mar 1990Clinical and epidemiologic studies suggest that the intake of potassium chloride lowers blood pressure. To investigate whether supplemental potassium chloride (96 mmol... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
Clinical and epidemiologic studies suggest that the intake of potassium chloride lowers blood pressure. To investigate whether supplemental potassium chloride (96 mmol of microcrystalline potassium chloride a day) reduced the need for antihypertensive medication in hypertensive men on a restricted-sodium diet, we conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. A total of 287 men 45 to 68 years of age, 142 given potassium chloride and 145 given placebo, were followed for an average of 2.2 years after the withdrawal of their antihypertensive medication. Men in both groups received instructions on following a low-sodium diet. Overnight urinary sodium excretion fell from 63 mmol per eight hours at base line to an average of 45 mmol per eight hours during follow-up. Participants given supplemental potassium chloride had significantly higher (P less than 0.001) serum potassium levels and urinary potassium excretion (averaging 4.5 mmol per liter and 42.5 mmol per eight hours, respectively) during follow-up than participants given placebo (4.2 mmol per liter and 20.0 mmol per eight hours). Seventy-nine participants in each group required reinstitution of antihypertensive medication according to strict indications defined by the protocol. No significant differences in systolic or diastolic blood pressure were observed between the two groups. During follow-up, systolic and diastolic blood pressure averaged 130.6 and 82.5 mm Hg, respectively, for participants given supplemental potassium, and 132.5 and 83.1 mm Hg for participants given placebo. We conclude that supplemental potassium chloride does not reduce the need for antihypertensive medication in hypertensive men on a restricted-sodium diet.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Blood Pressure; Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Double-Blind Method; Drug Evaluation; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium; Potassium Chloride; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 2406601
DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199003013220901 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jun 2006The beneficial effects of potassium-enriched salt on blood pressure have been reported in a few short-term trials. The long-term effects of potassium-enriched salt on... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
The beneficial effects of potassium-enriched salt on blood pressure have been reported in a few short-term trials. The long-term effects of potassium-enriched salt on cardiovascular mortality have not been carefully studied.
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to examine the effects of potassium-enriched salt on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and medical expenditures in elderly veterans.
DESIGN
Five kitchens of a veteran retirement home were randomized into 2 groups (experimental or control) and veterans assigned to those kitchens were given either potassium-enriched salt (experimental group) or regular salt (control group) for approximately 31 mo. Information on death, health insurance claims, and dates that veterans moved in or out of the home was gathered.
RESULTS
Altogether, 1981 veterans, 768 in the experimental [x (+/-SD) age: 74.8 +/- 7.1 y] and 1213 in the control (age: 74.9 +/- 6.7 y) groups, were included in the analysis. The experimental group had better CVD survivorship than did the control group. The incidence of CVD-related deaths was 13.1 per 1000 persons (27 deaths in 2057 person-years) and 20.5 per 1000 (66 deaths in 3218 person-years) for the experimental and control groups, respectively. A significant reduction in CVD mortality (age-adjusted hazard ratio: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.95) was observed in the experimental group. Persons in the experimental group lived 0.3-0.90 y longer and spent significantly less (approximately US Dollars 426/y) in inpatient care for CVD than did the control group, after control for age and previous hospitalization expenditures.
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed a long-term beneficial effect on CVD mortality and medical expenditure associated with a switch from regular salt to potassium-enriched salt in a group of elderly veterans. The effect was likely due to a major increase in potassium and a moderate reduction in sodium intakes.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cardiovascular Diseases; Health Care Costs; Humans; International Classification of Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Potassium Chloride; Proportional Hazards Models; Taiwan; Veterans
PubMed: 16762939
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1289 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Oct 2020This study aimed to investigate the effects of maintenance enteral electrolytic solutions administered naso-ruminally in continuous flow in adult goats subjected to...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of maintenance enteral electrolytic solutions administered naso-ruminally in continuous flow in adult goats subjected to water and food restriction. Six adult non-pregnant and non-lactating female goats, aged between two and five years old, were used in a crossover (6 × 2) study. Solution 1 (SEE1) comprised: 4.5 g sodium chloride (NaCl); 1 g potassium chloride (KCl); 0.5 g magnesium chloride (MgCl); 1 g calcium chloride in 1,000 ml of water (measured osmolarity: 202 mOsm/l). Solution 2 (SEE2) comprised: 4.5 g of NaCl; 1 g of KCl; 0.5 g of MgCl; 2 g of calcium acetate in 1,000 ml of water (measured osmolarity: 212 mOsm/l). The solutions were administered naso-ruminally at a dose rate of 15 ml/kg/hr, for 12 hr. The animals were evaluated at times T-24, T0, T4, T8, T12, and T24. Both enteral electrolytic solutions were effective in expanding blood volume. SEE1 showed a low-intensity acidifying potential, while SEE2 showed behavior of a neutral enteral electrolytic solution.
Topics: Administration, Intranasal; Administration, Oral; Animals; Blood Gas Analysis; Cross-Over Studies; Electrolytes; Female; Goats; Osmolar Concentration; Potassium Chloride; Random Allocation; Rumen; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 32863320
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0405 -
Poultry Science Oct 2009The effect of various concentrations of CaCl2 and KCl on egg white proteins during isoelectric precipitation of ovomucin was investigated in this study. At low...
The effect of various concentrations of CaCl2 and KCl on egg white proteins during isoelectric precipitation of ovomucin was investigated in this study. At low concentrations of CaCl2 (<50 mM), lysozyme was the major contaminant in the precipitated ovomucin, whereas ovalbumin was the predominant one at high concentrations (>or=100 mM). At 50 mM CaCl2 concentration, the concentrations of both lysozyme and ovalbumin were moderate. Ovomucin with a purity of 97.3% was prepared using a 2-step method: egg white was first precipitated in the presence of 50 mM CaCl2 followed by a second 500 mM CaCl2 extraction. The concentrations of other proteins in the precipitate were 1.3% of ovalbumin, 1.1% of lysozyme, and 0.4% of ovomucoid. Unlike CaCl2-treated samples, ovotransferrin was found to be the second major contaminant in all KCl-treated precipitates. Compared with the control, adding KCl at the lowest concentration of 2.5 mM increased significantly the content of ovalbumin (from 7.6 to 68.0%) and reduced significantly the content of lysozyme (from 25.5 to 6.4%) in the precipitates; however, increasing the concentrations of KCl up to 500 mM did not affect the content of ovalbumin, but the content of lysozyme showed a general reduction trend. Although KCl was used widely in literature as the last step of ovomucin washing, our results show that KCl is not an efficient salt in purifying ovomucin.
Topics: Animals; Calcium Chloride; Chemical Precipitation; Chickens; Chromatography, Gel; Egg White; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Female; Ovomucin; Potassium Chloride
PubMed: 19762880
DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00485 -
Methods and Findings in Experimental... 2005Potassium adaptation reduces blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive humans and animals but its effects on normotensive BP and the nature of pressor responses to vasoactive...
Potassium adaptation reduces blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive humans and animals but its effects on normotensive BP and the nature of pressor responses to vasoactive drugs are not known. We measured directly, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of normotensive control, normotensive potassium-adapted (given 0.75% potassium chloride solution for 5 weeks), renal hypertensive (RHP), and renal hypertensive Wistar rats later adapted to potassium. The maximum percentage change, the ED25, and recovery times after bolus injections of noradrenaline (NA), angiotensin II (Ang. II), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and acetylcholine (ACh) were compared. The MAP of normotensive potassium-adapted rats was significantly lower than that of the normotensive controls (95.6+/-5.0 vs. 110.8+/-2.8 mmHg, p<0.05). The potassium-adapted hypertensive rats (RHP-A) also had significantly lower MAP values than the non-adapted hypertensive ones (116.0+/-4.4 vs. 138.2+/-4.1 mmHg, p<0.01). Potassium adaptation significantly blunted responses to NA and augmented responses to SNP but while the duration of action of Ang. II was significantly shortened, that of SNP was significantly increased. We conclude that potassium adaptation reduces BP in the normotensive and hypertensive rats and may influence both the degree and duration of action of vasoactive drugs given as bolus injections.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Blood Pressure; Hypertension, Renal; Male; Potassium Chloride; Pressoreceptors; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Sodium
PubMed: 15834453
DOI: 10.1358/mf.2005.27.1.875430 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2019Microtubules (MTs) are cytoskeletal structures that play a central role in a variety of cell functions including cell division and cargo transfer. MTs are also nonlinear...
Microtubules (MTs) are cytoskeletal structures that play a central role in a variety of cell functions including cell division and cargo transfer. MTs are also nonlinear electrical transmission lines that produce and conduct electrical oscillations elicited by changes in either electric field and/or ionic gradients. The oscillatory behavior of MTs requires a voltage-sensitive gating mechanism to enable the electrodiffusional ionic movement through the MT wall. Here we explored the electrical response of non-oscillating rat brain MT sheets to square voltage steps. To ascertain the nature of the possible gating mechanism, the electrical response of non-oscillating rat brain MT sheets (2D arrays of MTs) to square pulses was analyzed under voltage-clamping conditions. A complex voltage-dependent nonlinear charge movement was observed, which represented the summation of two events. The first contribution was a small, saturating, voltage-dependent capacitance with a maximum charge displacement in the range of 4 fC/μm. A second, major contribution was a non-saturating voltage-dependent charge transfer, consistent with the properties of a multistep memristive device. The memristive capabilities of MTs could drive oscillatory behavior, and enable voltage-driven neuromorphic circuits and architectures within neurons.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Electrophysiological Phenomena; Microtubules; Potassium Chloride; Rats
PubMed: 31455820
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48677-1 -
British Medical Journal Apr 1975
Topics: Deglutition Disorders; Delayed-Action Preparations; Female; Heart Valve Diseases; Humans; Middle Aged; Posture; Potassium Chloride
PubMed: 1125731
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5964.176 -
The Science of the Total Environment Apr 2003This study tests a whole-lake experiment to reduce the bioaccumulation of radiocaesium (137Cs) in fish in lakes contaminated by the Chernobyl accident. In many lakes in...
This study tests a whole-lake experiment to reduce the bioaccumulation of radiocaesium (137Cs) in fish in lakes contaminated by the Chernobyl accident. In many lakes in the Chernobyl contaminated areas, radiocaesium activity concentrations in fish are still significantly higher (up to 100 times in some species) than acceptable limits for human consumption. Estimates of the long-term rate of decline of 137Cs in fish in these regions, in the absence of countermeasures, show that radioactivity in fish in some lakes may remain above acceptable consumption limits for a further 50-100 years from the present date. In February 1998 we applied 15 t of potassium chloride to Lake Svyatoe, Kostiukovichy. The addition of potassium chloride fertilizer to the lake resulted in a decrease in activity concentration of 137Cs to approximately 40% of pre-countermeasure values in a number of different fish species. In contrast to Lake Svyatoe, 137Cs activity concentrations in fish from four control lakes showed no systematic decrease over the study period. Simplified models for transfers of 137Cs in lakes successfully 'blind' predicted the changes in 137Cs in water and fish resulting from this major alteration of the potassium concentration of the lake. The experiment represents the first test of a predictive model for the dynamics of radiocaesium in response to a major perturbation in potassium (its major competitor ion) in a whole lake ecosystem.
Topics: Animals; Cesium Radioisotopes; Fishes; Models, Theoretical; Potassium Chloride; Power Plants; Radioactive Hazard Release; Radioactive Pollutants; Tissue Distribution; Ukraine
PubMed: 12670770
DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00477-1