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MicrobiologyOpen Sep 2020Ethanol and povidone-iodine (PVP-I) are important microbicides that inactivate bacteria and viruses. The present study provides a review of literature data on the... (Review)
Review
Ethanol and povidone-iodine (PVP-I) are important microbicides that inactivate bacteria and viruses. The present study provides a review of literature data on the concentration-dependent bactericidal and virucidal activity of ethanol and PVP-I in vitro. A systematic search was performed using the meta-database for biomedicine PubMed. Eventually, 74 studies with original data on the reduction of bacterial and viral infectivity using in vitro tests were analyzed. A safe bactericidal effect of ethanol can be expected at concentrations between 60% and 85%, and the exposure times vary between ≤0.5 and ≥5 min. Within an exposure of up to 5 min, 80%-90% ethanol also exerts virucidal/low-level activity, which includes its action against enveloped viruses plus adeno-, noro-, and rotaviruses. For PVP-I, the best bactericidal and virucidal/high-level effect is present at a concentration range of approx. 0.08%-0.9% depending on the free iodine concentration. The maximum exposure times are 5 min for bacteria and 60 min for viruses. The available data may help optimize the significant inactivation of bacteria and viruses in various areas. However, as the conditions in application practice can vary, concrete recommendations for the application can only be derived to a limited extent.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Antiviral Agents; Bacteria; Disinfectants; Ethanol; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microbial Viability; Povidone-Iodine; Viruses
PubMed: 32567807
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1097 -
British Dental Journal Jun 2020
Topics: Mouthwashes; Povidone-Iodine
PubMed: 32591671
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-1794-1 -
Eye (London, England) Oct 2021
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Cataract Extraction; Humans; Povidone-Iodine
PubMed: 33594245
DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01447-8 -
Biocontrol Science 2016Povidone-iodine solutions prepared to various concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10%) with 0.2M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) (PVP-I PB) were analyzed to determine their free...
Povidone-iodine solutions prepared to various concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10%) with 0.2M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) (PVP-I PB) were analyzed to determine their free iodine concentrations using membrane permeation cells, and their inactivation effects on three viruses (influenza A virus, poliovirus type 1 and adenovirus type 3) were examined. The free iodine concentrations in the 0.01-10% PVP-I PB were determined to be 1.84, 4.88, 1.58 and 0.17 ppm (approximate values), respectively, with the maximum obtained for the 0.1% solution. The virucidal efficacy of these PVP-I PB against poliovirus type 1 and adenovirus type 3 was found to be generally dependent on free iodine concentration, with the 0.1% solution being the most effective. Influenza A virus was inactivated with an action time of 15 s at all four concentrations examined. The results of this study suggested an association between free iodine concentration and virucidal efficacy for the 0.01-10% PVP-I PB.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Buffers; Iodine; Microbial Viability; Povidone-Iodine; Viruses
PubMed: 27009506
DOI: 10.4265/bio.21.21 -
Annals of Medicine Dec 2022Accumulating data suggest antiviral effects of povidone-iodine against the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. This narrative review aims... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Accumulating data suggest antiviral effects of povidone-iodine against the Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. This narrative review aims to examine the antiviral mechanisms of povidone-iodine, efficacy of povidone-iodine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and safety of povidone-iodine to human epithelial cells and thyroid function.
METHODS
We searched the electronic databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for articles containing the keywords "povidone-iodine", "SARS-CoV-2" and "COVID-19" from database inception till 3 June 2021.
RESULTS
Despite data supporting the anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects of povidone-iodine, findings from clinical studies revealed differences in treatment response depending on study settings (healthy hospitalized individuals), treatment target (nasal oral pharynx), method of administration (oral rinse gargle throat spray) and choice of samples used to measure study endpoints (nasopharyngeal saliva). One large-scale clinical trial demonstrated reduction in the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among participants who administered povidone-iodine 3 times daily during an active outbreak. Povidone-iodine is also used to disinfect the oro-pharyngeal space prior to dental or otolaryngology procedures. Although existing data suggest minimal impact of povidone-iodine on thyroid function, high-quality safety data are presently lacking.
CONCLUSIONS
Povidone-iodine application to the oropharyngeal space could complement existing non-pharmacological interventions to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection especially in high exposure settings.Key messagesAccumulating data suggest antiviral effects of povidone-iodine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.Findings from clinical studies reveal differences in treatment response depending on study settings, treatment target, method of administration and choice of samples used to measure study endpoints. One large-scale clinical trial observed reduction in the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among participants who administered povidone-iodine 3 times daily during an active outbreak.Povidone-iodine application to the oropharyngeal space could complement existing non-pharmacological interventions to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection especially in high exposure settings.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; COVID-19; Humans; Mouthwashes; Povidone-Iodine; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 35594333
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2076902 -
Biological Trace Element Research Aug 2022Iodine-based mouthwash and throat sprays contain povidone iodine (PVP-I) for disinfection. PVP-I mouthwash has been commonly used for decades in Japan and other...
Iodine-based mouthwash and throat sprays contain povidone iodine (PVP-I) for disinfection. PVP-I mouthwash has been commonly used for decades in Japan and other countries and frequent and/or prolonged use of PVP-I mouthwash can induce transient hypothyroidism. To assess the amount of iodine ingested from an oral rinse, 22 healthy adult volunteers (mean age: 48.1, 29-70 years) were recruited for the study. The subjects were instructed to rinse for 15 s three times with 20 mL of commercially available PVP-I mouthwash diluted into 0.23% or pure water. This method is a standardized method of gargling recommended by the manufacturers. The total iodine in the PVP-I mouthwash was measured with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Although the 7% PVP-I mouthwash contains 7 mg of effective iodine/mL, 24.3 mg/mL of iodine was detected in the solution. The median value and ratio of the total iodine ingested were 5.0 mg (range: 2.6-10.8 mg) and 20.5% (range: 10.6-44.5%), respectively. The iodine species released from the PVP-I mouthwash are effective iodine (PVP・nHI, I, and I) and I; however, the amount and types of iodine actually absorbed into the bloodstream are unknown. PVP-I mouthwash should be used carefully since around 5 mg of iodine could theoretically enter the body with one gargle which exceeds the tolerable upper intake level of iodine for adults. This study was prospectively registered to University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR) on March 29, 2021, with the study ID of UMIN000043770.
Topics: Adult; Eating; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Iodides; Iodine; Mouthwashes; Povidone-Iodine
PubMed: 34674109
DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02978-7 -
Orthopaedic Surgery Sep 2022Surgical site infection is a common complication of surgery, especially in orthopedics. Povidone-Iodine (PI) is one of the oldest and most commonly used disinfectants in...
OBJECTIVE
Surgical site infection is a common complication of surgery, especially in orthopedics. Povidone-Iodine (PI) is one of the oldest and most commonly used disinfectants in surgery. However, the toxicity and antimicrobial effect of PI have not been discussed. In addition, no study has explored the optimum PI concentration for sterilization and tissue healing. This study explores the germicidal efficacy of different concentrations PI, in addition, the toxicity and antibacterial effects of PI irrigation in fracture surgery are also discussed.
METHODS
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) were used to evaluate the germicidal efficacy of PI in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the effects of PI on bacterial growth were analyzed. 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.05%, 0.025%, 0.005%, 0.0025% and 0% PI was added into the bacterial suspension, besides, the bacterial algebra and growth rate were tested. Meanwhile, the fluorescence intensity of viable bacteria was also tested to evaluate the effects of PI on bacterial survival. In vivo, first, femoral fracture with wound infection rat models were established. Second, thyroid gland sections, blood thyroxine, urinary iodine, wound local skin, muscle and bone tissue sections, serum creatinine and alanine aminotransferase, serum and bone local tissue interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) were detected in rat femoral shaft fracture model with 5%, 2.5%, 0.5%, 0.05%, and 0% PI irrigation. Third, tissue bacteria culture was tested in rat femoral fracture with wound infection model with different concentrations PI irrigation.
RESULTS
In vitro, 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.5% PI inhibited the growth of bacteria. 1.25%, 0.5% PI killed all the bacteria, while 0.25%, 0.05% PI had not killed bacteria after about 10 min. The iodine absorption of 5%, 2.5%, 0.5% PI irrigation did not cause thyroid injury. The 5%, 2.5%, 0.5% PI irrigation did not make serum creatinine and alanine aminotransferase abnormal and can remove bacteria from wounds. The 0.5%, 2.5% PI irrigation can promote tissue healing and increase BMP-2, VEGF, TGF-β1, IL-10, in addition, decrease IL-6. 5% PI irrigation would inhibit tissue healing, and increase IL-6, decrease BMP-2, VEGF, TGF-β1, IL-10.
CONCLUSIONS
Povidone-Iodine was a widely used disinfectant and 2.5%, 1.25% and 0.5% PI could effectively kill bacteria. Five percent and lower concentration PI irrigation was safe and could not cause thyroid, kidney and liver damage. The 0.5% PI irrigation was beneficial for tissue healing but 5% PI irrigation was the opposite.
Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Creatinine; Disinfectants; Femoral Fractures; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-6; Iodine; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Povidone-Iodine; Rats; Surgical Wound Infection; Therapeutic Irrigation; Thyroxine; Transforming Growth Factor beta1; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 35913384
DOI: 10.1111/os.13422 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Nov 2020Approaches to nasal and oral decontamination with povidone-iodine (PVP-I) have been published to reduce nosocomial spread of Severe Acute Respiratory... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Approaches to nasal and oral decontamination with povidone-iodine (PVP-I) have been published to reduce nosocomial spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The safety of PVP-I topically applied to the nasal and oral cavity is addressed by a literature review. The specific efficacy of PVP-I against coronaviruses and its potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 is discussed.
METHODS
A review was performed utilizing PubMed and Cochrane Databases. All citations in protocols for nasal and oral PVP-I use regarding COVID-19 were independently reviewed.
RESULTS
Povidone-iodine has been safely administered for up to 5 months in the nasal cavity and 6 months in the oral cavity. Concentrations less than 2.5% in vitro do not reduce ciliary beat frequency or cause pathological changes in ciliated nasal epithelium, upper respiratory, or mucosal cells. Adverse events with oral use have not been reported in conscious adults or children. Allergy and contact sensitivity is rare. Chronic mucosal use up to 5% has not been shown to result in clinical thyroid disease. PVP-I is rapidly virucidal and inactivates coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS).
CONCLUSIONS
Povidone-iodine can safely be used in the nose at concentrations up to 1.25% and in the mouth at concentrations up to 2.5% for up to 5 months. Povidone-iodine rapidly inactivates coronaviruses, including SARS and MERS, when applied for as little as 15 seconds. There is optimism that PVP-I can inactivate SARS-CoV-2, but in vitro efficacy has not yet been demonstrated.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Disinfection; Humans; Mouth; Nasal Cavity; Pandemics; Paranasal Sinuses; Pneumonia, Viral; Povidone-Iodine; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 32520599
DOI: 10.1177/0145561320932318 -
British Dental Journal Sep 2020
Topics: Iodine; Povidone-Iodine
PubMed: 32917988
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-2127-0 -
Stomatologija 2019The aim of this paper was to review the current literature with regard to the use of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine in the treatment of oral wounds. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The aim of this paper was to review the current literature with regard to the use of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine in the treatment of oral wounds.
BACKGROUND
Oral mucosa is continuously subjected to physical or chemical injuries, where it becomes a common site for the occurrence of ulcerated lesions. These lesions are susceptible to infections that may delay healing.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A search of the medical and dental literature was conducted in Medline/Pubmed and Scielo using a combination of the terms oral ulcer, oral wound, wound healing, povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine, to review their mechanism of action and their use in the healing of oral wounds.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The use of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine is effective in the control of local infection in a concentration-dependent manner, exerting a positive influence on the tissue repair process. Oral antiseptics appear be a good alternative in the management of these lesions, since there is a low risk of systemic toxicity and allergies, and less clinical evidence of bacterial resistance.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Humans; Povidone-Iodine; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32108654
DOI: No ID Found