-
Science (New York, N.Y.) Apr 2020Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of malignancy. As our understanding of the complexity of tumor biology increases, so does our appreciation of the complexity of... (Review)
Review
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of malignancy. As our understanding of the complexity of tumor biology increases, so does our appreciation of the complexity of tumor metabolism. Metabolic heterogeneity among human tumors poses a challenge to developing therapies that exploit metabolic vulnerabilities. Recent work also demonstrates that the metabolic properties and preferences of a tumor change during cancer progression. This produces distinct sets of vulnerabilities between primary tumors and metastatic cancer, even in the same patient or experimental model. We review emerging concepts about metabolic reprogramming in cancer, with particular attention on why metabolic properties evolve during cancer progression and how this information might be used to develop better therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Animals; Disease Progression; Humans; Mice; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoplasm Invasiveness; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions
PubMed: 32273439
DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw5473 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Nov 2018This review aims to outline the most up-to-date knowledge of pancreatic adenocarcinoma risk, diagnostics, treatment and outcomes, while identifying gaps that aim to... (Review)
Review
This review aims to outline the most up-to-date knowledge of pancreatic adenocarcinoma risk, diagnostics, treatment and outcomes, while identifying gaps that aim to stimulate further research in this understudied malignancy. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a lethal condition with a rising incidence, predicted to become the second leading cause of cancer death in some regions. It often presents at an advanced stage, which contributes to poor five-year survival rates of 2%-9%, ranking firmly last amongst all cancer sites in terms of prognostic outcomes for patients. Better understanding of the risk factors and symptoms associated with this disease is essential to inform both health professionals and the general population of potential preventive and/or early detection measures. The identification of high-risk patients who could benefit from screening to detect pre-malignant conditions such as pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms is urgently required, however an acceptable screening test has yet to be identified. The management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma is evolving, with the introduction of new surgical techniques and medical therapies such as laparoscopic techniques and neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy, however this has only led to modest improvements in outcomes. The identification of novel biomarkers is desirable to move towards a precision medicine era, where pancreatic cancer therapy can be tailored to the individual patient, while unnecessary treatments that have negative consequences on quality of life could be prevented for others. Research efforts must also focus on the development of new agents and delivery systems. Overall, considerable progress is required to reduce the burden associated with pancreatic cancer. Recent, renewed efforts to fund large consortia and research into pancreatic adenocarcinoma are welcomed, but further streams will be necessary to facilitate the momentum needed to bring breakthroughs seen for other cancer sites.
Topics: Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal; Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Incidence; Mass Screening; Neoadjuvant Therapy; Pancreas; Pancreatectomy; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions; Prognosis; Quality of Life; Risk Factors; Survival Rate; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30487695
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i43.4846 -
CA: a Cancer Journal For Clinicians 2002In the United States, cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx represent approximately three percent of all malignancies in men and two percent of all malignancies in... (Review)
Review
In the United States, cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx represent approximately three percent of all malignancies in men and two percent of all malignancies in women. The American Cancer Society estimates that 28,900 new cases of oral cancer will be diagnosed in 2002, and nearly 7,400 people will die from this disease. Over 90 percent of these tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, which arise from the oral mucosal lining. In spite of the ready accessibility of the oral cavity to direct examination, these malignancies still are often not detected until a late stage, and the survival rate for oral cancer has remained essentially unchanged over the past three decades. The purpose of this article is to review the clinical features of oral cancer and premalignant oral lesions, with an emphasis on early detection.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Carcinoma, Verrucous; Diagnosis, Differential; Erythroplasia; Humans; Leukoplakia, Oral; Mouth Neoplasms; Neoplasm Staging; Precancerous Conditions; Risk Factors; Nicotiana
PubMed: 12139232
DOI: 10.3322/canjclin.52.4.195 -
Digestive Surgery 2020The prevalence of undefined pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) is high in the general population, increasing with patient age. PCNs account for different biological... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of undefined pancreatic cystic neoplasms (PCNs) is high in the general population, increasing with patient age. PCNs account for different biological entities with different potential for malignant transformation. The clinician must balance his or her practice between the risk of surgical overtreatment and the error of keeping a malignant lesion under surveillance.
METHODS
We review and discuss the clinical management of PCNs. Specifically, we analyze the main features of PCNs from the surgeon's point of view, as they present in the outpatient clinic. We also review the different consensus guidelines, address recent controversies in the literature, and present the current clinical practice at 4 different European Centers for pancreatic surgery.
RESULTS
The main features of PCNs were analyzed from the surgeon's point of view as they present in the outpatient clinic. All aspects of surgical management were discussed, from indications for surgery to intraoperative management and surveillance strategies.
CONCLUSIONS
Management of PCNs requires a selective approach with the aim of minimizing clinically relevant diagnostic mistakes. Through the evaluation of clinical and radiological features of a PCN, the surgeon can elaborate on a diagnostic hypothesis and assess malignancy risk, but the final decision should be tailored to the individual patient's need.
Topics: Humans; Pancreas; Pancreatectomy; Pancreatic Cyst; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Precancerous Conditions
PubMed: 30636253
DOI: 10.1159/000496509 -
Surgical Pathology Clinics Mar 2018Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a risk factor and a nonobligate precursor of breast carcinoma. The relative risk of invasive carcinoma after classic LCIS diagnosis... (Review)
Review
Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) is a risk factor and a nonobligate precursor of breast carcinoma. The relative risk of invasive carcinoma after classic LCIS diagnosis is approximately 9 to 10 times that of the general population. Classic LCIS diagnosed on core biopsy with concordant imaging and pathologic findings does not mandate surgical excision, and margin status is not reported. The identification of variant LCIS in a needle core biopsy specimen mandates surgical excision, regardless of radiologic-pathologic concordance. The presence of variant LCIS close to the surgical margin of a resection specimen is reported, and reexcision should be considered.
Topics: Biopsy, Large-Core Needle; Breast Carcinoma In Situ; Carcinoma, Lobular; Disease Management; Female; Humans; Margins of Excision; Mastectomy, Segmental; Precancerous Conditions; Unnecessary Procedures; Watchful Waiting
PubMed: 29413653
DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2017.09.009 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Feb 2022Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common type of cancer and the third leading cause of death due to cancer worldwide. The gastric mucosa often undergoes many years... (Review)
Review
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common type of cancer and the third leading cause of death due to cancer worldwide. The gastric mucosa often undergoes many years of precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (PLGC) stages before progressing to gastric malignancy. Unfortunately, there are no effective Western drugs for patients with PLGC. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been proven effective in treating PLGC. Classical TCM formulas and chemical components isolated from some Chinese herbal medicines have been administered to treat PLGC, and the main advantage is their comprehensive intervention with multiple approaches and multiple targets. In this review, we focus on recent studies using TCM treatment for PLGC, including clinical observations and experimental research, with a focus on targets and mechanisms of drugs. This review provides some ideas and a theoretical basis for applying TCM to treat PLGC and prevent GC.
Topics: Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Gastric Mucosa; Humans; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Precancerous Conditions; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 34929576
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112542 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Oct 2014Gastric cancer continues to be an important healthcare problem from a global perspective. Most of the cases in the Western world are diagnosed at late stages when the... (Review)
Review
Gastric cancer continues to be an important healthcare problem from a global perspective. Most of the cases in the Western world are diagnosed at late stages when the treatment is largely ineffective. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a well-established carcinogen for gastric cancer. While lifestyle factors are important, the efficacy of interventions in their modification, as in the use of antioxidant supplements, is unconvincing. No organized screening programs can be found outside Asia (Japan and South Korea). Although several screening approaches have been proposed, including indirect atrophy detection by measuring pepsinogen in the circulation, none of them have so far been implemented, and more study data is required to justify any implementation. Mass eradication of H. pylori in high-risk areas tends to be cost-effective, but its adverse effects and resistance remain a concern. Searches for new screening biomarkers, including microRNA and cancer-autoantibody panels, as well as detection of volatile organic compounds in the breath, are in progress. Endoscopy with a proper biopsy follow-up remains the standard for early detection of cancer and related premalignant lesions. At the same time, new advanced high-resolution endoscopic technologies are showing promising results with respect to diagnosing mucosal lesions visually and targeting each biopsy. New histological risk stratifications (classifications), including OLGA and OLGIM, have recently been developed. This review addresses the current means for gastric cancer primary and secondary prevention, the available and emerging methods for screening, and new developments in endoscopic detection of early lesions of the stomach.
Topics: Biopsy; Early Detection of Cancer; Gastroscopy; Humans; Life Style; Neoplasm Staging; Precancerous Conditions; Predictive Value of Tests; Preventive Health Services; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Risk Reduction Behavior; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 25320521
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i38.13842 -
Gastroenterology Feb 2020
Topics: Biopsy; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Gastric Mucosa; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Metaplasia; Population Surveillance; Precancerous Conditions; Risk Factors; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 31816298
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.003 -
Journal of the National Cancer Institute Feb 2016
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Cervix Uteri; Female; Humans; Ki-67 Antigen; Neoplasm Proteins; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Precancerous Conditions
PubMed: 26711869
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv390 -
Australian Journal of General Practice Nov 2019Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) is a precancerous skin condition often seen by dermatologists that is characterised by multiple annular... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) is a precancerous skin condition often seen by dermatologists that is characterised by multiple annular hyperkeratotic lesions on sun-exposed areas. In Australia, DSAP is not a rare condition, possibly owing to Australia's high levels of sun exposure, and patients with DSAP often initially present to general practitioners (GPs). A lack of awareness about DSAP may result in misdiagnosis and inappropriate management of the condition.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this article is to provide an overview of DSAP relevant to GPs to better facilitate diagnosis, management and referral to a dermatologist.
DISCUSSION
The underlying pathophysiological mechanism of DSAP is unknown. Although there is currently no effective standardised treatment, ongoing management is warranted, given the potential for malignant transformation. Suggested strategies include frequent full skin checks, patient education about sun protection and ablative treatment (such as cryotherapy) if indicated. Suspicious lesions require excision and histopathology.
Topics: Diagnostic Errors; Humans; Porokeratosis; Precancerous Conditions; Skin
PubMed: 31722456
DOI: 10.31128/AJGP-04-19-4914