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Cardiovascular Journal of Africa Feb 2012Prehypertension appears to be a precursor of hypertension and has been recognised as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recognition of prehypertension... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
Prehypertension appears to be a precursor of hypertension and has been recognised as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recognition of prehypertension provides important opportunities for preventing hypertension and CVD. We aimed to investigate the worldwide prevalence and heterogeneity of prehypertension.
METHODS
We performed a meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies worldwide that reported the prevalence of prehypertension. We searched for publications between January 1966 and November 2010, using PubMed, Ovid and the Cochrane Library, with the keyword 'prehypertension', supplemented by a manual search of references from recent reviews and relevant published original studies. Pooled prevalence of prehypertension was calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was investigated by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Twenty-two articles met our inclusion criteria, with a total sample of 242 322 individuals.
RESULTS
The overall pooled prevalence of prehypertension was 38%. Significant heterogeneity across estimates of prevalence was observed (p = 0.000, I(2) = 99.9%). The prevalence rose as the sample size increased, and was higher among men than women (41 vs 34%). The non-Asian population was more likely to be prehypertensive than Asian individuals (42 vs 36%). A high prevalence of 47% was observed among the black African population in the non-Asian subgroup. The inception year of the surveys was the only source of heterogeneity we found by meta-regressional analysis (p = 0.06).
CONCLUSION
These results indicate that the prevalence of prehypertension was relatively high, particularly among males. Although more attention has been paid to this segment of the population since 2003, additional practical and reasonable steps should be taken to prevent and treat prehypertension.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Hypertension; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 22331252
DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2011-058 -
Current Hypertension Reports Dec 2012In the 2004 report from the National High Blood Pressure (BP) Education Program Working Group on BP in Children and Adolescents, the term "high normal BP" was replaced... (Review)
Review
In the 2004 report from the National High Blood Pressure (BP) Education Program Working Group on BP in Children and Adolescents, the term "high normal BP" was replaced with the designation "prehypertension". It was proposed that BP levels that were higher than normal but did not reach the level of hypertension posed an increased risk for progression to hypertension. The overall intent of this description was to help identify children who were at the greatest risk for the development of hypertension. These are children and adolescents for whom targeted prevention programs are expected to be most beneficial. Following the 2004 report, the prehypertension condition has been examined and described in adolescents as well as adults. This review summarizes the knowledge that has been gained on prehypertension including clinical characteristics, rates of progression to hypertension, and evidence of cardiovascular pathology.
Topics: Adolescent; Disease Progression; Humans; Hypertension; Prehypertension; Risk Reduction Behavior
PubMed: 22878957
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-012-0299-y -
Kidney & Blood Pressure Research 2012Little is known about the prevalence and cardiovascular risk factors for prehypertension and hypertension in the She ethnic minority population of Fujian province in...
BACKGROUND
Little is known about the prevalence and cardiovascular risk factors for prehypertension and hypertension in the She ethnic minority population of Fujian province in China.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Between April 2009 and September 2009, 5,523 participants of She nationality aged between 20 and 80 years participated in this survey and 5,357 were eventually enrolled in analyses. The survey was carried out to assess blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension was 35.87 and 38.42%, respectively, in all participants. Only 26.63% of the subjects with hypertension were aware of their diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression showed that age, gender, overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia and alcohol use were risk factors for prehypertension, and age, overweight/obesity, dyslipidemia, alcohol use, family history of hypertension and hyperuricemia were risk factors for hypertension. The clustering of 2 and ≥ 3 risk factors was in higher proportion for subjects with hypertension and prehypertension when compared with those with prehypertension and normotension, respectively. After adjusting for other confounding factors, multivariable logistic regression showed that the greater the number of clustering cardiovascular risk factors, the greater the odds ratios for prehypertension and hypertension are.
CONCLUSION
Hypertension and prehypertension were common in the She population of Fujian province. Cardiovascular risk factors cluster during prehypertension and awareness of hypertension was minimal. Early lifestyle modifications could be advocated to prevent the transition from prehypertension to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
Topics: Adult; Age Distribution; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Asian People; Blood Pressure; China; Cluster Analysis; Female; Health Surveys; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Sex Distribution; Young Adult
PubMed: 22377586
DOI: 10.1159/000336085 -
HIV Medicine May 2021Hypertension is a growing health concern in people living with HIV (PLWH). However, association between HIV infection and hypertension is equivocal.
OBJECTIVES
Hypertension is a growing health concern in people living with HIV (PLWH). However, association between HIV infection and hypertension is equivocal.
METHODS
In all, 1472 PLWH and 2944 HIV-negative individuals frequency-matched by age and sex were derived from the baseline survey of Comparative HIV and Aging Research in Taizhou (CHART), China. Prehypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) of 120-139 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mmHg.
RESULTS
Despite the fact that prevalence of hypertension was overall lower among PLWH than among HIV-negative people (21.1% vs. 29.1%, P < 0.001), it was similar at ages 18-29 (7.6% vs. 8.5%) and 30-44 years (17.1% vs. 18.5%) but significantly lower in PLWH at ages 45-59 (26.1% vs. 40.7%) and 60-75 years (37.1% vs. 57.3%). Prehypertension prevalence was consistently higher in PLWH across all age groups. In the model adjusting for traditional risk factors, HIV infection was associated with hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.27, 95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.55) and prehypertension (aOR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.51-2.08), and attenuated after additional adjustment for abdominal obesity. Age-stratified analysis showed that these associations of HIV with hypertension were observed at ages 18-29 and 30-44 years and associations with prehypertension were observed at ages 18-29, 30-44 and 45-59 years only. Years since HIV diagnosis and stavudine use were the HIV-specific factors independently associated with hypertension or/and prehypertension.
CONCLUSIONS
HIV infection is independently associated with prehypertension and hypertension especially at younger ages, and this risk may increase as treatment becomes prolonged. Our findings reinforce the urgent necessity for active BP screening and control strategies be adopted for PLWH in China.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Blood Pressure; China; HIV Infections; Humans; Hypertension; Middle Aged; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 33421323
DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13040 -
Ghana Medical Journal Mar 2020There are indications that prehypertension precedes hypertension. Like hypertension, it is associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
BACKGROUND
There are indications that prehypertension precedes hypertension. Like hypertension, it is associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence, awareness and correlates of prehypertension and hypertension among adults in Delta State, Nigeria.
METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study. We recruited adults aged ≥18 years from two communities in Delta State, Nigeria, using the multi-stage sampling technique. The study instrument was a modified WHO-STEPS questionnaire. Prehypertension and hypertension were defined using the JNC-7 criteria. Ethical approval was obtained before the recruitment of participants.
RESULTS
Of the 852 adults studied, the mean (±SD) age was 42.64 (±16.07) years, females (55.9%) and urban dwellers (55.8%). The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension were 42.5% and 29.3%, respectively; both were higher among urban dwellers. The peak age-group for prehypertension and hypertension were 25-34 and 35-44 years, respectively. Awareness of hypertension was low; 12.0% (102/852). Blood pressure category significantly correlated with age, body mass index, place of residence, level of education, employment status and fruit intake.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in this study were high. Based on the premise that prehypertension is a precursor of hypertension and occurred more among youths, the higher prevalence of prehypertension gives an inkling to rising prevalence of hypertension.
FUNDING
Nil.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Blood Pressure Determination; Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Educational Status; Employment; Female; Fruit; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Nigeria; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Residence Characteristics; Risk Factors; Sex Factors
PubMed: 32863413
DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v54i1.8 -
Association of adiposity indices with prehypertension among Chinese adults: A cross-sectional study.Journal of Clinical Hypertension... May 2023The association of adiposity indices with prehypertension remains unclear in the Chinese non-hypertensive population. This study aimed to compare the association of...
The association of adiposity indices with prehypertension remains unclear in the Chinese non-hypertensive population. This study aimed to compare the association of adiposity indices, including waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio, body roundness index (BRI), a body shape index (ABSI), and conicity index (CI), and prehypertension in the Chinese population. We recruited 61 475 participants from a population-based screening project in Guangdong province, China. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to detect the association between the six adiposity indices and prehypertension. Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the predictive values of adiposity indices to prehypertension. The individuals were divided into two categories by blood pressure (BP) levels: normotension (<120/80 mmHg) and prehypertension (120-139/80-89 mmHg). A total of 33 233 people had prehypertension, with a prevalence of 54.04% and 42% males. Both logistics regression models presented a positive association between each adiposity index and prehypertension (p < .05), except for ABSI. The body mass index (BMI) was slightly more correlated with prehypertension than any other index. The standardized ORs for the six indices were 1.392, 1.361, 1.406, 1.039, 1.372, and 1.151, respectively. Compared to other adiposity indices, the WC had a significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) for predicting prehypertension (AUC: .619, sensitivity: 57%, specificity: 60.6%). In conclusion, WC and BMI might be the best indicators for prehypertension. Increasing evidence supports avoiding obesity as a preferred primary prevention strategy for prehypertension while controlling other major hypertension risk factors.
Topics: Male; Adult; Humans; Female; Adiposity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prehypertension; Hypertension; East Asian People; Obesity; Risk Factors; Body Mass Index; Waist Circumference; Waist-Height Ratio; China; ROC Curve
PubMed: 36974365
DOI: 10.1111/jch.14622 -
Texas Heart Institute Journal 2011We investigated the prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension, as well as the predictors of progression from prehypertension to hypertension. To do this, we... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
We investigated the prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension, as well as the predictors of progression from prehypertension to hypertension. To do this, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, after unrestricted searches of PubMed and The Cochrane Library through September 2010. In addition, we reviewed references, major textbooks, and review articles. Pooled prevalence, standardized mean differences, and odds ratios were estimated by using a random-effects model. Twenty-six articles met our inclusion criteria; these included 20 cross-sectional and 6 longitudinal studies, with a total sample of 250,741 individuals. The overall pooled prevalence of prehypertension was 36%. The pooled prevalence among males was higher than that among females (40% vs 33%). The pooled standardized mean difference for body mass index was 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-1.55); for total cholesterol, 8.08 (95% CI, 6.71-9.46); for low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, 5.14 (95% CI, 3.09-7.18); and for fasting plasma glucose, 4.23 (95% CI, 3.28-5.18); all of which showed more significant results in females. The pooled odds ratio was 1.13 (95% CI, 0.93-1.37) for smoking and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.69-1.39) for drinking. In addition, factors such as older age at baseline, male sex, Mongolian race, and being overweight or obese were predictors of progression to hypertension, according to descriptive analysis. The prevalence of prehypertension was relatively high, especially for males. There were many modifiable risk factors associated with prehypertension, to which healthcare providers should pay more attention.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Chi-Square Distribution; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Odds Ratio; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 22199424
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2022Prehypertension is a clinical condition that increases the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. In South American countries, prehypertension affects almost...
Prehypertension is a clinical condition that increases the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. In South American countries, prehypertension affects almost one-third of the population. The aim of the present study was to determine the association between prehypertension and the main cardiometabolic risk factors according to the US National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III by sex in the Peruvian population. A total of 863 participants surveyed were included in the study. A total of 21.1% had prehypertension, 14.4% of whom were female, and 30.5% were male. Women belonging to the age group 50-59 years, having abdominal obesity and being a current smoker, were more likely to have prehypertension, while the likelihood of having prehypertension increased in men with abdominal obesity. Three out of 10 men and one out of 10 women in Peru have prehypertension. In women, being 50 to 59 years of age, having abdominal obesity, and being a current smoker, increased the probability of having prehypertension, whereas, in men, only abdominal obesity was found to be associated with prehypertension. Our findings will allow the development of prevention strategies focused on the appropriate diagnosis of prehypertension and cardiometabolic risk factors according to sex.
Topics: Adult; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Female; Heart Disease Risk Factors; Humans; Hypertension; Male; Middle Aged; Obesity; Obesity, Abdominal; Peru; Prehypertension; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35805525
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137867 -
Journal of Clinical Hypertension... Feb 2018We aimed to elucidate the role of autonomic dysfunction in the context of complex metabolic and cardiovascular changes in subjects with prehypertension. We identified...
We aimed to elucidate the role of autonomic dysfunction in the context of complex metabolic and cardiovascular changes in subjects with prehypertension. We identified 556 asymptomatic subjects without hypertension who underwent comprehensive cardiovascular exams. We obtained heart rate recovery (HRR) after peak exercise to quantitatively measure autonomic dysfunction. Of the 556 participants, 279 individuals had prehypertension and the remaining 277 had optimal BP. HRR was significantly lower in the prehypertension group (36.0 ± 14.5 bpm) than in the optimal BP group (39.3 ± 14.7 bpm, P = .009). The prehypertension group more frequently demonstrated features of metabolic disturbances and subclinical target organ damage. Among the various baseline cardiovascular and metabolic factors assessed, resting systolic BP and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level were independent determinants of HRR (both P < .05). Autonomic dysfunction coexists with prehypertension and is closely linked to changes in systolic BP and lipid metabolism.
Topics: Autonomic Nervous System Diseases; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular System; Cholesterol, HDL; Correlation of Data; Cross-Sectional Studies; Exercise Test; Female; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Middle Aged; Prehypertension; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 29316211
DOI: 10.1111/jch.13180 -
Journal of the American Heart... Feb 2015The results of studies on the association between prehypertension (blood pressure 120 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg) and coronary heart disease (CHD) remain controversial.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The results of studies on the association between prehypertension (blood pressure 120 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg) and coronary heart disease (CHD) remain controversial. Furthermore, it is unclear whether prehypertension affects the risk of CHD in Asian and Western populations differently. This meta-analysis evaluated the risk of CHD associated with prehypertension and its different subgroups.
METHODS AND RESULTS
The PubMed and Embase databases were searched for prospective cohort studies with data on prehypertension and the risk of CHD. Studies were included if they reported multivariate-adjusted relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs of CHD from prehypertension. A total of 591 664 participants from 17 prospective cohort studies were included. Prehypertension increased the risk of CHD (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.63, P<0.001) compared with optimal blood pressure (<120/80 mm Hg). The risk of CHD was higher in Western than in Asian participants (Western: RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.49 to 1.94; Asian: RR 1.25, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.38; ratio of RRs 1.36, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.61). The population-attributable risk indicated that 8.4% of CHD in Asian participants was attributed to prehypertension, whereas this proportion was 24.1% in Western participants.
CONCLUSIONS
Prehypertension, even at the low range, is associated with an increased risk of CHD. This risk is more pronounced in Western than in Asian populations. These results supported the heterogeneity of target-organ damage caused by prehypertension and hypertension among different ethnicities and underscore the importance of prevention of CHD in Western patients with prehypertension.
Topics: Asian People; Blood Pressure; Coronary Disease; Humans; Incidence; Prehypertension; Risk; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; White People
PubMed: 25699996
DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001519