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World Journal of Gastroenterology Jul 2016Barrett's esophagus (BE) is an important condition given its significant premalignant potential and dismal five-year survival outcomes of advanced esophageal... (Review)
Review
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is an important condition given its significant premalignant potential and dismal five-year survival outcomes of advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma. It is therefore suggested that patients with a diagnosis of BE undergo regular surveillance in order to pick up dysplasia at an earlier stage to improve survival. Current "gold-standard" surveillance protocols suggest targeted biopsy of visible lesions followed by four quadrant random biopsies every 2 cm. However, this method of Barrett's surveillance is fraught with poor endoscopist compliance as the procedures are time consuming and poorly tolerated by patients. There are also significant miss-rates with this technique for the detection of neoplasia as only 13% of early neoplastic lesions appear as visible nodules. Despite improvements in endoscope resolution these problems persist. Chromoendoscopy is an extremely useful adjunct to enhance mucosal visualization and characterization of Barrett's mucosa. Acetic acid chromoendoscopy (AAC) is a simple, non-proprietary technique that can significantly improve neoplasia detection rates. This topic highlight summarizes the current evidence base behind AAC for the detection of neoplasia in BE and provides an insight into the direction of travel for further research in this area.
Topics: Acetic Acid; Adenocarcinoma; Barrett Esophagus; Esophageal Neoplasms; Esophagoscopy; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Precancerous Conditions
PubMed: 27433088
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i25.5753 -
Australian Dental Journal Sep 2011Despite recent advances in therapy and treatment for oral cancer, survival rates are still low. It is generally accepted that oral cancer may arise from potentially... (Review)
Review
Despite recent advances in therapy and treatment for oral cancer, survival rates are still low. It is generally accepted that oral cancer may arise from potentially premalignant disorders. Oral erythroplakia has been identified as the one with the highest malignant transformation rates. The aim of this review was to provide detailed information on oral cancer and oral erythroplakia. Few data are available on oral erythroplakia and there is an urgent need for randomized controlled trials. Early detection and diagnosis is still the key to survival rates. Dentists and physicians may play an important role in the detection of premalignant lesions and therefore improve patients' outcome.
Topics: Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Progression; Early Detection of Cancer; Erythroplasia; Humans; Mouth Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions; Survival Rate
PubMed: 21884139
DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2011.01337.x -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... Jun 2018Potentially malignant oral mucosal disease has some ability to give rise to malignancy of the oral epithelium, that is, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The present... (Review)
Review
Potentially malignant oral mucosal disease has some ability to give rise to malignancy of the oral epithelium, that is, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The present article provides a succinct review of the possible or probable causes of potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions. There is a focus upon studies that examined the causes or etiologic associations with clinically likely or histopathologically detectable oral epithelial dysplasia.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Diagnosis, Oral; Disease Progression; Erythroplasia; Humans; Leukoplakia, Oral; Mouth Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29891084
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2018.03.008 -
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology... Apr 2022Angiogenesis is essential for the outgrowth and metastasis of tumors. The structure and characteristics of tumor vasculature differ from those of normal vessels. We...
BACKGROUND/AIMS
Angiogenesis is essential for the outgrowth and metastasis of tumors. The structure and characteristics of tumor vasculature differ from those of normal vessels. We compared the characteristics of differentially expressed genes in endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from gastric and normal cells.
METHODS
Previously, we had isolated pure tumor ECs (TECs) and normal ECs (NECs) from advanced gastric cancer (AGC) lesions and normal mucosal tissues, respectively. Using the oligomer chip platform of the Affymetrix GeneChip technology, genes that were expressed more than three-fold with a significance of p≤0.001 were measured. The intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) was found to be overexpressed in the TECs compared to the normal gastric ECs. In this study, the upregulation of ICAM-1 was confirmed in cultured TECs by immunofluorescence.
RESULTS
The expression of ICAM-1 was upregulated in the ECs, as well as in the stromal and immune cells, in early human gastric preneoplastic and hepatic fibrotic tissues. Upregulation of ICAM-1 was observed in the TECs, immune cells, and cancer epithelial cells in AGC and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These results suggest that increased ICAM-1 expression in the ECs of the tissue microenvironment progressively contributes to the recruitment of immune cells to promote inflammation, leading to fibrosis and tumorigenesis.
CONCLUSIONS
Therefore, upregulated ICAM-1 in the tissues in premalignant gastric diseases or hepatic fibrosis and their malignant cancers could be a promising target for disease prevention and treatment.
Topics: Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Endothelial Cells; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Liver Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions; Stomach Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 35473775
DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2022.008 -
Journal of Zhejiang University.... Jan 2022With the recent upsurge of studies in the field of microbiology, we have learned more about the complexity of the gastrointestinal microecosystem. More than 30 genera... (Review)
Review
With the recent upsurge of studies in the field of microbiology, we have learned more about the complexity of the gastrointestinal microecosystem. More than 30 genera and 1000 species of gastrointestinal microflora have been found. The structure of the normal microflora is relatively stable, and is in an interdependent and restricted dynamic equilibrium with the body. In recent years, studies have shown that there is a potential relationship between gastrointestinal microflora imbalance and gastric cancer (GC) and precancerous lesions. So, restoring the balance of gastrointestinal microflora is of great significance. Moreover, intervention in gastric premalignant condition (GPC), also known as precancerous lesion of gastric cancer (PLGC), has been the focus of current clinical studies. The holistic view of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is consistent with the microecology concept, and oral TCM can play a two-way regulatory role directly with the microflora in the digestive tract, restoring the homeostasis of gastrointestinal microflora to prevent canceration. However, large gaps in knowledge remain to be addressed. This review aims to provide new ideas and a reference for clinical practice.
Topics: Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Precancerous Conditions; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 35029085
DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B2100182 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Nov 2016Precursor lesions of invasive adenocarcinoma of the bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma) have been increasingly recognized during the past decade because of the results of... (Review)
Review
Precursor lesions of invasive adenocarcinoma of the bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma) have been increasingly recognized during the past decade because of the results of multiple studies on the carcinogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma, technologic advancements in diagnostic imaging modalities, and an increase in the volume of elective procedures. The two main precursor lesions of cholangiocarcinoma that have evolved are biliary intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct. These lesions demonstrate histomorphologic similarities to pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas, respectively, whereas mechanisms of carcinogenesis and risk of progressive disease appear distinct. An enhanced understanding of the clinical presentation and pathologic features of precursor lesions of the biliary tract and use of the correct terminology will facilitate efficient communication between surgeons, oncologists, and pathologists and improve quality of patient care.
Topics: Biliary Tract; Biliary Tract Neoplasms; Carcinogenesis; Cholangiocarcinoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Neoplasm Grading; Neoplasm Staging; Precancerous Conditions; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 27788047
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2015-0396-RS -
PloS One 2017Oral cancers are attributed to a number of causal agents including tobacco, alcohol, human papillomavirus (HPV), and areca (betel) nut. Although betel nut chewing has...
Oral cancers are attributed to a number of causal agents including tobacco, alcohol, human papillomavirus (HPV), and areca (betel) nut. Although betel nut chewing has been established as an independent cause of oral cancer, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis are poorly understood. An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the influence of betel nut chewing on the oral microbiome and oral premalignant lesions. Study participants were recruited from a dental clinic in Guam. Structured interviews and oral examinations were performed. Oral swabbing and saliva samples were evaluated by 454 pyrosequencing of the V3- V5 region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene and genotyped for HPV. One hundred twenty-two adults were enrolled including 64 current betel nut chewers, 37 former chewers, and 21 with no history of betel nut use. Oral premalignant lesions, including leukoplakia and submucous fibrosis, were observed in 10 chewers. Within-sample bacterial diversity was significantly lower in long-term (≥10 years) chewers vs. never chewers and in current chewers with oral lesions vs. individuals without lesions. Between-sample bacterial diversity based on Unifrac distances significantly differed by chewing status and oral lesion status. Current chewers had significantly elevated levels of Streptococcus infantis and higher and lower levels of distinct taxa of the Actinomyces and Streptococcus genera. Long-term chewers had reduced levels of Parascardovia and Streptococcus. Chewers with oral lesions had significantly elevated levels of Oribacterium, Actinomyces, and Streptococcus, including Streptococcus anginosus. In multivariate analyses, controlling for smoking, oral HPV, S.anginosus, and S. infantis levels, current betel nut chewing remained the only predictor of oral premalignant lesions. Our study provides evidence that betel nut chewing alters the oral bacterial microbiome including that of chewers who develop oral premalignant lesions. Nonetheless, whether microbial changes are involved in betel nut-induced oral carcinogenesis is only speculative. Further research is needed to discern the clinical significance of an altered oral microbiome and the mechanisms of oral cancer development in betel nut chewers.
Topics: Actinomyces; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Areca; Female; Humans; Male; Mastication; Microbiota; Middle Aged; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Saliva; Streptococcus; Young Adult
PubMed: 28225785
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172196 -
Journal of Investigative Medicine : the... Jan 2017Pancreatic cystic lesions can be benign, premalignant or malignant. The recent increase in detection and tremendous clinical variability of pancreatic cysts has... (Review)
Review
Pancreatic cystic lesions can be benign, premalignant or malignant. The recent increase in detection and tremendous clinical variability of pancreatic cysts has presented a significant therapeutic challenge to physicians. Mucinous cystic neoplasms are of particular interest given their known malignant potential. This review article provides a brief but comprehensive review of premalignant pancreatic cystic lesions with advanced endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) management approaches. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Cochrane, OVID and EMBASE databases. Preneoplastic pancreatic cystic lesions include mucinous cystadenoma and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. The 2012 International Sendai Guidelines guide physicians in their management of pancreatic cystic lesions. Some of the advanced EUS management techniques include ethanol ablation, chemotherapeutic (paclitaxel) ablation, radiofrequency ablation and cryotherapy. In future, EUS-guided injections of drug-eluting beads and neodymium:yttrium aluminum agent laser ablation is predicted to be an integral part of EUS-guided management techniques. In summary, International Sendai Consensus Guidelines should be used to make a decision regarding management of pancreatic cystic lesions. Advanced EUS techniques are proving extremely beneficial in management, especially in those patients who are at high surgical risk.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Endosonography; Humans; Pancreatic Cyst; Precancerous Conditions
PubMed: 27574295
DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000167 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International Mar 2015Roughly 3000 new cases of Barrett's carcinoma arise in Germany each year. In view of recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease, an... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Roughly 3000 new cases of Barrett's carcinoma arise in Germany each year. In view of recent advances in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease, an update of the clinical recommendations is in order.
METHODS
This review is based on selected relevant publications, including current reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines.
RESULTS
The risk of progression of Barrett's esophagus to carcinoma lies between 0.10% and 0.15% per year. Risk factors for progression include male sex, age over 50 years, obesity, longstanding and frequent reflux symptoms, smoking, length of the Barrett's esophagus, and intraepithelial neoplasia. Well-differentiated carcinomas that are confined to the esophageal mucosa can be resected endoscopically with a cure rate above 90%. For more advanced, but still locally confined tumors, surgical resection is the treatment of choice. In stages cT3/4, the prognosis can be improved with neo-adjuvant chemo - therapy or combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Metastatic Barrett's carcinoma can be treated by endoscopic, chemotherapeutic, radiotherapeutic, and palliative methods.
CONCLUSION
Early carcinoma can often be cured by endoscopic resection. Locally advanced carcinoma calls for multimodal treatment. Current research focuses on means of preventing the progression of Barrett's esophagus, the scope of applicability of endoscopic techniques, and the optimization of multimodal treatment strategies for advanced disease.
Topics: Barrett Esophagus; Causality; Esophageal Neoplasms; Germany; Humans; Precancerous Conditions; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 25869347
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0224 -
Nature Reviews. Cancer Aug 2014The core aspect of the senescent phenotype is a stable state of cell cycle arrest. However, this is a disguise that conceals a highly active metabolic cell state with... (Review)
Review
The core aspect of the senescent phenotype is a stable state of cell cycle arrest. However, this is a disguise that conceals a highly active metabolic cell state with diverse functionality. Both the cell-autonomous and the non-cell-autonomous activities of senescent cells create spatiotemporally dynamic and context-dependent tissue reactions. For example, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) provokes not only tumour-suppressive but also tumour-promoting responses. Senescence is now increasingly considered to be an integrated and widespread component that is potentially important for tumour development, tumour suppression and the response to therapy.
Topics: Animals; Cellular Senescence; Humans; Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions; Signal Transduction; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 25030953
DOI: 10.1038/nrc3773